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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Dynamique de la réplication dans les cellules souches pluripotentes / Replication dynamics in pluripotent stem cells

Bialic, Marta 14 September 2016 (has links)
Les cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) et induites à la pluripotence (iPS) portent de grands espoirs pour la médecine régénératrice du fait de leur capacité d’auto-renouvellement et de différenciation. Une question cruciale est de savoir comment ces cellules mettent en place et maintiennent l’épigénome pluripotent. Les cellules ES et iPS ont un cycle cellulaire particulier, avec un temps de doublement rapide, une phase G1 courte et une phase S représentant 60-70% du cycle cellulaire. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons essayé de voir si les chromosomes dans les cellules ES murines et humaines étaient répliqués de façon particulière qui aiderait à maintenir l’état pluripotent.Les chromosomes mammifères sont dupliqués grâce au recrutement de ~20000 origines de réplication qui sont organisés dans des clusters. Ces clusters forment des foyers de réplication qui sont régulés dans le temps pendant la phase S et dans l’espace nucléaire. Certains de ces domaines topologiques changent leur timing de réplication pendant la différenciation ou la reprogrammation. Néanmoins les mécanismes exacts impliqués dans ce processus et leurs conséquences sur l’expression génique ne sont pas connus.Nous avons étudié la dynamique de réplication dans des cellules pluripotentes murines et humaines à l’échelle de molécules individuelles par la technique de peignage moléculaire de l’ADN. Nous avons comparé les vitesses de fourches, les distances inter-origines et la densité de fourches dans des cellules différenciées (MEF) et pluripotentes (mES), ainsi que pendant la différenciation de ces dernières. Les vitesses de fourches de réplication sont légèrement moins élevées dans les cellules souches embryonnaires que dans les fibroblastes (1.8 vs 2.0 kb/min), et les distances inter-origines intra-cluster sont équivalentes. Par contre, la densité globale instantanée de fourches est divisée par deux dans les cellules ES (1 fourche/Mb) par rapport aux fibroblastes. Un résultat similaire est retrouvé dans les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines (H9) comparées aux fibroblastes (BJ).Afin de tester si cette densité de fourches basse est compensée par un allongement de la phase S, nous avons développé une technique basée sur deux marquages aux analogues de la thymidine. Elle permet une mesure de la durée de la phase S sur des populations asynchrones de cellules. Nous avons trouvé que la phase S a la même durée dans les cellules mES et MEF (~8.4h). Une question intéressante est donc comment les cellules ES peuvent répliquer la même quantité de l’ADN, dans la même durée mais en utilisant deux fois moins de fourches ? Nous proposons que la plus faible densité instantanée en origines serait compensée par une fréquence plus élevée de l’activation des foyers de réplication. Cette fréquence élevée pourrait participer au maintien de la structure épigénétique responsable de la pluripotence ou de l’auto-renouvellement. / Embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have a great potential for regenerative medicine due to their capacity to self-renew indefinitely and to generate multiple cell types, but the key question of how they establish and maintain a pluripotent epigenome is not resolved. Interestingly all ES and iPS cells display a peculiar cell cycle with rapid doubling time, very short G1, and S phase representing 60-70% of the total cell cycle. In this work we tried to see whether chromosomes in mouse and human ES cells are replicated in a special way that might be used to set up the pluripotency state or to define cell identity. Mammalian genomes are duplicated by the firing of ~20,000 replication origins, organized in ~3000 small clusters forming replication foci that are spatially and temporally regulated during S phase. It has been shown that many of these topologically-associated domains change their replication time upon cell differentiation or reprogramming, but the exact mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we used DNA combing to compare fork velocity (FV), local inter-origin distances (IOD) and global instant fork density (GIFD) between pluripotent mouse ES cells and fibroblasts (MEF), as well as during the differentiation of mES cells into embryoid bodies (EB) and neural precursors. We found that FV is slightly reduced (1.8 vs 2.0 kb/min) and IOD basically unchanged in mES compared to MEF. In contrast GIFD, which represents the density of forks active at any moment during S phase, shows a strong reduction from 2 forks/Mb in MEF to 1 fork/Mb in mES cells. We found a similar drop in GIFD in human ES cells (H9) compared to fibroblasts (BJ). To test whether this lower fork density is compensated by an extension of S phase, we developed a dual pulse/chase protocol to measure S-phase length in asynchronous populations by FACS. Using this assay, we found that S-phase length is identical (~8.4 hr) in both mES and MEF cells, despite the GIFD drop in the former. This raises an interesting question: how can ES cells replicate the same amount of DNA, in the same time and with similar fork velocity, but using a 2-fold lower instant fork density? We propose that the lower GIFD (amplitude) is compensated by a higher frequency of replication foci activation, which is not detected by the GIFD pulse protocol. This higher frequency of replication foci activation could play a role in the establishment and/or maintenance of a chromatin structure permissive for pluripotency or self-renewal.
2

