Em componentes mecânicos submetidos a carregamentos cíclicos, o modo de falha predominante é a fadiga do material. Para dimensionar tais componentes, uma entrada do projeto é a vida útil, ou seja, a quantidade de ciclos que tal componente deverá resistir. Quando este carregamento cíclico é constante e invariável, a estimativa de vida pode ser encontrada por meio de equações consolidadas, porém em diversas aplicações da engenharia o componente está submetido a solicitações aleatórias e variáveis no tempo, como por exemplo, turbulências em uma asa de avião, uma estrutura sob ação de ondas e marés ou uma estrutura de transporte rodoviário. Nestes casos a estimativa de vida destes componentes torna-se complexa, sendo que, em alguns casos, o cálculo torna-se probabilístico e estatístico. Esta estimativa de vida pode ser realizada no domínio do tempo ou no domínio da frequência. No domínio do tempo, a estimativa é baseada na contagem de ciclos do sinal da tensão em função do tempo, existindo diversos métodos para a contagem destes ciclos, sendo que o mais utilizado é o método Rainflow. No domínio da frequência diversos autores desenvolvem métodos baseando-se no tipo de carregamento aleatório (banda estreita, gaussiano, etc). Os métodos mais utilizados baseiam-se na função densidade espectral de potência- PSD (Power Spectral Density), bem como os parâmetros oriundos desta, os momentos da PSD e a PDF (Probabilistic Density Function). Este trabalho estuda a estimativa de vida em um componente submetido a um carregamento aleatório, utilizando métodos sob o domínio da frequência, por meio dos parâmetros espectrais extraídos da PSD de tensão. Ao longo do trabalho comparou-se a estimativa de dano, ou vida, utilizando um software comercial, com cálculos baseados na literatura. Os resultados foram comparados e algumas fontes de erro, ou variação nos resultados foram destacados. / In mechanical components under cyclic loading, the predominant failure mode is the fatigue of material. To design these components, a necessary project input is the life, or the number of cycles that this component should work. When this cyclic loading is constant and invariable, the estimated life can be found by well-known engineering equations, but in many engineering applications the component was under random loading, e.g. airplane wing turbulence, a structure under the action of waves and tides, or a road transport components. In these cases the calculation becomes probabilistic and statistical. The life estimation can be accomplished under time or frequency domain. Under time domain, the estimation is based on counting cycles of stress signal in the time, there are several methods for this account, which is the most widely used is the Rainflow method. Under frequency domain several authors developed methods based on the sort of random loading (narrow band, gaussian, etc.) The most commonly used methods are based on the power spectral density, or PSD, and the parameters resulting from this, commonly the moments of PSD and the PDF (Probabilistic Density Function). This work studies the damage estimation of a component under random loading using some models of life estimation under frequency domain by spectral parameters extracted from PSD of stress. Throughout the study the damage, or life, estimation has been evaluated using a commercial software, and scripts based on the literature. The results were faced and some sources of error or variation in the results were posted.

Em componentes mecânicos submetidos a carregamentos cíclicos, o modo de falha predominante é a fadiga do material. Para dimensionar tais componentes, uma entrada do projeto é a vida útil, ou seja, a quantidade de ciclos que tal componente deverá resistir. Quando este carregamento cíclico é constante e invariável, a estimativa de vida pode ser encontrada por meio de equações consolidadas, porém em diversas aplicações da engenharia o componente está submetido a solicitações aleatórias e variáveis no tempo, como por exemplo, turbulências em uma asa de avião, uma estrutura sob ação de ondas e marés ou uma estrutura de transporte rodoviário. Nestes casos a estimativa de vida destes componentes torna-se complexa, sendo que, em alguns casos, o cálculo torna-se probabilístico e estatístico. Esta estimativa de vida pode ser realizada no domínio do tempo ou no domínio da frequência. No domínio do tempo, a estimativa é baseada na contagem de ciclos do sinal da tensão em função do tempo, existindo diversos métodos para a contagem destes ciclos, sendo que o mais utilizado é o método Rainflow. No domínio da frequência diversos autores desenvolvem métodos baseando-se no tipo de carregamento aleatório (banda estreita, gaussiano, etc). Os métodos mais utilizados baseiam-se na função densidade espectral de potência- PSD (Power Spectral Density), bem como os parâmetros oriundos desta, os momentos da PSD e a PDF (Probabilistic Density Function). Este trabalho estuda a estimativa de vida em um componente submetido a um carregamento aleatório, utilizando métodos sob o domínio da frequência, por meio dos parâmetros espectrais extraídos da PSD de tensão. Ao longo do trabalho comparou-se a estimativa de dano, ou vida, utilizando um software comercial, com cálculos baseados na literatura. Os resultados foram comparados e algumas fontes de erro, ou variação nos resultados foram destacados. / In mechanical components under cyclic loading, the predominant failure mode is the fatigue of material. To design these components, a necessary project input is the life, or the number of cycles that this component should work. When this cyclic loading is constant and invariable, the estimated life can be found by well-known engineering equations, but in many engineering applications the component was under random loading, e.g. airplane wing turbulence, a structure under the action of waves and tides, or a road transport components. In these cases the calculation becomes probabilistic and statistical. The life estimation can be accomplished under time or frequency domain. Under time domain, the estimation is based on counting cycles of stress signal in the time, there are several methods for this account, which is the most widely used is the Rainflow method. Under frequency domain several authors developed methods based on the sort of random loading (narrow band, gaussian, etc.) The most commonly used methods are based on the power spectral density, or PSD, and the parameters resulting from this, commonly the moments of PSD and the PDF (Probabilistic Density Function). This work studies the damage estimation of a component under random loading using some models of life estimation under frequency domain by spectral parameters extracted from PSD of stress. Throughout the study the damage, or life, estimation has been evaluated using a commercial software, and scripts based on the literature. The results were faced and some sources of error or variation in the results were posted.

abstract: Damage detection in heterogeneous material systems is a complex problem and requires an in-depth understanding of the material characteristics and response under varying load and environmental conditions. A significant amount of research has been conducted in this field to enhance the fidelity of damage assessment methodologies, using a wide range of sensors and detection techniques, for both metallic materials and composites. However, detecting damage at the microscale is not possible with commercially available sensors. A probable way to approach this problem is through accurate and efficient multiscale modeling techniques, which are capable of tracking damage initiation at the microscale and propagation across the length scales. The output from these models will provide an improved understanding of damage initiation; the knowledge can be used in conjunction with information from physical sensors to improve the size of detectable damage. In this research, effort has been dedicated to develop multiscale modeling approaches and associated damage criteria for the estimation of damage evolution across the relevant length scales. Important issues such as length and time scales, anisotropy and variability in material properties at the microscale, and response under mechanical and thermal loading are addressed. Two different material systems have been studied: metallic material and a novel stress-sensitive epoxy polymer. For metallic material (Al 2024-T351), the methodology initiates at the microscale where extensive material characterization is conducted to capture the microstructural variability. A statistical volume element (SVE) model is constructed to represent the material properties. Geometric and crystallographic features including grain orientation, misorientation, size, shape, principal axis direction and aspect ratio are captured. This SVE model provides a computationally efficient alternative to traditional techniques using representative volume element (RVE) models while maintaining statistical accuracy. A physics based multiscale damage criterion is developed to simulate the fatigue crack initiation. The crack growth rate and probable directions are estimated simultaneously. Mechanically sensitive materials that exhibit specific chemical reactions upon external loading are currently being investigated for self-sensing applications. The "smart" polymer modeled in this research consists of epoxy resin, hardener, and a stress-sensitive material called mechanophore The mechanophore activation is based on covalent bond-breaking induced by external stimuli; this feature can be used for material-level damage detections. In this work Tris-(Cinnamoyl oxymethyl)-Ethane (TCE) is used as the cyclobutane-based mechanophore (stress-sensitive) material in the polymer matrix. The TCE embedded polymers have shown promising results in early damage detection through mechanically induced fluorescence. A spring-bead based network model, which bridges nanoscale information to higher length scales, has been developed to model this material system. The material is partitioned into discrete mass beads which are linked using linear springs at the microscale. A series of MD simulations were performed to define the spring stiffness in the statistical network model. By integrating multiple spring-bead models a network model has been developed to represent the material properties at the mesoscale. The model captures the statistical distribution of crosslinking degree of the polymer to represent the heterogeneous material properties at the microscale. The developed multiscale methodology is computationally efficient and provides a possible means to bridge multiple length scales (from 10 nm in MD simulation to 10 mm in FE model) without significant loss of accuracy. Parametric studies have been conducted to investigate the influence of the crosslinking degree on the material behavior. The developed methodology has been used to evaluate damage evolution in the self-sensing polymer. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2014

Em componentes mecânicos submetidos a carregamentos cíclicos, o modo de falha predominante é a fadiga do material. Para dimensionar tais componentes, uma entrada do projeto é a vida útil, ou seja, a quantidade de ciclos que tal componente deverá resistir. Quando este carregamento cíclico é constante e invariável, a estimativa de vida pode ser encontrada por meio de equações consolidadas, porém em diversas aplicações da engenharia o componente está submetido a solicitações aleatórias e variáveis no tempo, como por exemplo, turbulências em uma asa de avião, uma estrutura sob ação de ondas e marés ou uma estrutura de transporte rodoviário. Nestes casos a estimativa de vida destes componentes torna-se complexa, sendo que, em alguns casos, o cálculo torna-se probabilístico e estatístico. Esta estimativa de vida pode ser realizada no domínio do tempo ou no domínio da frequência. No domínio do tempo, a estimativa é baseada na contagem de ciclos do sinal da tensão em função do tempo, existindo diversos métodos para a contagem destes ciclos, sendo que o mais utilizado é o método Rainflow. No domínio da frequência diversos autores desenvolvem métodos baseando-se no tipo de carregamento aleatório (banda estreita, gaussiano, etc). Os métodos mais utilizados baseiam-se na função densidade espectral de potência- PSD (Power Spectral Density), bem como os parâmetros oriundos desta, os momentos da PSD e a PDF (Probabilistic Density Function). Este trabalho estuda a estimativa de vida em um componente submetido a um carregamento aleatório, utilizando