This doctoral thesis deals with one of the key institutions of Czech and French family law, divorce. Divorce is not merely a concept from some legal textbook. The specific fate of spouses, and even entire families, are tied up with it. This comparative study of Czech and French divorce law is divided into five main chapters and a statistical excursus. This thesis first discusses the historical and legal developments for ending a marriage, i.e. divorce, in both countries. This is followed by an analysis of the current substantive and procedural aspects of divorce in the Czech Republic. The focus of the work is an analysis of both procedural and substantive reform of divorce law in France and its fundamental differences from Czech divorce. Subsequently, it examines the consequences of divorce, possible future Czech legislation dealing with divorce and the innovations included in the French divorce law. The work ends with a presentation of relevant statistical data. The theoretical analysis of the institute of divorce is accompanied by practical examples of legal cases, current case law, conceptual solutions from specialists in the field of family law, as well as assessments from the author of this thesis.

Il ne fait plus de doute que le divorce fait partie intégrante du paysage familial. Pour autant le droit au divorce a vacillé entre droit permissif et droit coercitif. La loi du 11 juillet 1975 a insufflé un mouvement de libéralisation qui va régner sur le droit du divorce. Mais c'est avec la loi du 26 mai 2004 que la libéralisation va prendre toute son ampleur. Même si elle s'inscrit dans une certaine continuité en maintenant la pluralité des cas de divorce, elle ouvre plus largement les portes de celui-ci. Les règles de fond et de forme sont étroitement liées dans le procès du divorce. La loi a donc supprimé de nombreuses barrières procédurales qui ont eu pour conséquence directe de simplifier la procédure et favoriser l'obtention du divorce. Les époux doivent respecter les obligations procédurales pour parvenir au prononcé du divorce. Les règles procédurales absorbent ainsi les règles substantielles. L'ouverture découle également d'une objectivation du droit du divorce. La cause de divorce trouve essentiellement sa source dans le constat d'échec du mariage. La loi a d'ailleurs consacré un véritable divorce faillite pour ne pas dire droit au divorce sur demande unilatérale qui n'exige qu'une cessation de vie commune pendant deux ans pour être prononcé. Elle fait également triompher la dimension individuelle sur la conception institutionnelle de l'union. Les arrangements constitutent la pierre angulaire du règlement du divorce. Les accords se retrouvent à tous stades de la procédure et dans tous les cas de divroce. L'ordre public conjugal connait donc un certain infléchissement corroboré par un relâchement de la faute dans le divorce et l'instauration d'un droit commun des effets du divorce. La réunion de ces différents facteurs contribue à l'émergence d'un droit subjectif au divorce.

The objective of this research study is to investigate the problems of the divorced Christians within the Anglican Diocese of Kirinyaga in Kenya. A selection was made of some the divorced Christians in this diocese who even after their separation and divorce remained in the Church. The divorced Christians in this study were observed to have many more problems than ordinary Christian people. Their failure to survive their marriage made them feel desperate, tending towards a sense of personal failure. It was hypothesized that divorcees experience being sidelined in the Church, thus causing them physical and psychological emotions which affect them and label them as people who are unpardonable. Jack Dominian (1979), in search of information leading to the breakdown of marriages, has observed that the Christian Churches' teaching on sexuality and marriage has been a factor contributing indirectly to the breakdown of marriages and specifically to divorce. He also confirmed that another important contributing factor is the background of the partners. With this in mind the Christian Churches will want to do everything possible to save marriages. Therefore, the Churches have to be properly prepared and equipped for undertaking the challenges involving in building a worthy marriage. At the end of this research study the emphasis on marriage counselling is appealed to as a worthy tool to guide people towards a stable marriage. The dissertation commences with chapter one as an introduction which defines the objectives, motivation and the hypothesis to be tested. The literature review is tabled and is followed by definition of the terms so as to make the reader familiar with their usage. Finally, the chapter closes with the structure of the study. Chapter two deals with the methodology, explaining the sample and the development of the tool. The survey and all procedures are explained. Chapter three is divided into three parts. Part one introduces Agikuyu marriage and divorce, part two brings a theological review of divorce problems in the scriptures and part three brings a challenge to the missionary endeavours in the Anglican Diocese of Kirinyaga. It deals with the tensions created by the efforts of the Western missionaries and the Church as they came up against the African traditional heritage. Chapter four brings out the results of the methodological work. Hypothesis analysis is done and the interpretation given. The findings are given for and against the hypothesis. Discussion of the findings is done and then a conclusion is made. Chapter five is divided into three parts. First, a few ideas arising from the findings are discussed at length.The second part is the way forward which suggests possible ways in dealing with divorcees and enhancing a stable marriage. The final part carries the concluding remarks as a summary of the research study. / Thesis (M.Th. ; School of Theology)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998