Dynamique de la réplication de l’ADN et complexe pré-réplicatif chez Leishmania sp.. : apport du système CRISPR/Cas9 / DNA replication dynamics and pre-replication complex in Leishmania : implementation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in this divergent eukaryote

Sollelis, Lauriane 20 December 2016 (has links)
Leishmania est un parasite eucaryote divergent responsable d’un large spectre de maladies à travers le monde. Ce parasite est caractérisé par une aneuploïdie mosaïque, constitutive, c’est-à-dire qu’au sein d’une population chaque cellule comporte une combinaison unique de mono-, di- et trisomies de chacun de ses 36 chromosomes. L’aneuploïdie mosaïque est générée et maintenue chez les générations suivantes grâce à un taux élevé de répartition asymétrique des chromosomes lors de la mitose, entrainant le gain ou la perte de chromosomes entiers. Ceci implique une régulation non-conventionnelle de la réplication, suivie d’une ségrégation permissive des chromosomes.L’objectif général de cette étude était de comprendre la dynamique de la réplication de l’ADN ainsi que de cartographier les sites d’initiation de la réplication chez Leishmania, en utilisant la technique du peignage moléculaire d’une part et celle du ChIP-seq d’une autre part. Nous avons ainsi pu caractériser les différents paramètres de progression de la fourche de réplication. Un des résultats majeurs qui ressort de cette étude est que Leishmania possède les plus grandes distances inter-origines et la plus grande vitesse de réplication parmi les autres eucaryotes déjà étudiés. Nous avons également pu estimer que le génome de Leishmania possède environ 168 origines de réplication. Afin d’étudier les acteurs impliqués dans la réplication de l’ADN chez Leishmania, nous avons développé l’outil génétique CRISPR/Cas9. Pour développer cet outil, nous avons basé notre approche sur une stratégie à deux vecteurs : l’un permet l’expression du single guide (sg)RNA et l’autre celle de l’endonucléase Cas9. La validation de cet outil génétique a été réalisée par le knock-out du locus PFR2 codant une protéine flagellaire. Dans un second temps, nous avons fait évoluer le CRISPR/Cas9 vers un système inductible pour réaliser les knock-out et des étiquetages au locus endogène de protéines d’intérêt. Nous avons utilisé ce nouveau système pour étudier la fonction de deux protéines potentiellement impliquées dans le complexe de reconnaissance des origines de réplication. Malgré une fuite du système, nous avons pu réaliser le KO des gènes Orc1b et Orc1/Cdc6 et suivre la progression du cycle cellulaire. Nous avons pu constater que la perte de ces gènes conduisait à un défaut de croissance ainsi qu’à l’apparition de cellules sans noyau. L’insertion d’une étiquette au locus endogène d’Orc1b nous a parmi de confirmer la localisation que nous avions obtenue avec une construction épisomale et va permettre d’étudier plus précisément le rôle de cette protéine.En conclusion, nous avons mis en évidence des paramètres de réplication originaux et démontré, en utilisant le CRISPR/Cas9, que les protéines Orc1b et Ocr1/Cdc6 étaient impliquées dans la duplication du noyau de Leishmania, ce qui est en accord avec leur rôle putatif dans la réplication de l’ADN. / Leishmania, a protozoan parasite which causes a large range of diseases worldwide, is characterized by a constitutive 'mosaic aneuploidy', i.e. each cell in a population possesses a unique combination of mono-, di- and trisomies for each of its 36 heterologous chromosomes. Mosaic aneuploidy is generated and maintained via high rates of asymmetric chromosomal allotments during mitosis, leading to the gain or loss of whole chromosomes. This implies an unconventional regulation of the replication, followed by a permissive segregation.The main objective of this study was to unravel DNA replication dynamics and to map the replication initiation sites in Leishmania using DNA combing and ChIP-seq analyses. First, we have characterized DNA replication fork parameters. One of the major findings of this study was that Leishmania exhibits the fastest replication speed and the largest interorigin distances among the eukaryotes tested so far. We have also estimated that the Leishmania major genome possesses 168 origins of replication.To study the actors involved in DNA replication, we first had to develop novel genetic tools. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR associated endonuclease 9) system is a recently discovered powerful technique for genome editing. In order to adapt this system to Leishmania, we have chosen a two-plasmid strategy: one for the expression of the single guide (sg) RNA and a second for the expression of the endonuclease CAS9. The proof of concept has been based on the disruption of the paraflagellar rod-2 (PFR2) loci by the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In a second attempt, we have developed an inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system, both to obtain knock outs and to perform marker-free endogenous gene tagging. We used the system to investigate the function of Origin Recognition Complex proteins. Although the system was leaky, the genome was edited as expected. We thus deleted Orc1b and Orc1/Cdc6 and monitored the cell cycle progression of the parasite. We found that the depletion of these nuclear proteins lead to a growth defect and to the appearance of zoids (anucleated cells). The endogenous tagging of Orc1b confirmed the localization previously obtained using an episomal expression vector, and will allow further investigation on the role of this protein.In total, we have shown the presence of original replication dynamics parameters in Leishmania, and using CRISPR Cas9, we have demonstrated that Orc1b and Orc1/Cdc6 are involved in the nuclear duplication of Leishmania, in agreement with their putative in DNA replication.
3

