yes / A mechanism analysis based on the upper-bound theorem of concrete plasticity is developed to predict the critical failure plane and corresponding shear capacity of reinforced concrete dapped-end beams. Failure modes observed in physical tests of reinforced concrete dapped-end beams are idealised as an assemblage of two moving blocks separated by a failure surface of displacement discontinuity. The developed mechanism analysis rationally represents the effect of different parameters on failure modes; as a result, the predicted shear capacity is in good agreement with test results. On the other hand, empirical equations specified in the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute design method and strutand-tie model based on ACI 318-05 highly underestimate test results. The shear capacity of dapped-end beams predicted by the mechanism analysis and strut-and-tie model decreases with the increase of shear span-to-full beam depth ratio when failure occurs along diagonal cracks originating at the bottom corner of the full-depth beam, although the shear span-to-full beam depth ratio is ignored in the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute design method.

A presente pesquisa apresenta um estudo comparativo a respeito dos procedimentos para o projeto de dentes de concreto. O dente de concreto é um elemento estrutural bastante utilizado em ligações de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado. Atualmente existem vários procedimentos para o dimensionamento ou estimativa da capacidade resistente dessa ligação, entre os quais destacam-se o da ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118), PCI, ACI 318-14, Eurocode 2, entre outros. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa objetiva à análise comparativa desses procedimentos de projeto com resultados experimentais disponíveis. Assim, esses procedimentos de projeto foram aplicados em 38 modelos experimentais de uma base de dados. Normalmente, as ruínas dos dentes de concreto são: a) escoamento da armadura do tirante; b) escoamento da armadura de suspensão; c) ruptura do concreto na região do dente. A relação entre a força de ruína experimental e a força de ruína calculada, designada por Fr,exp/Fr,cal, foi um dos parâmetros utilizados para avaliar as estimativas de força de ruína dos dentes de concreto. Na análise comparativa das estimativas para força de ruína por escoamento da armadura do tirante, a ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118) apresentou uma média de 1,26 e coeficiente de variação de 16,90%. A ACI 318-14 e o Eurocode 2 forneceram estimativas com uma média de 1,29 e coeficiente de variação de 17,6%. As estimativas do PCI tiveram uma média de 1,12 e coeficiente de variação de 17,9%. Para a ruína por escoamento da armadura de suspensão, as estimativas da ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118), PCI e ACI 318-14 (Modelos II e III) tiveram uma média de 1,22 e coeficiente de variação de 12,5%. O Eurocode 2 e a ACI 318-14 (Modelo I) apresentaram uma média de 1,87 para as estimativas e coeficiente de variação igual a 17,9%. Para a ruína por ruptura do concreto na região do dente, as estimativas da ACI 318-14 (Modelos II e III) apresetaram uma média de 1,56 e coeficiente de variação de 18,8%. Com o Modelo I, as estimativas da ACI 318-14 tiveram uma média de 1,60 e coeficiente de variação de 19,0%. O Eurocode 2 forneceu estimativas com uma média de 1,63 e coeficiente de variação de 14,6%. O PCI teve a pior estimativa com uma média de 3,29 e coeficiente de variação de 32,4%. O estudo ainda serviu como subsídio para o desenvolvimento de uma proposta para verificação da tensão de compressão no concreto. Para a região do dente, a proposta foi aplicada em 9 modelos experimentais da base de dados e apresentou uma média de 1,33 e um coeficiente de variação de 14,9%. / This research presents a comparative study about procedures for the design of dapped end beam. The dapped end beam is a structural element widely used in connections of precast concrete structures. Currently there are several procedures for the dimensioning or evaluation of the strength capacity of this connection, like as ABNT (NBR 9062 and NBR 6118), PCI, ACI 318-14 and Eurocode 2. In this context, the present research objetives to the comparative analysis of these design procedures with available experimental results. Thus, these design procedures were applied 38 experimental models of a database. Normally, the dapped end beam failures were: a) reinforcement yielding of the tie; b) yielding of the hanger bars; c) concrete rupture in the nib. The relation between the experimental failure force and calculated failure force, designated by Fr,exp/Fr,cal, was one of the parameters used to evaluate the estimates of failure force of dapped end beam. The ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118) presented an average of 1,26 and a coefficient of variation of 16,90% in the comparative analysis of the estimates for failure by the yielding of the tie. The ACI 318-14 and Eurocode 2 provided estimates with an average of 1,29 and coefficient of variation of 17,6%. The PCI estimates had an average of 1,12 and coefficient of variation of 17,9%. For failure by the yielding of hanger bars, estimates of ABNT (NBR 9062 and NBR 6118), PCI and ACI 318-14 (Models II and III) had an average of 1,22 and a coefficient of variation of 12,5%. Eurocode 2 and ACI 318-14 (Model I) presented an average of 1,87 for the estimates and coefficient of variation equal to 17,9%. For the rupture of concrete in nib, the ACI 318-14 (Models II and III) estimates presented an average of 1,56 and a coefficient of variation of 18,8%. With Model I, the estimates of ACI 318-14 had an average of 1,60 and a coefficient of variation of 19,0%. Eurocode 2 provided estimates with an average of 1,63 and a coefficient of variation of 14,6%. The PCI had the worst estimate with an average of 3,29 and coefficient of variation of 32,4%. The study also served as a subsidy for the development of a proposal for checking the concrete compressive stress. For nib, the simplified proposal was applied in 9 experimental models of the database and presented an average of 1,33 and a coefficient of variation of 14,9%.

Across the State of Texas and many other areas of the world, relatively young concrete structures have developed signs of premature concrete deterioration. Large cracks form on the surface of the concrete due to expansive forces from alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and delayed-ettringite formation (DEF). The goal of this project is to assess the effect of ASR/DEF on the trapezoidal box beam bridges in the US 59 corridor and Katy Central Business District (CBD) HOV lanes in Houston, TX. Five dapped-end beams were rejected during the casting process and have been in storage at a local precast yard for nearly fifteen years. These beams have been subject to accelerated deterioration and represent the potential severity of the ongoing ASR/DEF distress within the dapped end regions of the in-service trapezoidal box beams. The results from five load tests, corresponding strut-and-tie models, and forensic investigation are used to provide insights into the relationship between the severity of the deterioration and the capacity margin. / text

A presente pesquisa apresenta um estudo comparativo a respeito dos procedimentos para o projeto de dentes de concreto. O dente de concreto é um elemento estrutural bastante utilizado em ligações de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado. Atualmente existem vários procedimentos para o dimensionamento ou estimativa da capacidade resistente dessa ligação, entre os quais destacam-se o da ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118), PCI, ACI 318-14, Eurocode 2, entre outros. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa objetiva à análise comparativa desses procedimentos de projeto com resultados experimentais disponíveis. Assim, esses procedimentos de projeto foram aplicados em 38 modelos experimentais de uma base de dados. Normalmente, as ruínas dos dentes de concreto são: a) escoamento da armadura do tirante; b) escoamento da armadura de suspensão; c) ruptura do concreto na região do dente. A relação entre a força de ruína experimental e a força de ruína calculada, designada por Fr,exp/Fr,cal, foi um dos parâmetros utilizados para avaliar as estimativas de força de ruína dos dentes de concreto. Na análise comparativa das estimativas para força de ruína por escoamento da armadura do tirante, a ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118) apresentou uma média de 1,26 e coeficiente de variação de 16,90%. A ACI 318-14 e o Eurocode 2 forneceram estimativas com uma média de 1,29 e coeficiente de variação de 17,6%. As estimativas do PCI tiveram uma média de 1,12 e coeficiente de variação de 17,9%. Para a ruína por escoamento da armadura de suspensão, as estimativas da ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118), PCI e ACI 318-14 (Modelos II e III) tiveram uma média de 1,22 e coeficiente de variação de 12,5%. O Eurocode 2 e a ACI 318-14 (Modelo I) apresentaram uma média de 1,87 para as estimativas e coeficiente de variação igual a 17,9%. Para a ruína por ruptura do concreto na região do dente, as estimativas da ACI 318-14 (Modelos II e III) apresetaram uma média de 1,56 e coeficiente de variação de 18,8%. Com o Modelo I, as estimativas da ACI 318-14 tiveram uma média de 1,60 e coeficiente de variação de 19,0%. O Eurocode 2 forneceu estimativas com uma