Sandvik har idag inget standardiserat utseende för applikationer på webben. Mycket av utseendet är idag hårdkodat och detta skapar problem när nya kunder vill ha applikationen. Detta examensarbete går ut på att göra en applikation mer dynamiskt så att det går att styra så mycket som möjligt från ett stylesheet. Plattformen är IBM Lotus Domino och utvecklingen sker i Domino Designer. Uppsatsen behandlar vad utvecklarna ser som förutsättningar och begränsningar med Domino Designer som webbutvecklingsverktyg och vilka delar av applikationen som ska standardiseras enligt kunderna. Av arbetet framgår även det att Domino Designer har bra stöd för utveckling av webbapplikationer.

In this thesis the synthesis of vicinal stereocenters is investigated in two distinct contexts, namely the construction of 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles and the synthesis of b-hydroxy-a-amino acids. Both scaffolds are prevalent in a range of natural products and biologically relevant compounds and, therefore, methods for their synthesis are of great import. First, the construction of 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles using palladium-catalyzed domino reactions is described.  This covers two stereospecific methods for the construction of the desired oxindoles based on domino carbopalladation sequences.  The termination events for these domino reactions are carbonylation or cross-coupling.  In the carbopalladation-carbonylation reaction, we studied the possibilty of suppressing b-hydride elimination for substrates possessing pendant b-hydrogens.  In the carbopalladation-cross-coupling sequence, we examined the role of the boron source and substrate scaffold in the outcome of the reaction.  In both of these methods, an intricate balance of rates needs to be attained in order to achieve the desired domino sequences.  Thus, these investigations offer insight into the rates of the competing reactions, and the factors that influence these processes. Secondly, the stereoselective synthesis of b-hydroxy-a-amino acids is explored.  This has lead to two separate methods for the construction of this scaffold.  We first examined a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to aldehydes for the construction of syn-b-hydroxy-a-amino esters.  It was found that one set of azomethine ylides reacted through a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, while the other set reacted via a direct aldol reaction.  Finally, we studied an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction to provide anti-b-hydroxy-a-amido esters from the corresponding a-amido-b-ketoesters.  Two protocols were developed for the reduction of these substrates, one using triethylammonium formate and the other using sodium formate in an emulsion.  The latter method gives high yields, diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities for a broad range of substrates. / QC 20120605

The Lautens group has a long-standing interest in developing novel approaches to heterocycle synthesis. One such approach is a Pd-catalyzed, norbornene-mediated domino reaction which can form up to three carbon-carbon bonds in one synthetic sequence. The key additive is norbornene which acts similar to a catalyst by assembling the scaffold to enable the formation of a carbon-carbon bond, though is not incorporated into the final compound. The reaction involves C-H bond functionalization as a key step and a Pd(IV) complex as a key intermediate. The goal of the current thesis was to introduce reactive heteroatoms to this domino reaction for the first time, with particular focus on the introduction of nitrogen. Methodologies were developed to present novel syntheses of heterocycles with high pharmaceutical interest. Our initial study focused on the selective functionalization of thiophenes to give multi-substituted sulfur compounds. To synthesize pharmaceutically important nitrogen heterocycles, we demonstrated for the first time that an amination reaction was compatible with the domino reaction. This development led to novel approaches to synthesize substituted indolines, indoles, tetrahydroquinolines, benzomorpholines, phenoxazines, dihydrodibenzoxazepines, tetrahydroisoquinolines, tetrahydroisoquinolinones and tetrahydrobenzazepines. In contrast to the use of norbornene in a catalytic manner, we demonstrated that heterocycles could also be synthesized by the incorporation of strained alkenes. We developed a conceptually novel approach to generate nitrogen heterocycles by using norbornadiene as an acetylene synthon. A palladium-catalyzed annulation of substituted haloanilines with norbornadiene led to functionalized indolines. These indolines could be rapidly converted to benzenoid-substituted indoles and tricyclic indolines, which form the core of many biologically active compounds. Extension to the use of substituted halobenzamides led to functionalized isoquinolinones. Finally, we embarked on a study to perform selective palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions with N-iodoarylpyrroles and strained alkenes. We will present the reaction conditions necessary to favour aryl C-H functionalization over pyrrole C-H functionalization.

The development of a novel palladium-catalyzed domino reaction with indole-based gem-dibromoolefin substrates is described. The reaction allowed access to a new class of polycyclic nitrogen heterocycles: N-fused benzo[c]carbazoles. A key feature of this domino reaction was the participation of both bromides in C–H functionalization processes, a hitherto unprecedented reactivity. Various substituents and substitution patterns were tolerated in this reaction, allowing for a highly modular approach to these challenging synthetic targets. Mechanistic studies were performed to gain further insight into the reactivity of these systems and elucidate the sequence of reaction steps. The results indicate that isomerization of reaction intermediates likely played a key role in promoting a successful reaction.