métodos sob o domínio da frequência, por meio dos parâmetros espectrais extraídos da PSD de tensão. Ao longo do trabalho comparou-se a estimativa de dano, ou vida, utilizando um software comercial, com cálculos baseados na literatura. Os resultados foram comparados e algumas fontes de erro, ou variação nos resultados foram destacados. / In mechanical components under cyclic loading, the predominant failure mode is the fatigue of material. To design these components, a necessary project input is the life, or the number of cycles that this component should work. When this cyclic loading is constant and invariable, the estimated life can be found by well-known engineering equations, but in many engineering applications the component was under random loading, e.g. airplane wing turbulence, a structure under the action of waves and tides, or a road transport components. In these cases the calculation becomes probabilistic and statistical. The life estimation can be accomplished under time or frequency domain. Under time domain, the estimation is based on counting cycles of stress signal in the time, there are several methods for this account, which is the most widely used is the Rainflow method. Under frequency domain several authors developed methods based on the sort of random loading (narrow band, gaussian, etc.) The most commonly used methods are based on the power spectral density, or PSD, and the parameters resulting from this, commonly the moments of PSD and the PDF (Probabilistic Density Function). This work studies the damage estimation of a component under random loading using some models of life estimation under frequency domain by spectral parameters extracted from PSD of stress. Throughout the study the damage, or life, estimation has been evaluated using a commercial software, and scripts based on the literature. The results were faced and some sources of error or variation in the results were posted.

Flood polders are part of the flood risk management strategy for many lowland rivers. They are used for the controlled storage of flood water so as to lower peak discharges of large floods. Consequently, the flood hazard in adjacent and downstream river reaches is decreased in the case of flood polder utilisation. Flood polders are usually dry storage reservoirs that are typically characterised by agricultural activities or other land use of low economic and ecological vulnerability. The objective of this thesis is to analyse hydraulic, environmental and economic impacts of the utilisation of flood polders in order to draw conclusions for their management. For this purpose, hydrodynamic and water quality modelling as well as an economic vulnerability assessment are employed in two study areas on the Middle Elbe River in Germany. One study area is an existing flood polder system on the tributary Havel, which was put into operation during the Elbe flood in summer 2002. The second study area is a planned flood polder, which is currently in the early planning stages. Furthermore, numerical models of different spatial dimensionality, ranging from zero- to two-dimensional, are applied in order to evaluate their suitability for hydrodynamic and water quality simulations of flood polders in regard to performance and modelling effort. The thesis concludes with overall recommendations on the management of flood polders, including operational schemes and land use. In view of future changes in flood frequency and further increasing values of private and public assets in flood-prone areas, flood polders may be effective and flexible technical flood protection measures that contribute to a successful flood risk management for large lowland rivers. / Flutpolder werden zum gezielten Rückhalt von Wasser eingesetzt, um Spitzenabflüsse von großen Hochwassern zu senken. Dadurch wird im Falle des Flutpoldereinsatzes die Hochwassergefährdung für flussab gelegene Flussabschnitte verringert. Flutpolder sind meist trockene Staubecken, die typischerweise durch landwirtschaftliche Nutzung gekennzeichnet sind. Ziel der Dissertation ist die Analyse von hydraulischen, ökologischen und ökonomischen Auswirkungen des Einsatzes von Flutpoldern, um daraus Schlussfolgerungen für ihre Bewirtschaftung zu ziehen. Dazu werden numerische Modelle zur Simulation der Hydrodynamik und Wassergüte sowie ein landwirtschaftliches Schadenmodell gemeinsam in einem integrativen Ansatz eingesetzt. Ein Untersuchungsgebiet ist ein existierendes Flutpoldersystem am Nebenfluss Havel, welches während der Elbeflut im Sommer 2002 zum Einsatz kam. Das zweite Untersuchungsgebiet ist ein geplanter Flutpolder, welcher sich bisher noch in einem frühen Planungsstadium befindet. Darüber hinaus werden numerische Modelle verschiedener räumlicher Dimensionalität von null- bis zwei-dimensional angewandt, um ihre Eignung für hydrodynamische und Wassergütesimulationen von Flutpoldern hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit und des Modellierungsaufwands zu bewerten. Die Dissertation schließt mit übergreifenden Empfehlungen zur Bewirtschaftung von Flutpoldern einschließlich Kontrollstrategien und Landnutzung ab. Im Hinblick auf zukünftige Änderungen in der Auftretenshäufigkeit von Hochwassern und weiterhin ansteigenden Werten von privatem und öffentlichem Vermögen in überflutungsgefährdeten Gebieten stellen Flutpolder ein effektive und flexible Maßnahmen des technischen Hochwasserschutzes dar, welche zu einem erfolgreichen Hochwasserrisikomanagement großer Tieflandflüsse beitragen.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:11555149 研究代表者:都市域の総合的地震被災ポテンシャルの定量化に基づく地域防災カルテの作成 研究期間:1999-2001年度