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Information and communication technologies are being implemented more than ever in the power industry in order to make smarter power grids, termed as cyber-physical power systems (CPPSs). Along with the privileges of such modern power networks like reducing the total operation cost for end-use customers, they may be negatively affected by cyberattacks, above all false data injection (FDI) attacks as they are easier to be performed. As a case in point, an adversary can detour security systems, penetrate into the cyber layer of a typical CPPS, and manipulate the information, finally leading to security threats. Although prevention and detection mechanisms are significant tools to be utilized by power system operators to improve the reliability of such systems against cyberattacks, they cannot ensure the security of power grids since some FDI attacks might be designed to bypass the detection stage. Hence, a more powerful tool will be required, which is called remedial action scheme (RAS), to be implemented by power system operators to recover the targeted power grid in a timely manner. Toward this end, different RAS frameworks are presented in this dissertation in transmission, distribution, and microgrid levels to highlight the effectiveness of such reaction mechanisms in case of cyber threats targeting modern power systems. In the transmission level, optimal power flow (OPF) integrated with thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) have been utilized to design a RAS to mitigate the negative impacts of FDI attacks, resulting in system congestion or power outages. In the distribution level, system operators take advantage of static VAR compensator (SVC) through solving a customized version of distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) problem to mitigate voltage violations in the form of overvoltages and undervolatges, caused by FDI cyberattacks. In light of the fact that some FDI attacks bypass the employed detection methods, it is crucial to prepare in advance for such scenarios. Hence, in this dissertation, a real-world framework is also proposed for mitigating false data injection (FDI) attacks targeting a lab-scale wind/PV microgrid and resulting in power shortage. The proposed RAS is developed as a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed within the cyber-physical structure of the smart microgrid. Finally, as a prerequisite of the proposed intelligent RAS, which is able to be used on different levels of a CPPS, power system operator is being in attacker’s shoe to scrutinize different scenarios of cyberattacks to make an initial archive set. The design of such mechanisms incorporates long-short-term memory (LSTM) cells into a deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) for the processing of archived data, termed intelligent archive framework (IAF), identifying the proper reaction mechanisms for different FDI cyberattacks. To react to cyberattacks for which similar pre-investigated remedial measures were not saved in the IAF, a power flow analysis is considered to a) examine the interdependency between transmission and distribution sectors and b) generate appropriate RASs in real time.

The smart grid is forecasted to be the future of the grid by integrating the traditional grid with information and communication technology. However, the use of this technology has not only brought its benefits but also the vulnerability to cyber-attacks. False data injection (FDI) attacks are a new category of attacks targeting the smart grid that manipulates the state estimation process to trigger a chain of incorrect control decisions leading to severe impacts. This research proposes the use of cognitive dynamic systems (CDS) to address the cyber-security issue and improve state estimation. CDS is a powerful research tool inspired by certain features of the brain that can be used to study complex systems. As two of its special features, Cognitive Control (CC) is concerned with control in the absence of uncertainty, Cognitive Risk Control (CRC) uses the concept of predictive adaptation to bring risk under control in the presence of unexpected uncertainty. The primary research objective of this thesis is to apply the CDS for the SG with emphasis on state estimation and cyber-security. The main objective of CC is to improve the state estimation process while CRC is concerned with mitigating cyber-attacks. Simulation results show that the proposed methods have robust performance for both state estimation and cyber-attack mitigation under various challenging scenarios. This thesis contributes to the body of knowledge by achieving the following objectives: proposes the first theoretical work that integrates the CDS with the DC model of the SG for control and cyber-attack detection; demonstrates the first experimental work that brings a new concept of CRC for cyber-attack mitigation for the DC state estimator; introduces a new CDS architecture adapted for the AC model of the SG for state estimation and cyber-attack mitigation which builds upon all the research efforts made previously. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The smart grid is forecasted to be the future of the grid by integrating the traditional grid with information and communication technology. However, the use of this technology has not only brought its benefits but also the vulnerability to cyber-attacks. False data injection attacks is a new category of attacks targeting the smart grid that can cause serious damage by manipulating the state estimation process and starting a chain of incorrect control decisions. The cognitive dynamic system is a powerful research tool inspired by the brain that can be used to study real time cyber physical systems. The key goal of this thesis is to apply cognitive dynamic systems to the smart grid to improve the state estimation process, detect cyber-attacks and mitigate their effects. Simulation results show that the proposed methods have robust performance in both state estimation and cyber-attack mitigation under various challenging scenarios.

