Submitted by Programa de P?s-Gradua??o Engenharia El?trica (ppgee@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-04-17T14:25:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 26- Ant?nio Ventura Gon?alves de Oliveira - ENSAIO ELETROMAGN?TICO PARA DETEC??O DE FASE SIGMA EM A?OS INOXID?VEIS DUPLEX.pdf: 4925441 bytes, checksum: f1ba4b7e79a04e961d5bdd5fb9b93ac3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Programa de P?s-Gradua??o Engenharia El?trica (ppgee@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-04-17T14:26:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 26- Ant?nio Ventura Gon?alves de Oliveira - ENSAIO ELETROMAGN?TICO PARA DETEC??O DE FASE SIGMA EM A?OS INOXID?VEIS DUPLEX.pdf: 4925441 bytes, checksum: f1ba4b7e79a04e961d5bdd5fb9b93ac3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T14:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 26- Ant?nio Ventura Gon?alves de Oliveira - ENSAIO ELETROMAGN?TICO PARA DETEC??O DE FASE SIGMA EM A?OS INOXID?VEIS DUPLEX.pdf: 4925441 bytes, checksum: f1ba4b7e79a04e961d5bdd5fb9b93ac3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Os A?os Inoxid?veis Duplex s?o usados largamente na ind?stria devido ?s suas propriedades de resist?ncia mec?nica e ? corros?o. Contudo quando submetidos a tratamentos t?rmicos superiores a 600?C, estes apresentam fases fragilizantes, que podem colocar em risco suas estruturas alterando suas propriedades. Entre essas fases destaca-se a fase ? por comprometer a capacidade de absorver energia por impacto. Essas mudan?as em suas propriedades, s?o devido ? fase ? ser rica em Cromo e possuir dureza em torno de 1000 HV, e uma quantidade de 4% j? ser suficiente para fragilizar o material. A presen?a da fase ? pode ser detectada por in?meras t?cnicas de ensaios, como: ensaios por correntes parasitas, ru?do magn?tico de Barkhausen e ultrassom. Neste trabalho buscou-se desenvolver uma t?cnica de ensaio n?o destrutivo baseada na intera??o entre densidade de fluxo magn?tico e microestrutura capaz de acompanhar a forma??o da fase ?. Amostras com diferentes quantidades de fase ? foram obtidas atrav?s do envelhecimento nas temperaturas de 700?C, 750?C, 800?C, 850?C, 900?C, 950?C e 1000?C. As amostras tratadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia ?tica, ensaios de dureza, difra??o de Raios X e testes de impacto. O percentual volum?trico de fase ? foi determinado pelo m?todo da grade atrav?s das imagens obtidas por microscopia ?tica, comprovando que este volume aumenta com o tempo de envelhecimento. As medidas de densidade de fluxo magn?tico foram determinadas a partir de valores de tens?o obtidas por um sensor de efeito Hall. Os resultados confirmam que maiores quantidades de fase ?, implicam em redu??es da permeabilidade magn?tica e da densidade de fluxo magn?tico resultante da intera??o. A t?cnica mostrou ser capaz de acompanhar a forma??o da fase ? bem como a fragiliza??o do material.

