Revised and changed the title; Originally Published: 2009 / 4 pp. / Dairy foods including milk, yogurt, cheese, and fortified soymilk provide nine essential nutrients that both children and adults can enjoy. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming 3 cups per day of fat-free (skim), reduced fat (2%), low fat (1%), or equivalent milk products for healthy adults and children 9 years of age and older. We describe healthy ways to incorporate daily foods into the diet. Delicious and easy recipes using skim milk are also included.

Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease that afflicts an estimated 25 million Americans, especially women. Suboptimal intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D contribute to development of osteoporosis. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) indicate that adult women do not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium. Results from other national studies indicate that adult women consume less than the recommended number of servings of dairy foods per day. Focus groups were conducted in rural and urban areas of Virginia to gain insight into middle aged women's perceptions of dairy foods. Four focus groups were conducted with a total of 39 women. The majority of the women were between the ages of 35 to 50 years; all were non-Hispanic white women. All had a minimum of a high school education, and the majority had some education beyond high school. Discussion questions addressed preferences for dairy foods, advantages and disadvantages of dairy foods, factors that influence dairy food choices, and possibilities for product improvements. Focus group discussions were audio taped and transcribed by the moderator. The moderator identified major and minor themes; women's responses were organized thematically. Results were reported in the following broad theme categories: perceptions of health and nutrition that influenced dairy food choices and factors that influenced dairy food choices. The predominant negative perception of dairy foods was that dairy foods were high in fat. Women also negatively associated dairy foods with lactose intolerance and kidney stones. The predominant positive perception of dairy foods was that dairy foods were a good source of calcium. Women also believed dairy foods were a good source of vitamins, although they were unsure of specific vitamins found in dairy foods. Participants were aware of osteoporosis, but many were not knowledgeable about risk factors or prevention related to osteoporosis. Many women used calcium supplements or vitamin-mineral supplements to help meet dietary calcium requirements. Results indicate a need for education on the role of dairy foods in osteoporosis prevention. Women's preferences for dairy foods influenced dairy food choices. Product characteristics, such as sensory attributes, convenience, cost, availability, and packaging, were mentioned as factors that greatly influenced dairy food choices. The majority of women stated that other household members influenced dairy food choices. Women also mentioned that physicians and media sources, such as magazine advertisements and television commercials, influenced their dairy food choices. Nutrition education for this population should continue to promote the view that "all foods can fit" into a healthy eating pattern. Nutrition education should be geared toward the fast paced lifestyle these women lead. Product development should focus on convenience items. / Master of Science

Research has indicated that college-age women are not consuming the recommended daily servings of dairy foods, and therefore, have inadequate calcium intakes as well. Four focus groups were conducted with a total of 29 college women to explore their perceptions, opinions, thoughts, and feelings about dairy foods. Single, non-Hispanic white females, aged 19-22, enrolled in state-funded colleges and universities in Virginia were recruited for the study. Discussion questions addressed preferences for dairy foods, advantages and disadvantages of dairy foods, factors that influence dairy consumption, and ideas for product improvements. Focus group discussions were audio taped, transcribed by the researcher, then checked for accuracy by a Virginia Tech undergraduate student. Major themes and subthemes were identified, and results were reported in the following theme categories: 1) health and nutrition perceptions of dairy foods, 2) external influences on dairy food consumption, 3) characteristics of dairy products, and 4) ideas for product improvements. Women in this study perceived the high calcium content of dairy foods to be a health benefit. Women thought calcium was important for the prevention of osteoporosis; however, most women did not seem to perceive osteoporosis as an immediate health concern. A predominant theme throughout all focus groups was that college women thought many dairy foods were high in fat. Use of calcium supplements as well as other vitamin/mineral supplements to meet nutrient requirements was common among this sample of college women. Other factors that influenced women's dairy food choices included family influences (especially mothers), college lifestyle, and media sources. Specifically, mothers encouraged women to drink milk during childhood and to use supplements. Women's busy lifestyles at college influenced them to choose convenient dairy foods. Women's concern with body weight and image played a role in their lower fat dairy food choices. Sensory characteristics of dairy foods, particularly taste, were important to the college women's dairy food choices. Women wanted convenient and "easily accessible" dairy foods, and their ideas for product improvements included smaller package sizes, easier opening of packages, and improved availability of low fat dairy options in restaurants and dining halls. Nutrition educators should strive to emphasize the importance of adequate dairy food consumption to college women now to prevent osteoporosis in the future. Continued promotion of low fat dairy choices is important to help ensure that women receive adequate intake of calcium and other important nutrients. / Master of Science

Master of Science / Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health / Mark D. Haub / Linda K. Yarrow / Interest and participation in plant-based lifestyle patterns in North America has increased significantly due to perceived health benefits and concerns about the environment, ethics, and safety of the food supply. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics suggests that vegetarian diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate. There is growing evidence that plant-based dietary patterns are more sustainable than animal-based diets because they use fewer natural resources and are less environmentally taxing. With the projected world population growth and declining resources, sustainable diets and environmental sustainability are a must. As the need and interest in plant-based dietary patterns increases, it becomes important to evaluate public perception. There is currently little research focusing on attitudes and perceptions of the broader plant-based dietary pattern, particularly in the college-aged population. This exploratory study investigated individual perceptions of meat, dairy foods, and plant-based alternatives. Study results indicated taste preferences for meat and dairy foods were high. Additionally, students in the College of Agriculture and students who had a rural background were more likely to have a positive perception of meat and dairy foods than plant-based foods. These findings suggest the implementation of interventions such as education and the development of plant-based meat and dairy food alternatives matching their flavor profile as closely as possible may best assist in the shift from an animal-based to a plant-based dietary pattern.

