Nesta dissertação foi estudada a zeólita sintetizada a partir de cinzas leves de carvão como um potencial adsorvente para a remoção de corante reativo preto 5 (RP5). Ensaios cinéticos e de equilíbrio foram realizados visando obter-se as melhores condições para a adsorção deste corante, e verificou-se a influência dos seguintes parâmetros: efeito do tempo de contato, concentração inicial do corante, dose do adsorvente, pH da solução aquosa, adição dos sais NaCl e Na2SO4 e temperatura. O tempo de equilíbrio foi alcançado após 420 min. Os dados de adsorção foram ajustados melhor ao modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda-ordem. Para o sistema corante/adsorvente foi aplicado o modelo de isoterma de adsorção de Langmuir, apresentando capacidade de adsorção máxima de 0,685 mg g-1. Os dados experimentais mostraram uma alta porcentagem de remoção de 47,7 a 88,1% de RP5 sobre a zeólita. A alta porcentagem indicou que o material zeolítico apresenta potencial para ser usado como adsorvente na remoção de corantes azo reativo de indústrias têxteis. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos foram avaliados e demonstraram que o processo de adsorção do RP5 sobre a zeólita é espontâneo e exotérmico. Os experimentos adicionando os sais foram realizados para uma melhor simulação das condições reais do efluente. Os resultados mostraram que o equilíbrio de adsorção do RP5 sobre a zeólita na presença de sais foram alcançados em um tempo menor e que quanto maior a concentração dos sais na solução, maior a capacidade de adsorção. O resultado obtido na avaliação da toxicidade pelo microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, o tratamento de adsorção com zeólita se mostrou extremamente favorável5 reduzindo a carga tóxica e cor do efluente aquoso. / In this dissertation was studied the zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as a potential adsorbent for the removal of reactive Black 5 dye (RP5). Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were conducted to obtain the best conditions for the adsorption of this dye, and observed the influence of the following parameters: effect of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH of the aqueous solution, addition of NaCl and Na2SO4 and temperature. The equilibrium time was reached after 420 min. The adsorption data were fitted better by a pseudo-second-order. For the dye / adsorbent system was applied to the model of Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacity of 0.685 mg g-1. The experimental data showed a high percentage of removal from 47.7 to 88.1% of RP5 on the zeolite. The high percentage indicates that the zeolitic material has a potential to be used as adsorbent in the removal of azo dye reactive textile industries. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and showed that the adsorption process of RP5 on the zeolite is spontaneous and exothermic. The experiments were performed by adding salts to better simulate actual conditions in the effluent. The results showed that the adsorption equilibrium of reactive black 5 on the zeolite in the presence of salts were achieved in a shorter time and that the higher the concentration of salts in solution, the higher the adsorption capacity. The result obtained in the evaluation of toxicity by microcrustacean Daphnia similis treatment with zeolit adsorption was extremely favorable, reducing the toxic load of waste water and color.

The aquatic zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna must be able to tolerate thermal stress in order to survive their native shallow ponds that are susceptible to drastic seasonal and diurnal temperature fluctuations as well as to globally increasing temperatures. Survival in such variable environments requires plastic responses that must include fundamental aspects of Daphnia biochemistry and physiology. Adaptive response to selection favoring such plastic phenotypes requires the presence of genetic variation for plastic response in natural populations. Adverse effects of elevated temperature on aquatic organisms are diverse and so are their plastic responses; among the most severe challenges aquatic organisms face when exposed to heat is the elevated oxidative stress. In this work we focused on short-term and long-term responses of Daphnia to temperature changes that increase its resistance to oxidative stress. Daphnia acclimated to stressful but non-lethal temperature (28ºC) show longer survive during exposure to a lethal temperature (37ºC) than those acclimated to the optimal temperature (18ºC). Short-term reciprocal switches between 18ºC and 28ºC result in intermediate temperature tolerance. These changes are accompanied by mirroring changes in total antioxidant capacity indicating the increased antioxidant capacity as a possible causative mechanism for heat tolerance gained from acclimation. The analysis of 6 geographically distinct genotypes representing a range of temperature tolerance levels shows a genetic difference in response to short-term and long-term acclimation as well as in the effect of antioxidant capacity on temperature tolerance. These results indicate a significant degree of local adaptation in heat and oxidative stress defenses in Daphnia and provide a better understanding of adaptive responses of this zooplankton crustacean to rising temperatures.

