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Diplomová práce byla vypracována na téma hospodaření územních samosprávných celků (ÚSC). Obec je zde charakterizována z právního, účetního a rozpočového hlediska. Největší pozornost je věnována vývoji právní úpravy problematiky přezkoumání ÚSC ve Středočeském kraji v letech 2004 a 2005. Součástí je dotazníkové šetření provedené mezi kontrolory oddělení přezkoumání KÚ Středočeského kraje.

<p><p>Account receivables tie up large amounts of capital in. Various reports show that the actual time for customer to pay their invoices is getting longer. This is a problem both from a society and a business economic perspective. The purpose of the essay is to find out if Swedish companies have longer credit days than normal contractual terms of payment and if so, can the business cycle or the geographical distribution of sales have an impact and does it make a difference if the companies have an active monitoring of the actual customer credit days. To answer this, we studied 12 listed companies in four different sectors between the years 2000-2008. In the analysis, we reason about the results of the study and how the various factors may have influenced the outcome. From this we could draw the conclusion that the days of sales outstanding (DSO) are longer than the normal contractual and that the geographical distribution of customers in Sweden, Europe and elsewhere have been relevant. In the results we found out that companies can influence the outcome of actual customer credit days and this we find positive, because that is something that companies themselves can work with.</p></p>

Account receivables tie up large amounts of capital in. Various reports show that the actual time for customer to pay their invoices is getting longer. This is a problem both from a society and a business economic perspective. The purpose of the essay is to find out if Swedish companies have longer credit days than normal contractual terms of payment and if so, can the business cycle or the geographical distribution of sales have an impact and does it make a difference if the companies have an active monitoring of the actual customer credit days. To answer this, we studied 12 listed companies in four different sectors between the years 2000-2008. In the analysis, we reason about the results of the study and how the various factors may have influenced the outcome. From this we could draw the conclusion that the days of sales outstanding (DSO) are longer than the normal contractual and that the geographical distribution of customers in Sweden, Europe and elsewhere have been relevant. In the results we found out that companies can influence the outcome of actual customer credit days and this we find positive, because that is something that companies themselves can work with.

The rapid expansion of dental service organizations (DSOs) continues to disrupt the traditional dental practice model and there was a 12.2% increase in DSOs between 2015 and 2016. Some solo and small group dental practice owners lack strategies to adapt their businesses to be successful in newly competitive markets including DSOs. Grounded in systems theory, the purpose of this qualitative multicase study was to explore strategies dental practice owners use to adapt their businesses to be successful in newly competitive markets. The participants included 3 solo and 2 small group dental practice owners in central Kentucky who demonstrated success in developing and leveraging strategies to be successful in newly competitive markets. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and company documents. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The 3 major themes identified were patient care and experience, patient and community relationships, and adaptation and innovation. The application of effective strategies identified in this study may have implications for positive social change by enabling dental practitioners to continue to provide access to outstanding dental care in the communities they serve. A second implication for positive social change is the potential economic benefits to the community through employing dentists and clinical staff, providing commerce to suppliers and business service providers, and tax contributions to the city, state, and U.S. federal government.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate the prerequisites tourism and the tourism potential in the defined area of the Pelhřimov district. The theoretical part focuses on the basic terminology of tourism, regional development and theoretical determination of preconditions for tourism development. In the practical part, the prerequisites of the defined area are analyzed and evaluated from the tourism point of view. This is followed by the evaluation method of tourism potential. Based on the analyses, several recommendations for the use and connection of local attractions are suggested with the aim to promote local tourism in the defined area.

This thesis aims generally at getting positives and negatives of popular operating system Android running on development kit Tiny6410 which is a part of FriendlyARM family. The operating system and development kit are designed to be used in user multimedia embedded applications with communication features. The goal of this thesis is to take a look on this framework and to measure main parameters of the operating system, specifically to measure switching context time and time for allocation and operation of memory block. Next goal is to create user application which will control and monitor connected oscilloscope DSO-2150 by Hantek via USB interface. This application will also demonstrate positives and negatives of all programming enviroments, which are available, for user application development with consideration of their optimal use.