Aços inoxidáveis dúplex apresentam uma estrutura composta por ferrita e austenita. O fato de a austenita ser estável à temperatura ambiente possibilita que esses aços sejam usados no estudo da reação de formação da austenita a partir da ferrita, podendo os resultados ser aplicados a aços de baixa liga, em que a austenita se transforma em martensita no resfriamento brusco, e a outros sistemas com transformações entre fases cúbicas de corpo centrado (CCC) e cúbicas de face centrada (CFC). Foram realizados estudos em um aço inoxidável dúplex do tipo DIN W.Nr. 1.4462 (UNS 31803). As amostras foram solubilizadas no campo ferrítico a 1325°C e resfriadas em água. As amostras foram ainda tratadas isotermicamente em temperaturas entre 700°C e 1100°C por tempos entre 5.000 e 30.000 segundos. Deste modo, a formação de austenita a partir da ferrita foi estudada em seu estágio inicial e em estágios avançados da reação, com relação aos seus aspectos morfológicos e cristalográficos. As morfologias encontradas apresentaram variações dependentes dos segmentos de contorno de grão em que as partículas se formam. As partículas nucleadas nos contornos de grão podem ser adequadamente descritas pela classificação morfológica de Dubé. Além disso, essas partículas apresentaram, em geral, relações de orientação do tipo Kurdjumov-Sachs e Nishyiama-Wassermann com pelo menos um dos dois grãos, podendo ser encontradas relações intermediárias entre essas duas. . Em alguns casos, as partículas mantêm relações de orientação com os dois grãos adjacentes, apresentando pequenos desvios das relações exatas relatadas na literatura. As partículas de austenita intragranulares apresentam desvios em relação à relações exatas maiores do que os encontrados nas partículas de contornos de grão. Em alguns casos, as partículas intragranulares aparentam não apresentar relações de orientação com a matriz ferrítica. / Duplex Stainless Steels have a structure composed by ferrite and austenite. The fact that austenite, in these steels, is stable at low temperatures, allows the use of these steels in studies of austenite formation from ferrite, in such way that the results can be applied to low alloy steels, in which austenite transforms to martensite upon rapid cooling, and to other systems containing transformations between body-centred cubic (BCC) and face-centred cubic (FCC) phases. Studies were performed on a DIN W.Nr. 1.4462 (UNS 31803) duplex stainless steel. The samples were solution treated in the ferrite region at 1325°C and water cooled. Samples were then submitted to isothermal treatments at temperatures between 700°C and 1100°C for up to 30.000 seconds. In this way, austenite formation from ferrite was studied on initial and advanced stages of the reaction, concerning morphological and crystallographic aspects. The morphologies observed varied with the grain boundary segment in which the particles were formed. The grain boundary particles may be adequately described by the Dubé classification. Moreover, these particles presented Kurdjumov-Sachs and Nishyiama-Wassermann orientation relationships with at least one of the adjacent grains, with possibilities of occurrence of intermediate relationships between K-S and N-W relationships. In some cases, the particles show orientation relationships with both adjacent grains, with small deviations form the exact relationships reported in literature. Intragranular austenite particles show higher deviations from the exact relationships than grain boundary particles. In some cases, intragranular particles have no apparent orientation relationships with the ferrite matrix.

Abstract The purpose of the present research was (I-II) to evaluate the effects of clinical, hand-held Doppler (HHD) and duplex ultrasonographic examinations on the planning of operative procedure for primary varicose veins, (III) to assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of endovenous saphenous vein obliteration with radiofrequency-resistive heating and (IV) to compare endovenous saphenous vein obliteration with conventional stripping operation in terms of short-term recovery and costs. Sixty-two legs (in 49 consecutive patients) and 142 legs (in 111 consecutive patients) with primary uncomplicated varicose veins were examined clinically and with HHD and duplex ultrasonography for planning the subsequent treatment. At the saphenous-femoral junction (SFJ) and at the saphenous-popliteal junction (SPJ), sensitivity was 56-64% and 23%, specificity 93-97% and 96%, positive predictive value 97-98% and 43% and negative predictive value 44-45% and 91%, respectively. In 9% of the cases, the treatment plan was modified on the basis of the duplex ultrasound findings. The present study showed that, in primary uncomplicated varicose veins, the accuracy of HHD is unsatisfactory. Thirty legs of 27 patients with varicose veins were treated using an endovenous catheter (Closure® System, VNUS Medical Technologies, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), which was inserted under ultrasound guidance via a percutaneous puncture or a skin incision. The persistence of vein occlusion and complications potentially attributable to the endovenous treatment were assessed at 1-week, 6-week, 3-month, 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits. By the time of the last follow-up visit, occlusion of the treated segment of the LSV had been achieved in 22 (73.3%) legs. Persisting patency or recanalization of LSV was detected in 8 legs (26.7%). Postoperative complications included saphenous nerve paresthesia in 3 legs (10%) and thermal skin injury in one limb (3.3%). Twenty-eight selected patients admitted for operative treatment of varicose veins in the tributaries of the primary long saphenous were randomly assigned to endovenous obliteration (n = 15) or stripping operation (n = 13). The patients were followed up for 7-8 weeks postoperatively and examined by duplex ultrasonography. The comparison of costs included both direct medical costs and costs due to lost of productivity. All operations were successful, and the complication rates were similar in the two groups. The sick leaves were significantly shorter in the endovenous obliteration group [6.5 (SD 3.3) vs. 15.6 (SD 6.0), 95 % CI 5.4 to 12.9, p < 0.001, t-test]. When the value of the lost working days was included, the endovenous obliteration was societally cost-saving.