The aim of the research study was to examine the marital attitudes of students from divorced, intact and single parent families. Most of these students were in the intimacy versus isolation developmental phase. During this phase young adults seek to form an intimate relationship with another person, but may fear intimacy or may not want to give up their independence and may experience loneliness and isolation instead. It was thus important to conduct the study since some of the students were at a developmental stage in which they might have been dealing with intimate relationship issues. Given the focus of international studies on the marital attitudes of students from intact and divorced families, it was considered important to include, in the comparison, students from single parent families. A survey research design was used as a broad methodological framework and Bowen's family systems theory was used as a theoretical framework. A convenient sampling method was used to select a sample of 209 participants from the Community and Health Science Faculty. A Marital Attitude Scale and a questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by means of basic descriptive statistics, the Kruskal-Wallis H-test, T-Test and Mann Whitney U-Test. Results showed that students&rsquo / parental marital status (married, divorced, single) had no influence on their attitudes towards marriage. Generally, the students showed positive attitudes towardsmarriage. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference among different racial groups.<br /> <br /> The results suggest that except for race, there was no statistically significant difference on the marital attitudes when compared on such variables as gender, religion and age. Although the marital attitudes of participants were generally positive among the different racial groups, participants from the Black community had less positive marital attitudes when compared with their Coloured, Indian and White counterparts. Participants from the Coloured community also had less positive marital attitudes when compared<br /> to their counterparts from the Indian and White communities. The results of this study show that participants had relative positive attitudes towards marriage and that these attitudes did not differ according to parental status.

The main aim of this dissertation "Life context of a pupil of divorced parents" is to describe how parent's divorces influence children and their future life. In theoretical part I will define basic terms such as family, marriage, divorce and its causes. In the following part I will focus on after divorce childcare and reactions of children on divorce. Practical part is focused on both quantitative and qualitative researches. Quantitative research is conducted by questionnaire survey and qualitative research is carried out by in-depth interview. Participants in both studies were pupils who attend second grade of elementary school. The aim of this part is through a combination of questionnaires and interviews to determine how divorce affected these pupils.

This diploma thesis analyses the divorce rate in the Czech Republic after the year 1989. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of basic terms. Divorce is the legal dissolution of marriage during the life of spouses. Divorce is the dissolving of the bonds of matrimony between a married couple under the rule of law. Divorce is a social phenomenon reflecting the family stability, there is a transformation of traditional behavioural patterns, moral criteria and economic incentives. Since 1989 till present the divorce rate in the Czech Republic is at a high level. The second chapter of the theoretical part evaluates the development and current situation of divorce rate in our country. It is divided into three subsections: Influencing factors of divorce, causes of divorce and divorce rates in Europe. The aim of this diploma thesis is the evaluation of the development of causes of the divorce in the Czech population, capturing the specifics of the development of divorce in the new socio - economic conditions after 1989. With regard to the objective of the diploma thesis I set three hypotheses. Hypothesis 1: Compared with other EU countries in the Czech Republic the divorce rate persists at a high level after 1989. Hypothesis 2: The divorce rate varies by region in the Czech Republic. It is the highest in regions undergoing restructuring of the economy, with high unemployment rate and social problems. Hypothesis 3: The divorce rate is high in big cities and on the contrary low in traditional, predominantly, rural regions with a stable population. I conducted a quantitative research in the form of data analysis. The main source of the data was the Czech Statistical Office and Eurostat. I have analysed and compared the data which reveal the divorce rate in the Czech Republic and the EU in 2011 and the development of divorce from the year 1989. The data were analysed by correlation and spatial analysis and to compare the data I used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results show that the divorce rate in the Czech Republic in comparison with other EU countries after 1989 remains at a high level. Crude divorce rate since 1989 is around 3.0 divorces per 1000 inhabitants, which represents one of the highest divorce rates among EU countries. The divorce rate in the Czech Republic was one of the few demographic processes that were the least affected by the economic and social transformations after 1989. According to the results of the data analysis for the year 2011 I have verified, that the divorce rate in the Czech Republic is territorially differentiated, varies in different regions, cities and rural areas. High crude divorce rate is in districts undergoing restructuring of the economy and as a result there is a high rate of unemployment and social problems are emerging. The highest divorce rate in 2011 was in Česká Lípa. Conversely, the lowest crude divorce rate is the less populated districts, with a stable population and a high proportion of religious people. In 2011, the lowest crude divorce rate was in the district of Jihlava. Religion had the most statistically significant effect on the divorce rate. In districts with a higher proportion of religious people the crude divorce rate is lower than in districts with a lower proportion of religious people.

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In this dissertation, I use separation and divorce as the lens through which I examine the impact of modernization and globalization on the intimate lives and the health and well-being of low income women of African descent in rural Northeast Brazil. I argue that trends such as shifts in the gendered division of labor in a growing eco-tourism economy, and the spread of the modern notion of romantic love and companionate marriage through popular telenovelas, are directly related to dramatic increases in separation and divorce in Brazil. I further argue that social inequality affects individual perceptions and experiences of divorce, and the embodied distress low-income Afro Brazilian women endure with marital failure is also an expression of social suffering.

The thesis examines aspects of social change in rural Tigray, northern Ethiopia. It is based on fieldwork conducted between February 1993 and February 1995 in two villages located on the south central highland plateau: Enda Mariyam, and Tegula. The majority of fieldwork was conducted in Enda Mariyam - a village of some 228 farming households - and spanned two complete agricultural years. The thesis considers the local implications of reform measures implemented by nationalist rebels - the Tigray People's Liberation Front - as part of a revolutionary agenda for the transformation of 'traditional' Ethiopian peasant society. These measures included, most notably, land tenure reform, as well as changes in customary law and the re-organisation of rural administration. In addition, campaigns were mounted aimed at modifying certain aspects of peasant practice. In the context of a village-based ethnography, the thesis aims to qualify the most significant effects of these measures on social life and livelihoods. A key concern is how reform measures have affected the relationship between subsistence-oriented production, social organisation, and social stratification. In a setting where agricultural inputs - including land, oxen, and seed - are scarce, differential abilities amongst farming households to access agricultural inputs informs the pattern of social relationships. In this context, land reform is intimately linked to changes in the dynamics of wealth differentiation and social stratification in the village. The implications for the position of 'big men' and cultural notions of status-honour are considered. Together with land reform, reform of customary law in the area of marriage and divorce has wrought subtle but important changes in marriage and divorce practices, and the nature of intra-household relationships. It is argued that public campaigns for the 'emancipation' of women have probably had less effect on the ability of women to exert power within marriage, than the economic penalties that men now face upon divorce. Attempts to modify peasant religious practice are also examined, including efforts to minimise the number of holidays in the Ethiopian Orthodox calendar. The outcome of these attempts is explored in terms of notions of disaster and risk, the traditional authority of the Church, and the fragmentation of consensus around religious practice in the village.

Divorce is a significant event in children's lives. The ability of school personnel to be helpful with children of divorce can be influenced by their attitudes and by other factors. This study described the attitudes towards divorce of elementary school personnel and examined the relationships among the personnel's attitudes, personality factors, and selected personal and professional variables. The sample was comprised of 212 elementary school personnel from a large metropolitan school district in Western Canada. Data were derived from subjects' responses to the Sixteen Personality Factor Scale and two instruments developed by the author to assess subjects' attitudes towards divorce and their personal and professional characteristics. Findings indicated that teachers perceive divorce as a socially acceptable phenomenon. They perceived that it is better for children to live in happy homes, divorced or intact, than in conflict-ridden intact homes, and that children of divorce benefit when their fathers are active in parenting. Nearly all respondents perceived the school as fulfilling an important role for children of divorce. Significant differences were found between high and low scoring groups on each attitudinal sub-scale when personality factors, personal variables, and professional variables were considered. The results of this study suggest that certain personal variables (age, marital status, religion, and years of teaching experience) were related to differences in attitudes. Most of the professional variables (perceptions of children's motivation and homework completion and perceptions of parents' concerns) accounted for differences in attitudes. Several personality factors (warmth, ego-strength, rebelliousness, self-sufficiency, and imagination for example) also were indicated to have particular relevance for the attitudes of elementary school personnel towards divorce.