There is substantial evidence from cellular, animal and epidemiological studies in support of a role for calcium, and in particular, dairy foods in the regulation of weight (McCarron, 1983; Davies et al. 2000; Heaney, 2003a; Jacqmain et al. 2003; Parikh & Yanovski, 2003; Soares et al. 2004a; Azadbakht et al. 2005). These studies suggest, but do not provide, a causal link between increased calcium intake and reduced adiposity. In contrast, randomised controlled trails (RCT) are limited and their outcomes, to date, are conflicting in their findings (Zemel et al. 2004b; Harvey-Berino et al. 2005; Thompson et al. 2005; Zemel et al. 2005a; 2005b). The primary mechanism involves the control of intracellular calcium by calcitrophic hormones, vitamin D3 and PTH. It is proposed that a higher calcium intake lowers the calcitrophic hormones, thus reducing intracellular calcium and attenuating lipid storage (Zemel et al. 2000). Other flow through effects may include the greater utilisation of fat as a fuel source, increased thermogenesis, increased fat excretion, improved satiety and reduced food intake. (Melanson et al. 2003; Sun & Zemel, 2004; Boon et al. 2005a; Gunther et al. 2005b; Jacobsen et al. 2005b; Melanson et al. 2006). In this thesis we demonstrate that the acute ingestion of calcium, increased postprandial fat oxidation in overweight and obese humans. The results were consistent between the two sources of calcium tested (dairy and calcium citrate). Circulating levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were less suppressed, while glycerol tended to be higher following both high calcium meals (Cummings et al. 2006). / There was no evidence of a modulation of subjective feelings of hunger, or satiety, nor immediate food intake (buffet) or 24 hour food intake. A prolongation of the inter-meal interval was however observed in subjects consuming the high calcium meals. A single-blind 12 week RCT, with a 12 week wash out period, compared two energy restricted (ER) diets either high (HC 1200 mg/d) or low in calcium (LD 600 mg/d). Forty overweight/obese male and female subjects were recruited for the study with 29 subjects completing both arms of the study. Anthropometric data and body composition from DEXA were measured before, during and following each diet. There was no difference between the diets in the loss of body weight, total fat mass or trunk fat mass. A greater reduction in waist circumference of 1.23 cm was observed when subjects had consumed the HC diet; this however was just short of significance (P=0.052). There was a smaller reduction of resting energy expenditure on the hypocaloric HC diet with a trend for a greater fat oxidation at week 10 of intervention. No differences were observed between the treatment groups for fasting levels of glucose, insulin, Hba1c, LDL-C, HDL-C or TC. We also found an inverse relationship between resting metabolic rate at the start of ER and body fat lost when subjects consumed the LC diet, but not the HC diet. / This is a novel finding in that it would be expected to see an inverse relationship between initial RMR and the amount of fat lost; however, the HC diet seems to achieve the same fat loss as the LC diet by taking away the effect of initial body size/composition. Overall, the ingestion of a single meal containing 500 mg of dietary and elemental calcium has some benefits for the obese individual. Six hours post-prandially fat oxidation is stimulated following the consumption of the dietary and elemental calcium breakfast meals. During a 12-week weight loss period, a higher calcium intake did not result in a greater weight loss compared to a low calcium diet. The HC diet did result in a trend for a greater reduction in waist circumference; however, this did not transcribe into an increased loss of total or regional body fat.