To meet the urgent demand of high-speed data rate and to support large number of users, the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is becoming one of the most promising candidates for the next generation wireless communications, namely the 5G. To realize the full potential of massive MIMO, it is necessary to have the channel state information (CSI) (partially) available at the transmitter. Hence, an efficient channel estimation is one of the key enablers and also critical challenges for 5G communications. Dealing with such problems, this dissertation investigates the design of efficient pilot-data transmission pattern and channel estimation in massive MIMO for both multipair relaying and peer-to-peer systems. Firstly, this dissertation proposes a pilot-data transmission overlay scheme for multipair MIMO relaying systems employing either half- or full-duplex (HD or FD) communications at the relay station (RS). In the proposed scheme, pilots are transmitted in partial overlap with data to decrease the channel estimation overhead. The RS can detect the source data by exploiting the asymptotic orthogonality of massive MIMO channels. Due to the transmission overlay, the effective data period is extended, hence improving system throughput. Both theoretical and simulation results verify that the proposed pilot-data overlay scheme outperforms the conventional separate pilot-data design in the limited coherence interval scenario. Moreover, a power allocation problem is formulated to properly adjust the transmission power of source data transmission and relay data forwarding which further improves the system performance. Additionally, this dissertation proposes and analyzes an efficient HD decode-and-forward (DF) scheme, named sum decode-and-forward (SDF), with the physical layer network coding (PNC) in the multipair massive MIMO two-way relaying system. As comparison, a joint decode-and-forward (JDF) scheme applied to the multipair massive MIMO relaying is also proposed and investigated. In the SDF scheme, a half number of pilots are saved compared to the JDF scheme which in turn increases the spectral efficiency of the system. Both the theoretical analyses and numerical results verifies such superiority of the SDF scheme. Further, the power efficiency of the proposed schemes is also investigated. Simulation results show that the signal transmission power can be rapidly reduced if the massive antenna arrays are equipped on the RS and the required data transmission power can further decrease if the training power is fixed. Finally, this dissertation investigates the general channel estimation problem in the massive MIMO system which employs the hybrid analog/digital precoding structure with limited radio-frequency (RF) chains. By properly designing RF combiners and performing multiple trainings, the performance of the proposed channel estimation can approach that of full-chain estimations depending on the degree of channel spatial correlation and the number of RF chains which is verified by simulation results in terms of both mean square error (MSE) and spectral efficiency. Moreover, a covariance matching method is proposed to obtain channel correlation in practice and the simulation verifies its effectiveness by evaluating the spectral efficiency performance in parametric channel models. / Graduate / 0537 / 0544 / leyuanpan@gmail.com

[pt] Aços inoxidáveis duplex são constituídos de matriz austeno-ferrítica e denominados AID s. A presença simultânea das fases austenita e ferrita em proporções similares faz com que esse aço apresente excelente combinação de propriedades como, elevada resistência à corrosão e altos valores de resistência mecânica. As melhores propriedades são atingidas quando é obtido um balanço apropriado de austenita e ferrita, sem a presença de fases deletérias. No entanto, devido ao alto teor de elementos de liga presente na composição química, os aços duplex apresentam um comportamento complexo de transformação e precipitação de fases. Durante a soldagem destes aços estas transformações de fase são influenciadas pela taxa de resfria mento imposta pelos ciclos térmicos associados ao aporte de calor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as transformações microestruturais e como estas influenciam as propriedades mecânicas, em função de diferentes taxas de resfriamento a partir de diferentes temperaturas de solubilização, para o aço inoxidável duplex da classe UNS S31803. Foi realizada solubilização em quatro diferentes temperaturas (1000, 1100, 1200 e 1300 graus Celsius) seguido de resfriamento em diferentes meios tais como água gelada, água na temperatura ambiente e óleo, os quais forneceram taxas de resfriamento partindo de 228, 98 e 62 graus Celsius/s, respectivamente. Foi observado que o aço UNS S31803 em estudo apresentou limite de escoamento, dureza e limite de resistência em acordo com na norma ASTM A240-2015 para todas as condições estudadas. Verificou-se ainda, que a variação da fração volumétrica de fases foi mais significativa para as temperaturas de solubilização a 1200 e 1300 graus celsius, independente da taxa de resfriamento aplicada, a qual se refletiu nas propriedades mecânicas do aço. / [en] Stainless steels constituted of austenitic-ferritic matrix are called duplex stainless steels (DSS). The presence of ferrite and austenite phases simultaneously in similar proportion causes to DSS an excellent arrangement of properties such as high corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength values. The best properties are reached by obtaining an appropriate balance of austenite and ferrite without deleterious phases. However, due to the high presence of alloying elements in its chemical composition, the DSS has a complex behavior of transformation and precipitation phases. During the welding process the phase transformation are influenced by the cooling rate imposed by the thermal cycles associated with the heat input. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the UNS S31803 (DSS) microstructural transformation behavior and its mechanical properties variations based on different cooling rates from different solubilization temperatures. Four different temperatures were used (1000, 1100, 1200 and 1300 Celsius degrees) followed by cooling in ice water, water at room temperature and oil, which provided cooling rates starting respectively from 228, 98 and 62 Celsius/s degrees. In the test results, the studied DSS proved to have satisfactory response regarding the mechanical limits specified in ASTM A240-2015 for all conditions applied. Furthermore, the variation in the fractions of phases were more significant for solubilization temperatures at 1200 and 1300 Celsius degrees, regardless of the cooling rate applied, which was reflected in the mechanical properties of the steel.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo relacionado a três estados de superfície aplicados em um substrato de aço ferramenta AISI H13 temperado e revenido utilizado no processo de calibração a frio para a fabricação de forjados de precisão, os quais posteriormente processados transformam-se em componentes de um semieixo homocinético. O foco deste trabalho foi demostrar através da aplicação de tratamentos de superfície o aumento do desempenho em termos de resistência ao desgaste na interface da superfície da ferramenta em análise e também correlacionar com o seu custo benefício do produto final, visto que o critério para avaliação de vida útil depende diretamente do dimensional final do forjado. Para a comparação e o teste industrial foram estipuladas três condições diferentes de superfície para serem avaliadas. A primeira sem revestimento, a segunda com modificação superficial pelo processo de nitretação gasosa e a terceira com revestimento Dúplex PVD a base de CrTiN. A caracterização das amostras foram realizadas com o auxílio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, análises metalográficas de microestrutura e dureza. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi constatado que o revestimento Dúplex aplicado em ferramentas para calibração a frio apresentou o melhor desempenho em relação às outras duas condições propostas. O revestimento Dúplex obteve um ganho de 400% em vida útil de ferramentas correlacionado a melhor resistência ao desgaste e, além disso, uma melhor performance em seu comportamento dimensional perante ao processo aplicado. Como segunda alternativa, as ferramentas com o processo de nitretação gasosa atingiram uma redução de 17% nos custos de ferramentas por peças produzidas e acréscimo de 20% em vida útil de ferramentas, apresentando uma melhora em relação as ferramentas sem tratamento de superfície. / This work presents a study related to three surface states applied on a quenching and tempered AISI H13 tool steel substrate used in the cold calibration process for the manufacture of precision forgings, which are subsequently processed into components of a halfshafts. This dissertation aims at demonstrating, through the application of surface treatments, the increase in the wear resistance performance of the tool under analysis and correlating this with cost benefit in the final product, since the end life criterion for the tools depends directly on the dimensions of the forged part. For comparison and industrial testing three different surface conditions were stipulated for evaluation. The first uncoated, the second with surface modification by the gas nitriding process and the third with PVD duplex coating based on CrTiN. The characterization of the samples was carried out with Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy, Metallographic Analysis of the Microstructure and Hardness Tests. According with obtained results it was verified that the treatment duplex coating applied in tools for cold calibration presented the best performance in relation to the other two conditions proposed. The duplex coating obtained a gain of 400% in tool life correlated to better resistance to wear and, in addition, a better performance in its dimensional behavior in relation to the previous condition without surface treatment. As a second alternative, the tools treated by the gas nitriding process achieved a 17% reduction in tooling costs per parts produced and a 20% increase in tool life, showing an improvement over tools without surface treatment.