The development of a novel palladium-catalyzed domino reaction with indole-based gem-dibromoolefin substrates is described. The reaction allowed access to a new class of polycyclic nitrogen heterocycles: N-fused benzo[c]carbazoles. A key feature of this domino reaction was the participation of both bromides in C–H functionalization processes, a hitherto unprecedented reactivity. Various substituents and substitution patterns were tolerated in this reaction, allowing for a highly modular approach to these challenging synthetic targets. Mechanistic studies were performed to gain further insight into the reactivity of these systems and elucidate the sequence of reaction steps. The results indicate that isomerization of reaction intermediates likely played a key role in promoting a successful reaction.

The synthesis of fused nitrogen heterocycles has been investigated. Chapter 1 describes the synthesis of quinolones through a copper catalyzed amide coupling to ortho acetyl aryl halide followed by an aldol condensation that produces the quinolone in modest to good yields. The reaction works well with lactam partners and leads to tricyclic ring systems. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of 8 membered enamide rings through a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement ring expansion of N-vinyl β-lactams. The N-vinyl β-lactams also undergo a 6π electrocyclization following the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement to furnish amino cyclobutanes. Previously reported amino cyclobutanes have been made using [2+2] photocycloaddition and resulted in a mixtures of diastereoisomers. Our method produces the amino cyclobutanes in good to high yields and with excellent levels of diastereoselectivity. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis and applications of reduced hydantoins from aziridine aldehydes and isocyanates. The resulting heterocycles contain an aziridine ring fused to a 5 membered urea. We also demonstrate that the reduced portion of the hydantoin, namely the hydroxyl group, can undergo further displacement with β-ketoesters similar to iminium ion chemistry.

The Lautens group has a long-standing interest in developing novel approaches to heterocycle synthesis. One such approach is a Pd-catalyzed, norbornene-mediated domino reaction which can form up to three carbon-carbon bonds in one synthetic sequence. The key additive is norbornene which acts similar to a catalyst by assembling the scaffold to enable the formation of a carbon-carbon bond, though is not incorporated into the final compound. The reaction involves C-H bond functionalization as a key step and a Pd(IV) complex as a key intermediate. The goal of the current thesis was to introduce reactive heteroatoms to this domino reaction for the first time, with particular focus on the introduction of nitrogen. Methodologies were developed to present novel syntheses of heterocycles with high pharmaceutical interest. Our initial study focused on the selective functionalization of thiophenes to give multi-substituted sulfur compounds. To synthesize pharmaceutically important nitrogen heterocycles, we demonstrated for the first time that an amination reaction was compatible with the domino reaction. This development led to novel approaches to synthesize substituted indolines, indoles, tetrahydroquinolines, benzomorpholines, phenoxazines, dihydrodibenzoxazepines, tetrahydroisoquinolines, tetrahydroisoquinolinones and tetrahydrobenzazepines. In contrast to the use of norbornene in a catalytic manner, we demonstrated that heterocycles could also be synthesized by the incorporation of strained alkenes. We developed a conceptually novel approach to generate nitrogen heterocycles by using norbornadiene as an acetylene synthon. A palladium-catalyzed annulation of substituted haloanilines with norbornadiene led to functionalized indolines. These indolines could be rapidly converted to benzenoid-substituted indoles and tricyclic indolines, which form the core of many biologically active compounds. Extension to the use of substituted halobenzamides led to functionalized isoquinolinones. Finally, we embarked on a study to perform selective palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions with N-iodoarylpyrroles and strained alkenes. We will present the reaction conditions necessary to favour aryl C-H functionalization over pyrrole C-H functionalization.

The synthesis of fused nitrogen heterocycles has been investigated. Chapter 1 describes the synthesis of quinolones through a copper catalyzed amide coupling to ortho acetyl aryl halide followed by an aldol condensation that produces the quinolone in modest to good yields. The reaction works well with lactam partners and leads to tricyclic ring systems. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of 8 membered enamide rings through a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement ring expansion of N-vinyl β-lactams. The N-vinyl β-lactams also undergo a 6π electrocyclization following the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement to furnish amino cyclobutanes. Previously reported amino cyclobutanes have been made using [2+2] photocycloaddition and resulted in a mixtures of diastereoisomers. Our method produces the amino cyclobutanes in good to high yields and with excellent levels of diastereoselectivity. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis and applications of reduced hydantoins from aziridine aldehydes and isocyanates. The resulting heterocycles contain an aziridine ring fused to a 5 membered urea. We also demonstrate that the reduced portion of the hydantoin, namely the hydroxyl group, can undergo further displacement with β-ketoesters similar to iminium ion chemistry.