Esta pesquisa buscou compreender, de forma sistêmica, como as Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PME´s) desenvolvem novos produtos e implementam as estratégias de comunicação, no que se refere aos alimentos lácteos funcionais. Complementarmente, foram analisadas as possíveis restrições e os estímulos gerados pela legislação, nas inovações dessas empresas. Focou-se em unidades da Região Sul do Brasil, devido à representatividade local da cadeia do leite, à recente inserção de grandes empresas e ao perfil diferenciado dos consumidores nessa região. O método de pesquisa foi o de estudos multicaso, triangulando informações obtidas dos colaboradores das organizações, de especialistas externos, de agentes de regulação e de um órgão de defesa do consumidor. Como principais resultados, observou-se que a concorrência – geralmente Empresas Multinacionais (EMN´s) – é a principal fonte para as inovações das PME´s estudadas. Essa é uma estratégia tradicionalmente menos sujeita a riscos e que requer menores investimentos em comunicação. Porém, devido às particularidades do mercado de alimentos funcionais e às limitações competitivas das empresas de menor porte, ofertar produtos com certo grau de diferenciação da concorrência pode ser fundamental para garantir sua sobrevivência nesse mercado. Esse comportamento prioritariamente seguidor, contudo, parece ser decorrente da não-utilização de ferramentas gerenciais eficientes, da ausência de parcerias com centros nacionais de pesquisa, do baixo conhecimento do mercado consumidor e do foco excessivo em controles e certificações de qualidade. Esse “círculo vicioso” também sofre influência da burocracia e dos custos para registrar produtos/ingredientes inovadores, embora seja reconhecida a necessidade de uma legislação específica, de modo a garantir a sustentabilidade desse mercado. / How the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME´s) develop new products and implement the communication strategies, in reference of functional dairy foods, was this research objective. Complimentarily, the possible restrictions and stimulations generated by the legislation, in those companies innovation, were analyzed. It focused in unities of the Brazilian southern region, that have a representative local milk chain, a recent insertion of great companies and differential costumers profiles. The research method was a multicase study, using information from the enterprises, external specialists, regulatory agents and a consumer defense institute. It was observed that the competition is the primary source for the studied SME´s innovations. Traditionally, this strategy is less expose to risks and it requires minors investments in communication. However, the current functional foods market has many specific characteristics and the small companies have competitive limitations. So, the companies who produce differentiated products will have more possibilities to survive in this market. The observed second-mover behavior could be consequence of: the efficient managerial tools non-utilization, the partnerships with national research centers absence, the consuming market low knowledge and the high focus in quality controls and certifications. This “vicious circle” also suffers influence of the bureaucracy and the innovators products/ingredients registering costs, even so its recognized a specific legislation need, in a way to guarantee this market sustainability.

Esta pesquisa buscou compreender, de forma sistêmica, como as Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PME´s) desenvolvem novos produtos e implementam as estratégias de comunicação, no que se refere aos alimentos lácteos funcionais. Complementarmente, foram analisadas as possíveis restrições e os estímulos gerados pela legislação, nas inovações dessas empresas. Focou-se em unidades da Região Sul do Brasil, devido à representatividade local da cadeia do leite, à recente inserção de grandes empresas e ao perfil diferenciado dos consumidores nessa região. O método de pesquisa foi o de estudos multicaso, triangulando informações obtidas dos colaboradores das organizações, de especialistas externos, de agentes de regulação e de um órgão de defesa do consumidor. Como principais resultados, observou-se que a concorrência – geralmente Empresas Multinacionais (EMN´s) – é a principal fonte para as inovações das PME´s estudadas. Essa é uma estratégia tradicionalmente menos sujeita a riscos e que requer menores investimentos em comunicação. Porém, devido às particularidades do mercado de alimentos funcionais e às limitações competitivas das empresas de menor porte, ofertar produtos com certo grau de diferenciação da concorrência pode ser fundamental para garantir sua sobrevivência nesse mercado. Esse comportamento prioritariamente seguidor, contudo, parece ser decorrente da não-utilização de ferramentas gerenciais eficientes, da ausência de parcerias com centros nacionais de pesquisa, do baixo conhecimento do mercado consumidor e do foco excessivo em controles e certificações de qualidade. Esse “círculo vicioso” também sofre influência da burocracia e dos custos para registrar produtos/ingredientes inovadores, embora seja reconhecida a necessidade de uma legislação específica, de modo a garantir a sustentabilidade desse mercado. / How the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME´s) develop new products and implement the communication strategies, in reference of functional dairy foods, was this research objective. Complimentarily, the possible restrictions and stimulations generated by the legislation, in those companies innovation, were analyzed. It focused in unities of the Brazilian southern region, that have a representative local milk chain, a recent insertion of great companies and differential costumers profiles. The research method was a multicase study, using information from the enterprises, external specialists, regulatory agents and a consumer defense institute. It was observed that the competition is the primary source for the studied SME´s innovations. Traditionally, this strategy is less expose to risks and it requires minors investments in communication. However, the current functional foods market has many specific characteristics and the small companies have competitive limitations. So, the companies who produce differentiated products will have more possibilities to survive in this market. The observed second-mover behavior could be consequence of: the efficient managerial tools non-utilization, the partnerships with national research centers absence, the consuming market low knowledge and the high focus in quality controls and certifications. This “vicious circle” also suffers influence of the bureaucracy and the innovators products/ingredients registering costs, even so its recognized a specific legislation need, in a way to guarantee this market sustainability.