Improving spectral-utilization is a core focus to cater the ever-increasing demand in data rate and system capacity required for the development of 5G. This dissertation focuses on three spectrum-reuse technologies that are envisioned to play an important role in 5G networks: device-to-device (D2D), full-duplex (FD), and nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA). D2D allows proximal user-equipments (UEs) to bypass the cellular base-station and communicate with their intended receiver directly. In underlay D2D, the D2D UEs utilize the same spectral resources as the cellular UEs. FD communication allows a transmit-receive pair to transmit simultaneously on the same frequency channel. Due to the overwhelming self-interference encountered, FD was not possible until very recently courtesy of advances in transceiver design. NOMA allows multiple receivers (transmitters) to communicate with one transmitter (receiver) in one time-frequency resource-block by multiplexing in the power domain. Successive-interference cancellation is used for NOMA decoding. Each of these techniques significantly improves spectral efficiency and consequently data rate and throughput; however, the price paid is increased interference. Since each of these technologies allow multiple transmissions within a cell on a time-frequency resource-block, they result in interference within the cell (i.e., intracell interference). Additionally, due to the increased communication, they increase network interference from outside the cell under consideration as well (i.e., increased intercell interference). Real networks are becoming very dense; as a result, the impact of intercell interference coming from the entire network is significant. As such, using models that consider a single-cell/few-cell scenarios result in misleading conclusions. Hence, accurate modeling requires considering a large network. In this context, stochastic geometry is a powerful tool for analyzing random patterns of points such as those found in wireless networks. In this dissertation, stochastic geometry is used to model and analyze the different technologies that are to be deployed in 5G networks. This gives us insight into the network performance, showing us the impacts of deploying a certain technology into real 5G networks. Additionally, it allows us to propose schemes for integrating such technologies, mode-selection, parameter-selection, and resource-allocation that enhance the parameters of interest in the network such as data rate, coverage, and secure communication.

The demand for wireless communication is ceaselessly increasing in terms of the number of subscribers and services. Future generations of cellular networks are expected to allow not only humans but also machines to be immersively connected. However, the radio frequency spectrum is already fully allocated. Therefore, developing techniques to increase spectrum efficiency has become necessary. This dissertation analyzes two spectrum sharing techniques that enable efficient utilization of the available radio resources in cellular networks. The first technique, called full-duplex (FD) communication, uses the same spectrum to transmit and receive simultaneously. Using stochastic geometry tools, we derive a closed-form expression of an upper-bound for the maximum achievable uplink ergodic rate in FD cellular networks. We show that the uplink transmission is vulnerable to the new interference introduced by FD communications (interference from the downlink transmission in other cells), especially when the disparity in transmission power between the uplink and downlink is considerable. We further show that adjusting the uplink transmission power according to the interference power level and the channel gain can improve the uplink performance in full-duplex cellular networks. Moreover, we propose an interference management technique that allows a flexible overlap between the spectra occupied by the downlink and uplink transmissions. The flexible overlap is optimized along with the user-to-base station association, the power allocation and the channel allocation in order to maximize a network-wide utility function. The second spectrum sharing technique, called non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), allows a transmitter to communicate with multiple receivers through the same frequency-time resource unit. We analyze the implementation of such a scheme in the downlink of cellular networks, more precisely, in the downlink of fog radio access networks (FogRANs). FogRAN is a network architecture that takes full advantage of the edge devices capability to process and store data. We propose managing the interference for NOMA-based FogRAN to improve the network performance by jointly optimizing user scheduling, the power allocated to each resource block and the division of power between the multiplexed users. The simulation results show that significant performance gains can be achieved through proper resource allocation with both studied spectrum sharing techniques.

No description available.

This thesis deals with the study of intermetallic phases in cast duplex stainless steel ASTM A890 Grade 4A considering degradation of mechanical properties in the result of isothermal aging in the temperature of 700 °C and 595 °C. The period of aging in the temperature of 700 °C was ranging from 1 to 160 hours and in the temperature of 595 °C it was ranging from 24 to 245 hours. The study of microstructure after aging in the temperature of 700 °C has proved that the -phases, Laves phases, chromium carbides and chromium nitrides were excluded. The phase was observed after four hours of aging in the temperature of 700 °C in / interface for the first time. The transformation was performed by eutectoid mechanism according to the equation + 2. The Laves phase has been observed after 10 hours of aging in / interphase and later in the ferrite grain as well. Chromium carbides and nitrides have created a continuous contour along to the / and /2 interface. After the temperature of 595°C there have been observed a large amount of small precipitates in the structure. The precipitates have been extracted from some selected samples to carbon replica. Following analysis has confirmed the presence of chromium carbides, -phases and Laves phases. The deterioration of mechanical properties, caused by the influence of secondary phase exclusion, has been confirmed by the Vickers hardness test and impact test including fractography analysis of the fracture surface. The hardness has an increasing tendency while the impact strength has been significantly reduced.