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The induced potential difference across a standing shock front can be used to drive electric current through external loads. Such a "standing shock generator" presents an alternative scheme to the MHD generator for direct conversion of energy from high temperature supersonic flows. We make use of the supersonic flow behind a free running shock in a shock tube and let the flow impinge onto a conical obstacle mounted in the middle of the tube to create a standing shock. This cone has a conducting surface which acts as the anode. The cathode is mounted flush with the shock tube wall at a position upstream of the standing shock. By varying the load resistance, we have obtained current-voltage characteristics for the standing shock generator. These characteristics are families of parallel straight lines similar to the characteristics of a battery. The open-circuit voltage is found to depend on the standing shock potential and the work functions of the electrodes. The internal resistance (equivalent to the slope of the characteristic) is found to be dominated by the plasma-wall interaction at the surface boundary layers. The maximum current collected by the electrode is therefore limited to its ion saturation current. A typical result of the standing shock generator in our experiment gives 1 volt with 0.5.amp for the. 30X10⁻⁶ sec test time duration. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Traditionally, BITs have been faulted for their imbalanced approach in apportioning rights and obligations on investors and the host state. This imbalance created dissatisfaction in capital-importing states necessitating the need for a decisive break from the past. This development fueled the urge for reform and progressively, BITs and IIAs with a more balanced approach became a priority wish by many capital-importing states. As a result of this, BITs and IIAs concluded post 2000 have strived to incorporate a balance between rights and obligations of the host state and the investors. The devastating effects of corruption in governance cannot be overemphasized. The effects of corruption are inter-generational and the earlier the vice was dealt with, the better. Corruption has permeated investments by foreign investors making it a key concern for international investment law. The challenges of neutrality and difficulty in proving corruption have presented hurdles in tackling this problem and a nightmare in investment arbitration. The existence of corruption in investment and the extensive use of corruption as a defence in investor-state arbitration places corruption as a subject of direct address by international investment law. This research examines whether BITs signed by Kenya have been responsive in dealing with corruption. This case study is relevant in Kenya being a hot-bed of corruption and consequently experiencing the adverse effects of corruption in FDI attraction. The study therefore bears the burden of advocating for a BIT regime that incorporates direct provisions on anti-corruption in Kenya following the experience of other BITs and IIAs which harbor strong and progressive anti-corruption provisions. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Following economic reforms in 1978, the growth of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into China has been dramatic. The massive FDI inflows greatly benefited China's economy and contributed to its steady and rapid economic growth. Most FDI empirical studies use panel data as it solves the problem of data limitation, but it also produces 'average' effects for the results of the group of countries under study. Thus, individual countries in the group may generate different results when tested separately with the same model. This study uses an alternative approach that focuses on finding a Vector Error Correction Model with similar macroeconomic determinants of FDI for South Africa and for China. For both countries, larger market size and more advanced technology have a positive effect on FDI inflows, whereas higher labour cost affects FDI negatively. For the China model, infrastructure has a positive influence on its FDI inflows, whereas for the South African model worker strikes have a significant negative impact on FDI. Furthermore, we find remarkable similarities regarding the sectoral composition of FDI inflows in both countries, which further highlights the potential lessons that South Africa could learn from China regarding their highly successful FDI experience.

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Le changement rapide du contexte économique mondiale caractérisé par la globalisation entraîne une évolution des exigences et objectifs des investisseurs internationaux. Les gouvernements, surtout ceux des pays en développement, doivent en tenir compte et adapter leurs facteurs d'attractivité aux nouvelles attentes des entrepreneurs mondiaux. Dans ce but La Libye a commencé depuis les années 2000 à pratiquer des politiques d'ouverture et de communication afin d'attirer les investissements étrangers Ces investissements devaient contribuer au développement de son économie et à la résolution des problèmes liés à la dépendance de l'économie au secteur pétrolier. Pour cela l'Etat libyen a fait un appel à Michael PORTER et aux grandes institutions mondiales pour définir une stratégie globale. Dans cette perspective, la présente recherche se donne deux objectifs : d'une part, mettre en lumière l'environnement de l'investissement direct étranger en Libye et, d'autre part, définir une stratégie spécifique pour stimuler les investissements étrangers selon les attentes, les besoins et les exigences des firmes multinationales.Le choix d'une démarche qualitative par entretien et questionnaire auprès d'entreprises étrangères implantées en Libye permet d'avoir une évaluation exhaustive de l'attractivité du territoire libyen et d'envisager la stratégie à mettre en œuvre par l'Etat libyen pour attirer les IDE à forte valeur.L'analyse montre l'existence de deux profils bien distincts quant à l'attractivité des IDE : les investisseurs pessimistes et les investisseurs optimistes. Dans ce sens, le pays doit mener une stratégie spécifique par profil pour bien stimuler les investisseurs étrangers. L'amélioration du potentiel d'attractivité des IDE en Libye, notamment dans les secteurs hors pétrole, nécessite la mise en place de conditions d'accueil spécifiques. Il s'agit entre autres du développement des infrastructures, du renforcement de la stabilité politique après la guerre et de l'amélioration de la gestion des recettes pétrolières afin que le secteur pétrole impulse le développement des autres secteurs. / The rapidly changing global economic context characterized by globalization leads to changing requirements and goals of international investors. Governments, especially in developing countries, must take into account and adapt their attractiveness factors the new expectations of entrepreneurs worldwide. To this end Libya began in the 2000s to pursue policies of openness and communication in order to attract foreign investments These investments should contribute to the development of its economy and solving problems related to the dependence of the economy to the oil sector. For this, the Libyan government has appealed to Michael Porter and large global institutions to develop a comprehensive strategy. In this perspective, this research has two objectives: first, to highlight the environment of foreign direct investment in Libya and, secondly, to define a specific strategy to encourage foreign investment, according to the expectations the needs and requirements of multinational firms.The choice of a qualitative approach by interview and questionnaire with foreign companies operating in Libya provides a comprehensive assessment of the attractiveness of the Libyan territory and consider the strategy to be implemented by the Libyan government to attract FDI in high- value.The analysis shows the existence of two distinct profiles on the attractiveness of FDI: investors pessimistic and optimistic investors. In this sense, the country must pursue a strategy-specific profile for many stimulating foreign investors. Improving the potential attractiveness of FDI in Libya, especially in non-oil sectors, requires the implementation of specific reception conditions. These include infrastructure development, strengthening of political stability after the war and improving the management of oil revenues to the oil sector promote development of other sectors.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse if the euro has had any significant effect on the inflow of foreign direct investments. Our purpose is answered by developing an econometric model with inflow of foreign direct investments as the dependent variable. The model is estimated with the ordinary least squares method and panel data from ten different countries, five which have adopted the euro as their currency and five which have not. The data collected concerns the timeframe from 1994 to 2007. The theoretical background is retrieved mainly from journal articles that have conducted similar research of how a common currency has affected foreign direct investments. We use these studies as a base for developing our regression model and also as a foundation for our analysis. The results from this thesis show that the euro has had a large significant effect on foreign direct investments which we see by analysing the interaction variable in our regression. Furthermore, the results show that trade openness and GDP have the largest significant effect on FDI, meanwhile unit labour cost and exchange rate volatility had no significant effect at all. We conclude that the euro has a positive significant effect on inward foreign direct investment. Although the model suggests that having adopted the euro in 1999 would yield a 58.4 per cent increase in inward FDI compared to countries that kept their own currency, we are uncertain of the effect’s actual magnitude due to concern that we read some effects from the single market in the variable we use to estimate the euro’s effect.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008. / "August, 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-49). Online version available on the World Wide Web.