Esta pesquisa buscou compreender, de forma sistêmica, como as Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PME´s) desenvolvem novos produtos e implementam as estratégias de comunicação, no que se refere aos alimentos lácteos funcionais. Complementarmente, foram analisadas as possíveis restrições e os estímulos gerados pela legislação, nas inovações dessas empresas. Focou-se em unidades da Região Sul do Brasil, devido à representatividade local da cadeia do leite, à recente inserção de grandes empresas e ao perfil diferenciado dos consumidores nessa região. O método de pesquisa foi o de estudos multicaso, triangulando informações obtidas dos colaboradores das organizações, de especialistas externos, de agentes de regulação e de um órgão de defesa do consumidor. Como principais resultados, observou-se que a concorrência – geralmente Empresas Multinacionais (EMN´s) – é a principal fonte para as inovações das PME´s estudadas. Essa é uma estratégia tradicionalmente menos sujeita a riscos e que requer menores investimentos em comunicação. Porém, devido às particularidades do mercado de alimentos funcionais e às limitações competitivas das empresas de menor porte, ofertar produtos com certo grau de diferenciação da concorrência pode ser fundamental para garantir sua sobrevivência nesse mercado. Esse comportamento prioritariamente seguidor, contudo, parece ser decorrente da não-utilização de ferramentas gerenciais eficientes, da ausência de parcerias com centros nacionais de pesquisa, do baixo conhecimento do mercado consumidor e do foco excessivo em controles e certificações de qualidade. Esse “círculo vicioso” também sofre influência da burocracia e dos custos para registrar produtos/ingredientes inovadores, embora seja reconhecida a necessidade de uma legislação específica, de modo a garantir a sustentabilidade desse mercado. / How the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME´s) develop new products and implement the communication strategies, in reference of functional dairy foods, was this research objective. Complimentarily, the possible restrictions and stimulations generated by the legislation, in those companies innovation, were analyzed. It focused in unities of the Brazilian southern region, that have a representative local milk chain, a recent insertion of great companies and differential costumers profiles. The research method was a multicase study, using information from the enterprises, external specialists, regulatory agents and a consumer defense institute. It was observed that the competition is the primary source for the studied SME´s innovations. Traditionally, this strategy is less expose to risks and it requires minors investments in communication. However, the current functional foods market has many specific characteristics and the small companies have competitive limitations. So, the companies who produce differentiated products will have more possibilities to survive in this market. The observed second-mover behavior could be consequence of: the efficient managerial tools non-utilization, the partnerships with national research centers absence, the consuming market low knowledge and the high focus in quality controls and certifications. This “vicious circle” also suffers influence of the bureaucracy and the innovators products/ingredients registering costs, even so its recognized a specific legislation need, in a way to guarantee this market sustainability.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-03-04T11:31:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1192536 bytes, checksum: 6d5b158e34db6bb9c1f6f7e0f54b2ecf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T11:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1192536 bytes, checksum: 6d5b158e34db6bb9c1f6f7e0f54b2ecf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The demand for foods with balanced nutritional composition and that may also provide additional health benefits is required by today's consumers. These are called functional food product, that includes the probiotics, i.e., foods added from cultures of micro-organisms which act as processing therapeutic agents. To provide benefits, these micro-organisms must be suitable to certain criteria such as survival throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Other criteria include non-toxic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms and ability to prevent or inhibit the growth of organisms harmful to health. Foods are considered as an ideal instrument for the supply of probiotics to the human gastrointestinal tract by a protective effect on the probiotic strains during passage to its site of action, the intestine. Thus, the micro-organisms must be compatible with the matrix product: processing, storage conditions, ingredients, physical and chemical properties and the presence of competing micro-organisms and inhibitors, to maintain viability and desired