[pt] Para combater as alterações climáticas, os sistemas energéticos modernos estão a passar por uma transição baseada na descarbonização, envolvendo uma vasta implantação de fontes de energia renováveis e a electrificação das sociedades. Para que esta transição seja bem sucedida, vários desafios associados à produção de energia renovável precisam de ser abordados nas operações do sistema energético. Esses desafios decorrem da alta variabilidade de produção, juntamente com previsibilidade e controlabilidade limitadas, levando a necessidades de flexibilidade nas operações do sistema de energia. O fluxo de potência ideal (OPF) e o comprometimento da unidade (UC) estão entre as ferramentas computacionais mais importantes para os operadores do sistema determinarem o estado do sistema de potência. Este cálculo é realizado para otimizar diversas decisões na rede, para despachar os componentes da rede e para reconfigurá-los. Além disso, o cálculo é utilizado para precificar os serviços prestados por geradores de grande escala e, progressivamente, por entidades descentralizadas como famílias e pequenas empresas que, além de consumirem, também geram e armazenam energia, e assim, têm um papel no equilíbrio energético através de sua flexibilidade. Várias simplificações são feitas no OPF e no UC para lidar com a carga computacional dos modelos, que tende a ser elevada para sistemas realistas. A imprecisão do modelo devido à simplificação das equações de fluxo de potência ou ao ignorar a estocasticidade, está causando cada vez mais altos custos para as operações do sistema, à medida que a situação real se desvia da previsão, implicando ações dispendiosas por parte dos operadores do sistema em tempo real. Esta tese centra-se nos desafios das operações dos sistemas de energia modernos, tais como gestão coordenada de congestionamento e tensão, programação de energia e reservas, bem como cálculo de preços. Em primeiro lugar, a tese constrói métodos e algoritmos para melhorar a capacidade computacional e a precisão do modelo para problemas de UC e OPF com restrita de rede e corrente alternada (AC) através do desenvolvimento de uma aproximação melhorada das leis físicas que governam os fluxos de potência. Em segundo lugar, aplica estes métodos e algoritmos ao problema de coordenação entre múltiplos Operadores de Redes de Distribuição (DSO) e Operadores de Redes de Transmissão (TSO), introduzindo novas técnicas de optimização descentralizada para gerir problemas de congestionamento e tensão, bem como abordar aspectos de troca de informação de rede. Por fim, a tese propõe novos mecanismos de precificação, abordando endogenamente as decisões operacionais não convexas de energia e programação de reservas para o planejamento do dia seguinte, considerando a estocasticidade da geração de energia renovável. Os benefícios computacionais e de precisão são ilustrados em estudos de caso, empregando diversas métricas desenvolvidas. / [en] To counter climate change, modern power systems are undergoing a decarbonisation-based transition involving vast deployment of renewable energy sources and electrification of societies. For this transition to succeed, various challenges associated with renewable power production need to be addressed in power system operations. These challenges stem from high output variability along with limited predictability and controllability, leading to flexibility needs in power system operations. Optimal power flow (OPF) and unit commitment (UC) are amongst the most important computational tools for system operators to determine the state of the power system. This computation is performed to optimise various decisions on the grid, to dispatch the components in the network, and to reconfigure them. Additionally, the computation is used to price the services provided by large scale generators and, progressively, by decentralised entities such as households and small enterprises which, apart from consuming, also generate and store power, and thus, have a role in energy balancing through their flexibility. Various simplifications are made in OPF and UC to tackle the computational burden of the models, which tends to be high for realistic systems. Model inaccuracy due to simplification of power flow equations or ignoring stochasticity, is increasingly causing high costs for system operations, as the real situation deviates from the forecast implying costly actions by system operators in real-time. This thesis focuses on challenges in modern power system operations, such as coordinated congestion and voltage management, energy and reserve scheduling as well as price computation. Firstly, the thesis constructs methods and algorithms to enhance computational capability and model accuracy for Alternating Current (AC) Network-Constrained UC and OPF problems through devising an improved approximation of the physical laws governing power flows. Secondly, it applies these methods and algorithms to the coordination problem amongst multiple Distribution System Operators (DSO) and Transmission System Operators (TSO), introducing novel decentralised optimisation techniques for managing congestion and voltage problems as well as addressing network information exchange aspects. Finally, the thesis proposes new pricing mechanisms, endogenously tackling the non-convex operational decisions for energy and reserve scheduling for day-ahead planning, considering stochasticity of renewable energy generation. Computational and accuracy benefits are illustrated in case studies by employing various metrics developed.

La distribution reste le segment du secteur de l’électricité le moins étudié. Mais les débats s’animent autour d’elle depuis deux ou trois ans quant aux changements structurels possibles du fait notamment de l’émergence amorcée ou annoncée des smart technologies: ils pourraient en effet remettre en cause dans les prochaines années les modèles d’affaires actuels des GRD et leur mode de régulation. Mais de nombreuses incertitudes pèsent sur leurs choix d’investissements. La thèse vise à anticiper les évolutions des modèles d’affaires des GRD en Europe à l’horizon 2030 en tenant compte des paramètres technologiques, macroéconomiques et géographiques. Elle propose une vision théorique et analytique originale, en introduisant tout d’abord la notion de « technologies à potentiel naturel » pour étudier le développement optimal de différentes technologies par contexte géographique et par scénario de référence. A partir de ces résultats, elle définit alors différentes évolutions possibles des activités de la distribution. Le croisement de ces futurs avec les différentes stratégies d’investissement envisageables pour les GRD permet de définir les futurs modèles d’affaires des GRD européens en fonction des combinaisons de smart technologies déployées et des contextes géographiques contrastés. Dans sa dernière partie, la thèse s’intéresse tout particulièrement aux changements prévisibles dans la relation GRD / régulateur sectoriel via une formalisation par la théorie des jeux. Enfin, en s’appuyant notamment sur les études théoriques de Brian Arthur, la thèse identifie les différents effets lock-in qui pourraient entraver l’émergence des smart technologies et les solutions possibles / Distribution activities have been the least studied domain of the electricity sector; over the last few years though, strong debates emerged with regards to the future. Indeed, this activity might soon undergo some deep structural changes, particularly as smart technologies are deployed: theses technologies could strongly impact the current business cases of the DSOs, along with the regulation now in effect, at a time when numerous uncertainties weigh on the distributors choices of investments. This thesis investigates the distributors’ business models evolutions in Europe for the next 20 years, based on technological, macroeconomic and geographical parameters. It proposes an original approach, both theoretical and analytical, to better understand the future world of DSOs. At first, it introduces the notion of “technologies with natural potential” in order to study the optimal development of the different technologies, by geographical context and macroeconomic scenarios. From these results, it then defines various possible evolutions of the distribution activities. Crossing these futures with the various possible investment strategies for the DSOs makes it possible to define the future business models of the European DSOs, according to various combinations of smart technologies displayed and contrasted geographical contexts. In its last part, the thesis studies the predictable changes in the relation DSO / regulator, using a formalization based on the Games Theory; this work is complemented by identifying the different lock-in effects (using the approach described in Brian Arthur’s studies) that could hinder the emergence of smart technologies, and the possible solutions

I present a general methodology for inverting seismic data in either the data or image domains. It partially overcomes one of the most serious problems with current waveform inversion methods, which is the tendency to converge to models far from the actual one. The key idea is to develop a multiscale misfit function that is composed of both a simplified version of the data and one associated with the complex part of the data. Misfit functions based on simple data are characterized by many fewer local minima so that a gradient optimization method can make quick progress in getting to the general vicinity of the actual model. Once we are near the actual model, we then use the gradient based on the more complex data. Below, we describe two implementations of this multiscale strategy: wave equation traveltime inversion in the data domain and generalized differential semblance optimization in the image domain. • Wave Equation Traveltime Inversion in the Data Domain (WT): The main difficulty with iterative waveform inversion is that it tends to get stuck in local minima associated with the waveform misfit function. To mitigate this problem and avoid the need to fit amplitudes in the data, we present a waveequation method that inverts the traveltimes of reflection events, and so is less prone to the local minima problem. Instead of a waveform misfit function, the penalty function is a crosscorrelation of the downgoing direct wave and the upgoing reflection wave at the trial image point. The time lag which maximizes the crosscorrelation amplitude represents the reflection-traveltime residual that is back-projected along the reflection wavepath to update the velocity. Shot- and angle-domain crosscorrelation functions are introduced to estimate the reflection-traveltime residual by semblance analysis and scanning. In theory, only the traveltime information is inverted and there is no need to precisely fit the amplitudes or assume a high-frequency approximation. Results with both synthetic data and field records reveal both the benefits and limitations of WT. • Generalized Differental Semblance Optimization in the Image Domain (GDSO): We now extend the multiscale physics approach to differential semblance optimization (DSO) in the image domain. That is, we identify the space-lag offset H(x, z, h) in the subsurface-offset domain as an implicit function of velocity. It describes the smoothly varying moveout H(x, z, h) of the migration image m(x, z, h) in the subsurface-offset domain, which is analogous to the smoothly varying traveltime residual ∆τ(x) of a reflection event in a shot gather. The velocity model is found that minimizes the objective function ∑x,z,h H(x, z, h)2m(x, z, h)2, where coherent noise is eliminated everywhere except along the picked curve H(x, z, h). This method is denoted as generalized DSO (GDSO) and mitigates the coherent noise problem with DSO. Numerical examples are presented that empirically demonstrate its effectiveness in providing more accurate velocity models compared to conventional DSO.