A novel variation of Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) has been utilized to measure a high voltage collected on an aluminum target by Direct Energy Conversion. The maximum high voltage on the target was measured to be 97.5 kV +/- 2 kV. The resistance of the circuit was then calculated based on the current driving different target voltages. The resistance was calculated to be 199.4GΩ +/- 5%. It was shown that by simply measuring the neutral particles’ energy spectra, the voltage on the target and resistance of the circuit can be found with certainty. The experimental data agree well with previous work and with the scattering theory developed. Thus, the capability of RBS has been extended to measure high voltages generated by direct energy conversion; this is something that has not been done before.

Thesis (M.A.)--The University of Texas at Arlington, 2007. / Adviser: Tom Christie. Includes bibliographical references.

This document is the statement of independent and original contribution to knowledge represented by the published works in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Brighton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (by publication). The thesis reviews the impact of research work conducted between 1992 and 1998 on various concepts to improve the economy and emissions of gasoline engines in order to address environmental and legislative pressures. The research has a common theme, examining the dilution of the intake charge (with either recycled exhaust gas [EGR], excess air, or the two in combination) in both conventional port injected [MPI] and direct injection [G-DI] combustion systems. After establishing the current status of gasoline engine technology before the programme of research was started, the thesis concentrates on seven major pieces of research between 1992 and 1996. These explored a subsequently patented method of applying recycled exhaust gas to conventional port injected gasoline engines to improve their economy and emissions whilst staying compatible with three-way catalyst systems. Nine other studies are reviewed which took place between 1992 and 1999 covering other methods of improving gasoline engines, specifically direct injection and two-stroke operation. Together, all the studies provide a treatise on methods to improve the gasoline engine and the thesis allows a view from a broader perspective than was possible at the time each study was conducted. In particular, the review identifies a range of strategies that use elements of the research that can be used to improve economy and emissions. Four major categories of systems researched include: conventional stoichiometric MPI engines developed to tolerate high EGR rates [CCVS]; two-stroke G-DI engines; G-DI engines operating stoichiometrically with high EGR rates; and G-DI engines operating with high dilution from both excess air and EGR. The findings of the studies illustrate that although good fuel economy improvements and emissions can be obtained with EGR dilution of stoichiometric engines, the highest fuel economy improvements require lean deNOx aftertreatment [LNA] and these, in turn, require new aftertreatment technologies and preferably new fuel specifications. The development of suitable LNA and the cost of implementation of these approaches represents one of the main barriers to improving gasoline engine fuel economy and emissions.

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No description available.

This thesis examines the international growth and diversification of real estate advisory services in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan from over a 30-year period, 1960-1990. These four countries were selected because they were the most active in cross-border direct investment during this period, and intricate economic interdependencies among them prompted the greatest advancements in innovative real estate advisory services. Economic and cultural differences and similarities among the four focal countries and their respective service professions provide the bases for evaluating the primary hypothesis: the internationalization of real estate advisory services were most efficiently and effectively achieved by firms that first built solid reputations in their home nations, and subsequently expanded into multiregional organizations by responding to the cross-border investment activities of existing and prospective multinational clients. If leading firms in the focal countries expanded in domestic markets to capitalize on the national economy's maturing real estate markets, then moved into foreign markets to capitalize on rising cross-border investment flows over the 1960-1990 period, the primary thesis raises a question about the relative significance of cross-border real estate investment to national economic conditions, generally, and to the growth of commercial real estate markets and sectoral employment in the focal countries, specifically. A secondary hypothesis, therefore, is tested to identify the relative impact of total cross-border real estate investment flows on employment levels in the commercial real estate sector in the U.S., U.K., Germany, and Japan. This thesis also examines the several dimensions of the economy and financial system affected by domestic and foreign investment in commercial real estate assets after 1960. For example, rising worldwide commercial property investment appeared to be an important factor in the escalation of corporate real estate values, in the growth of construction industries and related services sectors, in the changes in the net worth of major financial institutions, and in the asset diversification of insurance and pension fund portfolios. As part of this trend, the growth of international business and the rise in mergers and acquisitions also elevated cross-border direct investment activity in real estate as companies expanded into foreign markets. This thesis explores the process by which property advisory services internationalized and gained an important role in the global service economy by counseling investors on the location and volume of investment activities, and thereby influencing the international flow of real estate investment funds. It also examines whether real estate advisory firms in the focal countries gained competitive advantage over the 30-year period due to the presence of two basic conditions: an international network of property professionals; and a diversified services practice--brokerage, property management, finance, facilities planning and development, and real estate sales and purchases. By reviewing national fluctuations in cross-border direct investment in real estate, and periodic changes and major episodes in the foreign expansion of real estate advisory services in the focal countries, this thesis seeks to examine specific national factors that influenced effective internationalization in domestic property services. Basic principles in economic history provide the theoretical framework concerning competitive and comparative advantages among nations and particular organizations.