properties. Dairy products are the main food matrices supplemented with probiotics such as yogurt, fermented milks, cheeses, dairy beverages and dairy desserts. Cheese have advantages such as: high pH, increased buffering capacity, nutrient available, low oxygen content. In the review article, the present study approached features associated to probiotics emphasizing research related to the use of cheese as a matrix and evaluation in vitro or in vivo about the topic. This research also includes an article that evaluated the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus EM1107 that was added to semi-hard goat cheese (Coalho) when exposed to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The inhibitory effects of this strain against pathogenic bacteria in goat Coalho cheese were also evaluated during 21 days of refrigerated storage. After in vitro digestion, no change in the viable cell count of L. rhamnosus (6.75 log CFU/g) was observed compared with the count before exposure to oral conditions (6.55 log CFU/g). When evaluated against S. aureus, L. rhamnosus exhibited the inhibition rates of 1.55%, 1.7% and 21.66% at 7, 14 and 21 days of storage, respectively. Furthermore, against Salmonella Enteritidis, the inhibition rates were 4.36%, 5.33% and 5.51% at 7, 14 and 21 days of storage, respectively; against Escherichia coli at 7 days of storage, the inhibition rate was 7.98%; and against Listeria monocytogenes, the inhibition rates were 2.62%, 1.57% and 10.23% at 7, 14 and 21 days of storage, respectively. These results indicate that goat Coalho cheese has a protective effect on the viability of L. rhamnosus EM1107 during artificial digestion. In addition, this strain could be used as a protective culture to delay the growth of pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. / A exigência por alimentos com composição nutricional equilibrada e que possam oferecer benefícios adicionais à saúde é requisitada pelos consumidores atuais. Esses produtos são denominados alimentos funcionais, onde podem ser incluídos os probióticos, isto é, alimentos adicionados de culturas de micro-organismos que atuam como agentes tecnológicos e como agentes terapêuticos. Para proporcionar benefícios, esses micro-organismos devem se adequar a alguns critérios como sobrevivência ao longo do trato gastrointestinal. Outros critérios incluem a não-patogenicidade e não-toxicidade do micro-organismo e capacidade para prevenir ou inibir o crescimento de organismos nocivos à saúde. Os alimentos são considerados como um veículo ideal para o fornecimento de probióticos ao trato gastrointestinal humano pelo efeito protetor sobre as cepas probióticas durante a passagem até o seu local de ação, o intestino. Assim, os micro-organismos devem ser compatíveis com a matriz do produto: processamento, condições de armazenamento, ingredientes, propriedades físico-químicas e presença de micro-organismos competidores e inibidores, para manterem a viabilidade e as propriedades desejadas. Os produtos lácteos são as principais matrizes alimentares suplementadas com probióticos como iogurtes, leites fermentados, queijos, bebidas lácteas e sobremesas lácteas. Os queijos possuem vantagens como: maior valor do pH, maior capacidade de tamponamento, disponibilidade de nutrientes, baixo teor de oxigênio. No artigo de revisão, o presente estudo abordou características referentes aos probióticos dando ênfase às pesquisas relacionadas ao uso de queijos como matriz e as avaliações in vitro ou in vivo relativas ao tema. Essa pesquisa também inclui um artigo que avaliou a viabilidade de Lactobacillus rhamnosus EM1107 incorporado em queijo de coalho caprino quando exposta a condições gastrointestinais simuladas. Os efeitos inibitórios da cepa contra bactérias patogênicas em queijo de coalho durante 21 dias de armazenamento refrigerado também foi avaliado. Ao final da digestão in vitro, não houve alteração (p>0,05) na contagem de células viáveis de L. rhamnosus (6,75 log UFC/g) em relação à contagem antes da exposição às condições da boca (6,55 log UFC/g). Quando avaliada contra S. aureus, L. rhamnosus apresentou taxas de inibição de 1,55%, 1,7% e 21,66% aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de armazenamento, respectivamente; contra Salmonella Enteritidis as taxas de inibição foram de 4,36%, 5,33% e 5,51% aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de armazenamento, respectivamente; contra Escherichia coli, aos 7 dias de armazenamento foi de 7,98% e, contra Listeria monocytogenes foi de 2,62%, 1,57% e 10,23% nos dias 7, 14 e 21, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam o queijo de coalho caprino tem efeito protetor sobre a viabilidade de L. rhamnosus EM1107 na exposição às condições gastrointestinais simuladas. Além disso, a cepa poderia ser usada como cultura protetora para retardar o crescimento de bactérias patogênicas, em particular, S. aureus e L. monocytogenes.