Kassel, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Freie Universität Berlin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 319-330).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 126 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-126).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois, 1967. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-164).

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston University / Accounting as a profession has made outstanding progress up through the mid-years of the century. Notwithstanding that it has grown from historical record-keeping to a functional position indispensable in the conduct of business, today1s era of accelerated technological achievement and industrial expansion places continued challenging demands for accounting research leading to still more valuable contributions. An examination of accounting association, publications provides ample evidence of professional interest in such research. From the matrix of accounting self appraisal, dissatisfaction, investigation and trial, there have been many business oriented concepts or techniques generated which have found their way into acceptable accounting procedure. One that is in such transition today is direct costing. In past years accounting techniques have become increasingly complex, obscuring simple cost, volume, and profit relationships. Meanwhile, the tremendous technological strides in industry have resulted in the placement of many engineers, scientists, and other non-financially trained persons in top management positions. As a result of these trends, many of today 1s executives do not fully understand accounting methods and the resultant information which comprise some of their tools for decision-making. The need exists for accounting systems which are simple and show fundamental relationships readily. Direct costing fulfills these requirements.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Kinesiology / David Dzewaltowski / Emily Mailey / Despite health benefits of physical activity (PA) in youth, worldwide estimates indicate that only 10% of children meet recommended PA guidelines of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day.¹,² The places where children go to live, learn, and play influence the amount of PA children accrue,³,⁴ therefore, purpose of this dissertation was to examine social contexts of youth settings and describe contextual influences on youth PA. Chapters one and two address the methods of direct observation (DO) used to characterize contextual influences on youth PA. Chapter 1 serves as a review of the methods of current DO systems, and Chapter 2 describes the implications of using different methods to characterize contexts and PA in youth settings. Using youth sport (YS) as an example, we examined the distinct types of data that resulted from two DO systems, and discussed implications for describing influences of children’s PA. Little is known about the distribution of PA among children within setting time, such as whether social contexts promote inequalities in PA where some children are very active and others are inactive. Therefore, the purpose of the study in Chapter 3 was to describe the distribution of PA during time segmented YS practices and identify whether inequalities in PA exist. We hypothesized that inequality would vary between time segments of different contexts, specifically, that segments that fostered inclusion (i.e., optimal demand) would have lower inequality than segments that fostered exclusion (i.e., disadvantaged demand). We found that inequality in PA was varied between segment types and that social contexts of task (i.e., purpose of the segment time) and demand influenced inequality in PA. To create improvements in child population PA, we propose researchers and practitioners should focus not only on the mean PA of setting time, but also on the distribution of PA within setting time. Chapter 4 focuses on the social structure of relationships within a school district that may influence implementation of wellness policies within school systems. The study described a method and investigated the social structure between school district wellness committees and their associated elementary schools. Results of the study showed variability in the pattern of social structure between and within school districts, with some districts having a social structure with representation of schools on the district wellness committee, and other districts with no representation. As social structure characteristics influence the implementation of policies and practices within social systems, these characteristics should be investigated by researchers, and should be used to enhance implementation, rather than be disregarded. In conclusion, this dissertation provided recommendations for describing the social contexts of youth settings, provided preliminary evidence that social contexts influence the amount and distribution of PA within youth settings, and that social contexts are highly variable within and between settings. Further research is needed to find the combination of social contexts most conducive to youth PA, and future researchers should consider social contexts when designing and implementing interventions for improving youth PA within settings.

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Orientador: Mariano Francisco Laplane / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:05:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sabbatini_RodrigoCoelho_D.pdf: 1297401 bytes, checksum: c6123e18a07875459f8422ad66bbe795 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese investiga o movimento mundial de investimento direto estrangeiro (IDE) que viveu nova onda de expansão na última década do século XX. São analisadas inicialmente as políticas de apoio para a atração destes investimentos, procurando avaliar até que ponto as modificações nestas políticas contribuíram para o movimento de expansão do IDE neste período. Modificações que pretendiam, a um só tempo, liberalizar os fluxos de capital e proteger juridicamente os ativos das empresas transnacionais que se engajavam nestes investimentos. Em seguida, são analisados os fluxos de IDE desde os anos 70, mas com ênfase na década de 90, através de estatísticas descritivas e testes econométricos que procuram identificar a importância de alguns dos determinantes destes fluxos. Os testes foram realizados para um conjunto agregado de países e para frações desagregadas, de países e setores. Os resultados obtidos reafirmam a grande importância de fatores estruturais e geográficos, tais como tamanho do mercado e distância entre os países emissores e receptores, para a atração de IDE. A importância dos determinantes também se altera conforme se desagrega a análise, revelando caráter específico da capacidade estrutural de atração de IDE. Desta forma, investigou-se a tese de que políticas generalizadas de atração de IDE têm uma importância marginal na real capacidade de atrair investimentos para países receptores. O tamanho e o dinamismo do mercado receptor cumprem um papel que não pode ser alterado por nenhuma política isolada de atração, em especial aquelas associada a concessões em acordos de integração econômica. Já políticas seletivas, escalonadas caso a caso, desenhadas para atrair capital para um país ou um setor específico podem ser mais eficazes, sobretudo se fizeram parte de um amplo conjunto de ações integradas para estimular a competitividade nos países receptores. Políticas liberalizantes para atrair IDE seriam menos eficientes do que políticas integradas de promoção de crescimento e de desenvolvimento competitivo dos países receptores que, assim, poderiam, estruturalmente, ampliar sua atratividade para os investimentos diretos estrangeiros / Abstract: This thesis analyzes the flow of foreign direct investments (FDI), which reached its peak in the last decade of the 20th Century. First to be analyzed are the policies to attract such investments, looking to evaluate to which degree the recent revision of these policies contributed to the expansion of the FDI during this period. Revision that intends to decrease barriers to capital flows and to legally protect the actives of the transnational companies that engaged in these investments. Secondly, were analyzed the FDI flows since the 70¿s, emphasizing in the 1990 decade, through descriptive statistics and econometric tests, that aim to identify the determinants of the FDI flows. The tests were made for a group of countries and for both countries and sectors in separated equations. The results obtained re-stated the massive importance of structural and geographical factors, such as market size and distance between export and host countries, to attract the FDI. The magnitude of the determinants also changes as the analysis is applied to individual countries and sectors. As a result, it was possible to investigate the thesis that FDI¿s general attraction policies have marginal importance in the real capacity to attract investments to host countries. The size and dynamics of the host market have a role that cannot be enhanced by any isolated attraction policy, mainly those associated to concessions in international investment agreements. Yet, selective policies, chosen case by case and drawn to attract capital to a country or a specific sector can be more effective, especially if they were part of a wider group of integrated actions to stimulate the competitiveness among host countries. Even more liberal policies to attract FDI would be less efficient than pursue integrated growth and industrial development policies, which, therefore, could structurally enhance their attractiveness to foreign direct investments / Doutorado / Politica Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

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