Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / INTRODUCTION. Adverse events have been the focus of studies in various countries, because they occur frequently and increase the morbidity and mortality of patients, constituting a new public health problem, directly impacting on patient safety. High alert medication (HAM) are more predictable to cause significant harm to the patient, even when used as intended. Other authors claim that the damage related to the HAM's lead not only suffering to the patient, but also raise the additional costs associated with care. OBJECTIVE. Evaluate the safety profile of HAM. METHODOLOGY. It was conducted active search for information through COCHRANE databases, LILACS, SciELO, SCOPUS, PubMed / MEDLINE and WEB OF SCIENCE. Then two reviewers independently conducted a preliminary evaluation of relevant titles, abstracts and then finally full text. RESULTS The initial search in the databases identified 1717 articles, which after exclusion of repeated work identified 427 titles, of which 53 are considered potentially relevant abstracts were selected. After evaluation of these, 25 were selected to read the full text. The systematic review evaluated seven articles, which showed that only 11 MAV's were identified in the literature could have serious events. The most frequently cited were warfarin (22.2%), cyclophosphamide (22.2%) and cyclosporine (22.2%).CONCLUSIONS. There were no reported any kind of error in the use of AVM's and particularly serious risks are unlikely because of the risks reported in patients related to drug classes involved. According to the criteria of quality, this revision came just seven articles that address the universe of MAV's, achieving high level of evidence only for six of these, which involved only some drugs: morphine, M6G-glicurônio, haloperidol, promethazine, ivabradine , digoxin, warfarin, ximelagatran, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin and ATG. The review showed that one of the strategies used to improve security in hospitalized patients and use of AVM's is the creation of these medications protocol, and it is important to evaluate among the classes the drug that causes less damage. / INTRODUÇÃO. Os eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAM) têm sido foco de estudos em vários países, pois ocorrem com frequência e aumentam a morbimortalidade dos pacientes, constituindo-se em novo problema de saúde pública, impactando diretamente na segurança dos pacientes. Medicamentos de Alta Vigilância (MAV) são mais comuns de provocar danos significativos ao paciente, mesmo quando utilizados da forma prevista. Outros autores afirmam, que os danos relacionados aos MAV’s levam não só o sofrimento ao paciente, mas também elevam os custos adicionais associados com o cuidado. OBJETIVO. Avaliar o perfil de segurança dos MAV’s. METODOLOGIA. Foi realizado busca ativa de informações por meio das bases de dados COCHRANE, LILACS, SCIELO, SCOPUS, PUBMED/MEDLINE e WEB OF SCIENCE. Em seguida dois revisores de forma independente conduziram a avaliação inicial de títulos relevantes, posteriormente resumos e por fim texto completo. RESULTADOS. A busca inicial nas bases de dados identificou 1717 artigos, que após exclusão dos trabalhos repetidos identificou 427 títulos, dos quais foram selecionados 53 resumos considerados potencialmente relevantes. Após a avaliação destes, 25 foram selecionados para leitura do texto completo. A revisão sistemática avaliou sete artigos, os quais mostraram que apenas 11 MAV’s foram identificados na literatura com potenciais eventos graves. Os mais citados foram a varfarina (22,2%), ciclofosfamida (22,2%) e ciclosporina (22,2%). CONCLUSÕES. Não foram relatados nenhum tipo de erro no uso de MAV’s e notadamente riscos graves são pouco relatados provavelmente por conta da gravidade dos riscos em pacientes que utilizaram as classes medicamentosas envolvidas. De acordo com os critérios de qualidade, a referida revisão chegou a apenas sete artigos que abordam o universo dos MAV’s, conseguindo evidência de grau elevado apenas para seis destes, que envolveram somente alguns medicamentos: morfina, M6G-glicurônio, haloperidol, prometazina, ivabradina, digoxina, varfarina, ximelagatran, ciclofosfamida, ATG e ciclosporina. A revisão mostrou que uma das estratégias utilizadas para melhorar segurança em pacientes internados e em uso de MAV’s é a criação de protocolo de uso desses medicamentos, bem como é importante avaliar dentre as classes o medicamento que cause menos dano.

Doctor Legum - LLD / It is rare in law and in other disciplines for a word or a phrase to appear to mean what it does not. This is, however, true when it comes to life imprisonment or life sentence. I Unlike sentences like the death penalty, there have been instances where even those who are expected to know the meaning of the sentence of life imprisonment have misunderstood it.2 This misunderstanding is compounded by the fact that even dictionaries that have always helped us to understand the meaning of the words are of little help when it comes to the definition of life imprisonment. The Oxford Advanced Leamer's Dictionary, for example, defines life sentence to mean 'the punishment by which [some body] spends the rest of their life in prison." It goes ahead to define a 'lifer' as 'a person who has been sent to The ambiguity of life imprisonment could partly explain why the campaign prison for their whole life. The ambiguity of life imprisonment could partly explain why the campaign to abolish the death penalty and substitute it with life imprisonment has option to choose between the death penalty and life-imprisonment, many been successful in many parts of the world. When people are given the option to choose between the death penalty and life-imprisonment, many would oppose the former and favour the latter for various reasons. This is because, inter alia, many people think that an offender sentenced to life imprisonment will be detained for the rest of his natural life. This is of course not true in some cases, and, as Lord Mustil held, The two tribunals that were established after the World War III, the Nuremberg Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, the Tokyo Tribunal, were empowered to impose the death penalty and indeed, as will be discussed later in detail, some offenders were sentenced to death." Although these tribunals were not expressly empowered to 2 sentence offenders to life imprisonment, they did sentence some of the offenders to life imprisonment. However, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) all have jurisdiction to sentence offenders to life imprisonment. At the time of writing, the ICC had not completed any case and therefore had no jurisprudence on life imprisonment." The ICTR has sentenced more offenders to life imprisonment and imprisonment for the remainder of their lives than the ICTY. This thesis reviews cases on life imprisonment in international criminal tribunals in order to examine the theories of punishment that these tribunals considered in sentencing offenders to life imprisonment. There are cases where the ICTR has sentenced offenders to imprisonment for the rest of their natural lives. From a human rights perspective the thesis argues that imprisonment for the remainder of the offender's natural life is inhuman punishment. The statutes of the ICTY, ICTR and ICC provide for circumstances where an offender sentenced by any of those tribunals could be released before the completion of his or her sentence. It is on that basis that it is argued that even offenders sentenced to 3 imprisonment for the remainder of their lives by the ICTR could be released.