Alkylidene Meldrum’s acids are very reactive acceptors in conjugate additions, and are known to be significantly more electrophilic than other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl electrophiles. They also offer advantages in terms of ease of preparation, purification and storage. Despite this, they are relatively underused in organic synthesis, and have been treated as something of a curiousity in the literature. The goal of my research was to demonstrate the utility of these molecules in new reactions that are not readily available to other electrophiles. To facilitate this work, new conditions for the Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes with Meldrum’s acid were developed. This allowed access to a broader range of monosubstituted alkylidenes than was previously possible from any single method. In a reaction that exploits the acylating ability of Meldrum’s acid, a domino addition of phenols to alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was developed. Here, Yb(OTf)3 catalyzed the addition of a phenol to the alkylidene as well as acylation through activation of the electrophile. The unique properties of these acceptors permitted synthesis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarins and coumarins through C-alkylation/O-acylation, and also 4-chromanones and chromones through O-alkylation/C-acylation. The predictable and general reversal of chemoselectivity is dependent on the number of substituents on the alkylidene. The same properties that make alkylidene Meldrum’s acids strong electrophiles also make them excellent dienophiles. A one-pot Diels-Alder/Friedel-Crafts process was used as an entry into the 6-5-6-tricyclic skeleton of a family of natural products that have been of interest in our group. The modular nature of the reaction allowed structural variation at nearly every position around both 6-membered rings. An attempted extension of this work into the synthesis of ergot alkaloids provided insight into the factors affecting Friedel-Crafts acylation of 4-substituted indoles. These results provided a highly regioselective entry into 4,5-fused indole ring systems. The electrophilicity of alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was combined with Lewis acid activation for development of a mild conjugate allylation reaction. The use of allyltriphenyltin as nucleophile for addition to monosubstituted alkylidenes avoided many of the practical disadvantages of working with trialkylstannanes. By employing such a relatively weak allylating agent, functional group compatibility was maximized to include groups susceptible to nucleophilic allylation. Additions to chiral, non-racemic alkylidenes were highly diastereoselective. It was also shown that functionalized all-carbon quaternary stereocentres can be formed by this process.

Alkylidene Meldrum’s acids are very reactive acceptors in conjugate additions, and are known to be significantly more electrophilic than other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl electrophiles. They also offer advantages in terms of ease of preparation, purification and storage. Despite this, they are relatively underused in organic synthesis, and have been treated as something of a curiousity in the literature. The goal of my research was to demonstrate the utility of these molecules in new reactions that are not readily available to other electrophiles. To facilitate this work, new conditions for the Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes with Meldrum’s acid were developed. This allowed access to a broader range of monosubstituted alkylidenes than was previously possible from any single method. In a reaction that exploits the acylating ability of Meldrum’s acid, a domino addition of phenols to alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was developed. Here, Yb(OTf)3 catalyzed the addition of a phenol to the alkylidene as well as acylation through activation of the electrophile. The unique properties of these acceptors permitted synthesis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarins and coumarins through C-alkylation/O-acylation, and also 4-chromanones and chromones through O-alkylation/C-acylation. The predictable and general reversal of chemoselectivity is dependent on the number of substituents on the alkylidene. The same properties that make alkylidene Meldrum’s acids strong electrophiles also make them excellent dienophiles. A one-pot Diels-Alder/Friedel-Crafts process was used as an entry into the 6-5-6-tricyclic skeleton of a family of natural products that have been of interest in our group. The modular nature of the reaction allowed structural variation at nearly every position around both 6-membered rings. An attempted extension of this work into the synthesis of ergot alkaloids provided insight into the factors affecting Friedel-Crafts acylation of 4-substituted indoles. These results provided a highly regioselective entry into 4,5-fused indole ring systems. The electrophilicity of alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was combined with Lewis acid activation for development of a mild conjugate allylation reaction. The use of allyltriphenyltin as nucleophile for addition to monosubstituted alkylidenes avoided many of the practical disadvantages of working with trialkylstannanes. By employing such a relatively weak allylating agent, functional group compatibility was maximized to include groups susceptible to nucleophilic allylation. Additions to chiral, non-racemic alkylidenes were highly diastereoselective. It was also shown that functionalized all-carbon quaternary stereocentres can be formed by this process.