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Pirmojoje darbo dalyje suformuota TUI svarba ir vieta tarptautinėje prekyboje.Antroje dalyje analizuojama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų situacija bei vystymas Lietuvoje. Atskleidžiama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų (TUI) daroma įtaka ekonominiam augimui Lietuvoje bei nustatomos tendencijos ateityje. Atliekama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų statistinė analizė, aptariama tyrimo, atliekamo trečiojoje dalyje, metodologija. Trečioje dalyje sudaromi regresiniai modeliai, analizuojama tiesioginių užsienio investicijų (TUI) struktūros ir bendro vidaus produkto (BVP) augimo koreliacija. Remiantis slenkančio vidurkio, eksponentinio išlyginimo bei tiesinio trendo metodais, prognozuojamas tiesioginių užsienio investicijų (TUI) bei bendro vidaus produkto (BVP) dydis 2009 metams bei nustatomos pagrindinės didėjimo/mažėjimo tendencijos. Pateikiami atlikto tyrimo rezultatai, tikrinant tyrimo hipotezę, išvados bei pasiūlymai. / The object of the paper is foreign direct investment. The main purpose of the work: to find the best method for estimation of relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part main terms and attitudes of foreign direct investment are given. The basic principles of their structure, features are analysed. In the second part the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth is analyzed. The basic methodology of the analysis is given. In the third part, correlation regression models of foreign direct investment‘s structure by economic sectors and gross domestic product have been calculated. It can be maintained that foreign direct investment have a big impact on economic growth in Lithuania.

In the course of the 1980s, Turkey came to recognize the need to change its attitude towards foreign investment, assigning a significant role to direct foreign investment. Hence, after the 1980s, there was a significant increase in the number of foreign firms operating in Turkey and the inf low of foreign capital to Turkey. Although the importance of foreign direct investment in the Turkish economy has been increasing, a variety of questions are far from being resolved. The important obstacle is that the available data do not let us analyze the extent and performance of foreign firms. In this study a considerable effort was made in collecting new data from foreign firms operating in the Turkish manufacturing industry. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the economic effects of direct foreign investment on Turkish manufacturing. At the centre of our analysis has been the role of foreign firms in industrial concentration, technological choice and trade behaviour. In the first chapter we outline the main issues to be analyzed in this study and explain the method of collecting and processing data from foreign firms operating in the Turkish manufacturing industry. The second chapter discusses the theories and empirical evidence concerning the determinants of foreign direct investment. We also analyse the industrial distribution of direct foreign investment in Turkish manufacturing. In the third chapter we undertake an overview to the historical background of foreign firms and the legislation covering foreign investment in Turkey. At the beginning of the following three main chapters we analyze the performance of foreign firms in terms of those basic issues in the literature, according to the market imperfection approach, and later on we investigate the performance of foreign firms in Turkish manufacturing using our own data, supplemented by public sources of information.

No description available.