média de 1,63 e coeficiente de variação de 14,6%. O PCI teve a pior estimativa com uma média de 3,29 e coeficiente de variação de 32,4%. O estudo ainda serviu como subsídio para o desenvolvimento de uma proposta para verificação da tensão de compressão no concreto. Para a região do dente, a proposta foi aplicada em 9 modelos experimentais da base de dados e apresentou uma média de 1,33 e um coeficiente de variação de 14,9%. / This research presents a comparative study about procedures for the design of dapped end beam. The dapped end beam is a structural element widely used in connections of precast concrete structures. Currently there are several procedures for the dimensioning or evaluation of the strength capacity of this connection, like as ABNT (NBR 9062 and NBR 6118), PCI, ACI 318-14 and Eurocode 2. In this context, the present research objetives to the comparative analysis of these design procedures with available experimental results. Thus, these design procedures were applied 38 experimental models of a database. Normally, the dapped end beam failures were: a) reinforcement yielding of the tie; b) yielding of the hanger bars; c) concrete rupture in the nib. The relation between the experimental failure force and calculated failure force, designated by Fr,exp/Fr,cal, was one of the parameters used to evaluate the estimates of failure force of dapped end beam. The ABNT (NBR 9062 e NBR 6118) presented an average of 1,26 and a coefficient of variation of 16,90% in the comparative analysis of the estimates for failure by the yielding of the tie. The ACI 318-14 and Eurocode 2 provided estimates with an average of 1,29 and coefficient of variation of 17,6%. The PCI estimates had an average of 1,12 and coefficient of variation of 17,9%. For failure by the yielding of hanger bars, estimates of ABNT (NBR 9062 and NBR 6118), PCI and ACI 318-14 (Models II and III) had an average of 1,22 and a coefficient of variation of 12,5%. Eurocode 2 and ACI 318-14 (Model I) presented an average of 1,87 for the estimates and coefficient of variation equal to 17,9%. For the rupture of concrete in nib, the ACI 318-14 (Models II and III) estimates presented an average of 1,56 and a coefficient of variation of 18,8%. With Model I, the estimates of ACI 318-14 had an average of 1,60 and a coefficient of variation of 19,0%. Eurocode 2 provided estimates with an average of 1,63 and a coefficient of variation of 14,6%. The PCI had the worst estimate with an average of 3,29 and coefficient of variation of 32,4%. The study also served as a subsidy for the development of a proposal for checking the concrete compressive stress. For nib, the simplified proposal was applied in 9 experimental models of the database and presented an average of 1,33 and a coefficient of variation of 14,9%.

The doctoral thesis deals with the analysis of the dapped-end beam detail, in terms of theoretical modelling and practical design using the strut-and-tie method as well as experimental verification of the bearing capacity and the behaviour of the detail under load by means of load tests and subsequent numerical nonlinear analysis. A summary of known structural and static designs explored in the literature has been presented. In addition, the strut-and-tie method has been introduced as an appropriate tool for a consistent design of the detail, element or the whole structure. The theoretical basis for the method has been described, including the general methodology for design and analysis. Practical problems have been discussed, specifically those resulting from the known design of the analysed detail based on the German approach; its modification has been processed theoretically taking into account the practical mode of reinforcement. An experiment has been suggested with a view to verify the presented calculation procedure and the influence of the used ratio of vertical to inclined hanger reinforcement on the bearing capacity and behaviour of the detail under load. The experiment also included accompanying material tests of the concrete which were used along with the inspection certificates issued for the used reinforcement as a basis for the nonlinear finite element analysis. Based on the results, the presented design procedure can be considered safe. These results also imply that the chosen ratio of vertical and inclined hanger reinforcements has no influence on the ultimate bearing capacity within practical reinforcement, as it only influences the formation, development and final width of cracks. With the growing ratio of the inclined hanger reinforcement, the width and density of cracks decreases at all stages of loading. Owing to their limitations, primarily during the service state, it is recommended that the minimal inclined reinforcement should be used.