The factors that determine the efficiency of energy transfer in aquatic food webs have been investigated for many decades. The plant-animal interface is the most variable and least predictable of all levels in the food web. In order to study determinants of food quality in a large lake and to test the recently proposed central importance of the long-chained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at the pelagic producer-grazer interface, we tested the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at the pelagic producerconsumer interface by correlating sestonic food parameters with somatic growth rates of a clone of Daphnia galeata. Daphnia growth rates were obtained from standardized laboratory experiments spanning one season with Daphnia feeding on natural seston from Lake Constance, a large pre-alpine lake. Somatic growth rates were fitted to sestonic parameters by using a saturation function. A moderate amount of variation was explained when the model included the elemental parameters carbon (r2 = 0.6) and nitrogen (r2 = 0.71). A tighter fit was obtained when sestonic phosphorus was incorporated (r2 = 0.86). The nonlinear regression with EPA was relatively weak (r2 = 0.77), whereas the highest degree of variance was explained by three C18-PUFAs. The best (r2 = 0.95), and only significant, correlation of Daphnia's growth was found with the C18-PUFA α-linolenic acid (α-LA; C18:3n-3). This correlation was weakest in late August when C:P values increased to 300, suggesting that mineral and PUFA-limitation of Daphnia's growth changed seasonally. Sestonic phosphorus and some PUFAs showed not only tight correlations with growth, but also with sestonic α-LA content. We computed Monte Carlo simulations to test whether the observed effects of α-LA on growth could be accounted for by EPA, phosphorus, or one of the two C18-PUFAs, stearidonic acid (C18:4n-3) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6). With >99 % probability, the correlation of growth with α-LA could not be explained by any of these parameters. In order to test for EPA limitation of Daphnia's growth, in parallel with experiments on pure seston, growth was determined on seston supplemented with chemostat-grown, P-limited Stephanodiscus hantzschii, which is rich in EPA. Although supplementation increased the EPA content 80-800x, no significant changes in the nonlinear regression of the growth rates with α-LA were found, indicating that growth of Daphnia on pure seston was not EPA limited. This indicates that the two fatty acids, EPA and α-LA, were not mutually substitutable biochemical resources and points to different physiological functions of these two PUFAs. These results support the PUFA-limitation hypothesis for sestonic C:P < 300 but are contrary to the hypothesis of a general importance of EPA, since no evidence for EPA limitation was found. It is suggested that the resource ratios of EPA and α-LA rather than the absolute concentrations determine which of the two resources is limiting growth.

Lakes are important global ecosystems and many of them are nutrient-poor (unproductive). Especially in northern boreal latitudes, lakes may be heavily subsidized by terrestrial organic material (t-OM) from peat layers in the catchment. Thus, in addition to heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton, zooplankton may also use the particulate fraction of peat layer t-OM (t-POM) as a potential food source in those systems. Inputs of t-OM in northern latitudes are anticipated to increase in the future due to increasing precipitation and temperature. As t-OM is a good substrate for bacterial growth and as bacteria can often outcompete phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients, the proportions of heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton are expected to change in unproductive lakes. This may have pronounced impacts on zooplankton population dynamics. The aim of my thesis was to investigate how changes in food quality and quantity will affect metazoan zooplankton performance in unproductive lakes. Three laboratory studies assessed the quality of specific food components (phytoplankton, bacteria and peat layer t-POM) and their effects on Daphnia survival, growth and reproduction. Further, a mesocosm study with a full natural plankton community tested the predictions of the Light:Nutrient-Hypothesis in an unproductive clear water lake in situ by adding carbon and inorganic nutrients and changing light availability. I found that pure bacterial (Pseudomonas sp.) or t-POM diets could not sustain Daphnia populations, even though both were readily ingested. Daphnids needed at least 10-20% phytoplankton (Rhodomonas) in the diet to survive and even higher proportions (≥ 50%) were necessary for the production of viable offspring. Further, I showed that the dilution of non-limiting concentrations of Rhodomonas with increasing proportions of Pseudomonas or t-POM led to decreased Daphnia performance. Both Pseudomonas and t-POM lack essential biochemicals (fatty acids and sterols). In contrast, mineral nutrient limitation only occurred on t-POM-dominated diets as evidenced by a labeling experiment that showed Daphnia can incorporate carbon and phosphorus from Rhodomonas and Pseudomonas with similar efficiencies. Thus, peat layer t-POM was a lower quality food than Pseudomonas. This was corroborated by the finding that intermediate additions of Pseudomonas to limiting amounts of Rhodomonas supported increased Daphnia survival, growth and reproduction while t-POM additions had no beneficial effect. My results suggest that high terrestrial stable isotope signals in metazoan zooplankton are most likely derived from t-OM that is channeled tohigher trophic levels via the microbial loop (i.e. heterotrophic bacteria and/or bacterivorous protozoa) but not from direct metazoan feeding on t-POM. Furthermore, bacteria may serve as an important supplement to zooplankton diets when phytoplankton abundance is low. However, a sufficient proportion of high quality phytoplankton is always necessary to fulfil mineral and especially biochemical requirements of zooplankton in unproductive aquatic systems. The results of the mesocosm study showed that the Light:Nutrient-Hypothesis is not applicable to unproductive clear water systems in which the phytoplankton community is dominated by mixotrophs. In the face of the theoretical predictions, low light levels led to decreased zooplankton biomass. This was most likely caused by a shift in the algal community composition towards less edible taxa. Another reason may have been a weakening of the microbial loop. This is in line with the results of the laboratory studies that point out the importance of the microbial food web for zooplankton nutrition in unproductive lakes.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:04/10085-4