Modern vehicles contain lots of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that control different systems. They communicate with each other and other components through communication interfaces such as Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) buses or simple Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) interfaces. Testing of ECUs is an important part of the vehicle development process. Testing can be performed in multiple levels, where ECUs are first tested individually and communication with other ECUs is simulated. At a later stage, multiple ECUs are integrated and communicate autonomously with each other. Testing at a lower abstraction level with simulated systems gives the tester a lot more control and ability to test edge cases while testing at a higher abstraction level with real systems is more realistic. This thesis project investigates a new testing concept, where ECUs are partially simulated by modifying CAN messages that are sent between connected ECUs in real time to answer the research question ”Can better or easier testing of ECUs be enabled by combining concepts and tools from different levels of testing?”. This is done by developing two different testing tool prototypes. One based around a computer, the CANoe software and a Vector CAN interface. One consisting of an embedded system with a simple Human-Machine Interface (HMI). A method for minimizing delay for data injection in a UART interface using a Multiplexer (MUX) is also proposed, implemented and tested. Prototypes are developed and tested with both generated input data and with real systems at Scania. Developers and testers at Scania are also interviewed to get their opinions on the prototypes, the general concept and future use cases. The results indicate that the partial simulation concept has potential to be useful and lead to better or easier testing as well as development of ECUs. Some future work is suggested for further development of the prototypes as well as for additional research into the subject. / Moderna fordon innehåller många elektroniska styrenheter, så kallade ECUer, somstyr olika system. Dessa kommunicerar med varandra via olika gränssnitt såsom Controller Area Network (CAN)- och Local Interconnect Network (LIN)-bussar eller enklare Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART)-gränssnitt. Testning av ECUer är en viktig del av utvecklingsprocessen för fordon. Testning kan utföras på flera nivåer, där ECUer först testas individuellt och kommunikation med andra ECUer simuleras. Senare integreras flera ECUer och kommunicerar autonomt med varandra. Testning på en lägre abstraktionsnivå med simulerade system ger testaren bättre kontroll över testerna och möjliggör att enkelt testa olika specialfall, medan testning på en högre abstraktionsnivå med riktiga system är mer realistisk. Detta examensarbete undersöker ett nytt testningskoncept, där ECUer simuleras partiellt genom att modifiera CAN-meddelanden som skickas mellan sammankopplade ECUer i realtid, för att svara på forskningsfrågan ”Kan bättre eller enklare testning av ECUer möjliggöras genom att kombinera koncept och verktyg från olika testnivåer?”. Detta görs genom att utveckla två olika prototyper för ändring av CAN-meddelanden. Den ena baseras på en dator, mjukvaran CANoe och ett CAN-interface från Vector. Den andra utgörs av ett inbyggt system med ett enkelt användargränssnitt. En metod för att minimera fördröjningen när data injiceras i ett UART-gränssnitt med hjälp av en Multiplexer (MUX) föreslås, implementeras och testas också. Prototyper utvecklas och testas både med genererad indata och med riktiga system på Scania. Utvecklare och testare på Scania intervjuas också för att samla in deras åsikter om prototyperna, det generella konceptet samt möjliga framtida användningsfall. Resultaten indikerar att partiell simulering som koncept har potential att vara användbart och leda till bättre eller enklare testning samt utveckling av ECUer. En del utökningar och ytterligare utveckling av de framtagna prototyperna föreslås tillsammans med förslag på ytterligare forskning inom området.