Single-Molecule Studies of Replication Kinetics in Response to DNA Damage

Iyer, Divya Ramalingam 24 May 2017 (has links)
In response to DNA damage during S phase, cells slow DNA replication. This slowing is orchestrated by the intra-S checkpoint and involves inhibition of origin firing and reduction of replication fork speed. Slowing of replication allows for tolerance of DNA damage and suppresses genomic instability. Although the mechanisms of origin inhibition by the intra-S checkpoint are understood, major questions remain about how the checkpoint regulates replication forks: Does the checkpoint regulate the rate of fork progression? Does the checkpoint affect all forks, or only those encountering damage? Does the checkpoint facilitate the replication of polymerase-blocking lesions? To address these questions, we have analyzed the checkpoint in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe using a single-molecule DNA combing assay, which allows us to unambiguously separate the contribution of origin and fork regulation towards replication slowing, and allows us to investigate the behavior of individual forks. Moreover, we have interrogated the role of forks interacting with individual sites of damage by using three damaging agents—MMS, 4NQO and bleomycin—that cause similar levels of replication slowing with very different frequency of DNA lesions. We find that the checkpoint slows replication by inhibiting origin firing, but not by decreasing fork rates. However, the checkpoint appears to facilitate replication of damaged templates, allowing forks to more quickly pass lesions. Finally, using a novel analytic approach, we rigorously identify fork stalling events in our combing data and show that they play a previously unappreciated role in shaping replication kinetics in response to DNA damage.
4

The role of topoisomerase II in replication in mammalian cells

Muftic, Diana January 2011 (has links)
Topoisomerase 2α (Topo2α) is an essential protein with DNA decatenating enzymatic properties, indispensable for chromosome decatenation and segregation. It is a target for a plethora of antitumour drugs and Topo2α protein levels have been associated with the success of treatment, but also drug resistance and secondary malignancies. Although unique in its ability to resolve catenated chromosomes, the role of Topo2α in other steps of DNA metabolism, such as DNA replication elongation and termination have been elusive. A thorough understanding of the role of Topo2α in the cell will not only allow for increased insight into the mechanisms it is involved in, but it will also shed light on proteins and pathways that can act as back-up in its absence, and therefore hopefully expand the basis on which to improve treatment options. Through a synthetic lethal interaction (SLI) screen with an siRNA library targeting 200 DNA repair and signalling genes, Topo2α emerged as being synthetic lethal to Werner protein (WRN), a RecQ helicase involved in maintaining genome integrity mainly in S phase, and the loss of which leads to Werner Syndrome (WS), a segmental progeroid syndrome. The screen was performed in WRN deficient cells, with the initial aim to find proteins that act to buffer against loss of viability, which is the central idea in the concept of synthetic lethality in the absence of WRN. The screen revealed an SLI between WRN and Topo2α and although we were unable to fully validate this, it spurred the question of Topo2α’s role in DNA replication. The findings in this thesis suggest that Topo2α is not required for DNA elongation and timely completion of S phase, and that simultaneous loss of the closely related isoform Topo2β does not affect replication, suggesting that these proteins do not act in parallel back-up pathways during replication. Interestingly, cells accumulate in the polyploid fraction after both depletion and inhibition of Topo2α, albeit with different kinetics. The mechanistic basis of this phenotype remains to be understood through further research, but it is highly interesting as aneuplidity and polyploidy are implicated in the initial stages of tumour development.

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