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Uma vez introduzidos no ambiente aquático os resíduos podem ser adsorvidos por partículas orgânicas em suspensão. Dependendo da morfologia do rio e das condições hidrológicas, essas partículas são depositadas ao longo de seu curso, tornando-se parte dos sedimentos de fundo, tornando-os, muitas vezes, fonte de contaminação para a coluna dágua e para os organismos bentônicos. Na avaliação de recursos hídricos, os sedimentos têm sido um dos mais importantes indicadores do nível de contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos, representando a deposição de contaminantes no ambiente ocorrida durante décadas. O rio Tietê corta o estado de São Paulo, porém é na região metropolitana que este sofre piores impactos. Na região de Salesópolis as águas do rio Tietê são utilizadas para abastecimento público, porém, ao atravessar a cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, a qualidade de suas águas diminui de maneira expressiva. Dada a importância do rio Tietê e dos sedimentos à biota aquática, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade do sedimento em cinco pontos ao longo do rio Tietê, entre os municípios de Salesópolis e Suzano, São Paulo. Foram realizadas quatro coletas: duas no verão e duas no inverno. O sedimento integral foi avaliado por ensaios de toxicidade aguda e crônica com Hyalella azteca e Ceriodaphnia dubia respectivamente; o elutriato por ensaios de toxicidade crônica com C. dubia; e a água intersticial foi submetida à Vibrio fischeri. Amostras de água do rio também foram avaliadas para efeitos crônicos com C. dubia. As amostras de sedimento também foram caracterizadas quanto a presença de metais e hidrocarbonetos, buscando correlacionar os efeitos biológicos à contaminação química. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios com sedimento integral apontam os pontos localizados nas cidades de Mogi das Cruzes (P3) e Suzano (P4) como os mais tóxicos, além de apresentarem concentrações mais elevadas de metais pesados. Os ensaios em fases aquosas do sedimento (elutriato e água intersticial) apontaram Biritiba-Mirim (P1) como um local com elevada freqüência de efeitos tóxicos e importante presença de hidrocarbonetos. O ponto P2, em Biritiba-Mirim também apresentou hidrocarbonetos. No reservatório Ponte Nova (P0) a toxicidade foi o segundo local menos freqüente. Os resultados evidenciaram um gradiente de toxicidade e contaminação que aumenta de acordo com o distanciamento do reservatório da Ponte Nova (P0) e aproximação da metrópole. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A cidade de Jundiaí está localizada a aproximadamente 60 Km de São Paulo e tem uma população de 342.983 mil habitantes sendo que 94,37% residem na zona urbana. A cidade está inserida na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jundiaí, rio que é formado a partir da confluência do Rio Jundiaizinho com o Ribeirão das Taipas e possui uma extensão de 123 quilômetros e sua foz está situada em Salto, na confluência do Rio Jundiaí com o Rio Tietê. Está é menor bacia hidrográfica do estado de São Paulo e também uma das mais industrializadas. A cidade de Jundiaí conta com a Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos Novo Horizonte (ETE Jundiaí), que coleta 98% dos esgotos da cidade, trata 100% de todo esgoto coletado, com eficiência de remoção de 92% de carga orgânica, esgoto que depois do tratamento é lançado no Rio Jundiaí. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar ensaios de toxicidade com organismos aquáticos para avaliar a carga tóxica que chega à ETE, bem como a eficiência do tratamento biológico e a influência da estação no seu entorno. Foram coletadas amostras em 6 pontos distintos; à montante da ETE (P1), na entrada da ETE (P2), na calha de distribuição das lagoas de aeração (P3), nas 2 saídas da ETE (P4 e P5) e à jusante da ETE (P6). As amostras de afluente da ETE foram mais tóxicas que os efluentes da ETE; já os resultados das amostras do rio não apresentaram diferença. Para Vibrio fischeri os valores de CE(i)50 variaram entre 2,23% e 9,39% para a calha de entrada das lagoas de aeração, enquanto que para Daphnia similis variaram entre 15,52% e 89,95%; para a entrada da ETE os valores variaram entre 4,63% e 8,31% para Vibrio fischeri , e 17,68% e não tóxico para Daphnia similis. Nas campanhas onde foram amostradas as saídas da ETE e águas do rio, os ensaios realizados com Vibrio fischeri apresentaram resultados entre 53,55% e não tóxico para águas do rio e 29,46% e não tóxico para o efluente da ETE, já para Daphnia similis, os resultados estão entre 55,92% e não tóxico para águas do rio e 70,97% e não tóxico para o efluente da ETE. Nos ensaios realizados com Ceriodaphnia dubia, a média de nascimentos para águas do rio esteve entre 4,60 e 15,00 enquanto que para o efluente da ETE esteve entre 4,50 e 10,35 para amostra bruta. Os resultados de toxicidade comprovam a eficiência da ETE na remoção de toxicidade porém outros parâmetros devem ser observados para se comprovar o impacto de seus efluentes sobre as águas do rio. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP