La langue arabe est pauvre en ressources sémantiques électroniques. Il y a bien la ressource Arabic WordNet, mais il est pauvre en mots et en relations. Cette thèse porte sur l’enrichissement d’Arabic WordNet par des synsets (un synset est un ensemble de mots synonymes) à partir d’un corpus général de grande taille. Ce type de corpus n’existe pas en arabe, il a donc fallu le construire, avant de lui faire subir un certain nombre de prétraitements.Nous avons élaboré, Gilles Bernard et moi-même, une méthode de vectorisation des mots, GraPaVec, qui puisse servir ici. J’ai donc construit un système incluant un module Add2Corpus, des prétraitements, une vectorisation des mots à l’aide de patterns fréquentiels générés automatiquement, qui aboutit à une matrice de données avec en ligne les mots et en colonne les patterns, chaque composante représente la fréquence du mot dans le pattern.Les vecteurs de mots sont soumis au modèle neuronal Self Organizing Map SOM ; la classification produite par SOM construit des synsets. Pour validation, il a fallu créer un corpus de référence (il n’en existe pas en arabe pour ce domaine) à partir d’Arabic WordNet, puis comparer la méthode GraPaVec avec Word2Vec et Glove. Le résultat montre que GraPaVec donne pour ce problème les meilleurs résultats avec une F-mesure supérieure de 25 % aux deux autres. Les classes produites seront utilisées pour créer de nouveaux synsets intégrés à Arabic WordNet / The Arabic language is poor in electronic semantic resources. Among those resources there is Arabic WordNet which is also poor in words and relationships.This thesis focuses on enriching Arabic WordNet by synsets (a synset is a set of synonymous words) taken from a large general corpus. This type of corpus does not exist in Arabic, so we had to build it, before subjecting it to a number of pretreatments.We developed, Gilles Bernard and myself, a method of word vectorization called GraPaVec which can be used here. I built a system which includes a module Add2Corpus, pretreatments, word vectorization using automatically generated frequency patterns, which yields a data matrix whose rows are the words and columns the patterns, each component representing the frequency of a word in a pattern.The word vectors are fed to the neural model Self Organizing Map (SOM) ;the classification produced constructs synsets. In order to validate the method, we had to create a gold standard corpus (there are none in Arabic for this area) from Arabic WordNet, and then compare the GraPaVec method with Word2Vec and Glove ones. The result shows that GraPaVec gives for this problem the best results with a F-measure 25 % higher than the others. The generated classes will be used to create new synsets to be included in Arabic WordNet.

A técnica de mineração de regras de associação surgiu com o objetivo de encontrar conhecimento novo, útil e previamente desconhecido em bancos de dados transacionais, e uma grande quantidade de algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação tem sido proposta na última década. O maior e mais bem conhecido problema destes algoritmos é a geração de grandes quantidades de conjuntos freqüentes e regras de associação. Em bancos de dados geográficos o problema de mineração de regras de associação espacial aumenta significativamente. Além da grande quantidade de regras e padrões gerados a maioria são associações do domínio geográfico, e são bem conhecidas, normalmente explicitamente representadas no esquema do banco de dados. A maioria dos algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação não garantem a eliminação de dependências geográficas conhecidas a priori. O resultado é que as mesmas associações representadas nos esquemas do banco de dados são extraídas pelos algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação e apresentadas ao usuário. O problema de mineração de regras de associação espacial pode ser dividido em três etapas principais: extração dos relacionamentos espaciais, geração dos conjuntos freqüentes e geração das regras de associação. A primeira etapa é a mais custosa tanto em tempo de processamento quanto pelo esforço requerido do usuário. A segunda e terceira etapas têm sido consideradas o maior problema na mineração de regras de associação em bancos de dados transacionais e tem sido abordadas como dois problemas diferentes: “frequent pattern mining” e “association rule mining”. Dependências geográficas bem conhecidas aparecem nas três etapas do processo. Tendo como objetivo a eliminação dessas dependências na mineração de regras de associação espacial essa tese apresenta um framework com três novos métodos para mineração de regras de associação utilizando restrições semânticas como conhecimento a priori. O primeiro método reduz os dados de entrada do algoritmo, e dependências geográficas são eliminadas parcialmente sem que haja perda de informação. O segundo método elimina combinações de pares de objetos geográficos com dependências durante a geração dos conjuntos freqüentes. O terceiro método é uma nova abordagem para gerar conjuntos freqüentes não redundantes e sem dependências, gerando conjuntos freqüentes máximos. Esse método reduz consideravelmente o número final de conjuntos freqüentes, e como conseqüência, reduz o número de regras de associação espacial. / The association rule mining technique emerged with the objective to find novel, useful, and previously unknown associations from transactional databases, and a large amount of association rule mining algorithms have been proposed in the last decade. Their main drawback, which is a well known problem, is the generation of large amounts of frequent patterns and association rules. In geographic databases the problem of mining spatial association rules increases significantly. Besides the large amount of generated patterns and rules, many patterns are well known geographic domain associations, normally explicitly represented in geographic database schemas. The majority of existing algorithms do not warrant the elimination of all well known geographic dependences. The result is that the same associations represented in geographic database schemas are extracted by spatial association rule mining algorithms and presented to the user. The problem of mining spatial association rules from geographic databases requires at least three main steps: compute spatial relationships, generate frequent patterns, and extract association rules. The first step is the most effort demanding and time consuming task in the rule mining process, but has received little attention in the literature. The second and third steps have been considered the main problem in transactional association rule mining and have been addressed as two different problems: frequent pattern mining and association rule mining. Well known geographic dependences which generate well known patterns may appear in the three main steps of the spatial association rule mining process. Aiming to eliminate well known dependences and generate more interesting patterns, this thesis presents a framework with three main methods for mining frequent geographic patterns using knowledge constraints. Semantic knowledge is used to avoid the generation of patterns that are previously known as non-interesting. The first method reduces the input problem, and all well known dependences that can be eliminated without loosing information are removed in data preprocessing. The second method eliminates combinations of pairs of geographic objects with dependences, during the frequent set generation. A third method presents a new approach to generate non-redundant frequent sets, the maximal generalized frequent sets without dependences. This method reduces the number of frequent patterns very significantly, and by consequence, the number of association rules.

A técnica de mineração de regras de associação surgiu com o objetivo de encontrar conhecimento novo, útil e previamente desconhecido em bancos de dados transacionais, e uma grande quantidade de algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação tem sido proposta na última década. O maior e mais bem conhecido problema destes algoritmos é a geração de grandes quantidades de conjuntos freqüentes e regras de associação. Em bancos de dados geográficos o problema de mineração de regras de associação espacial aumenta significativamente. Além da grande quantidade de regras e padrões gerados a maioria são associações do domínio geográfico, e são bem conhecidas, normalmente explicitamente representadas no esquema do banco de dados. A maioria dos algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação não garantem a eliminação de dependências geográficas conhecidas a priori. O resultado é que as mesmas associações representadas nos esquemas do banco de dados são extraídas pelos algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação e apresentadas ao usuário. O problema de mineração de regras de associação espacial pode ser dividido em três etapas principais: extração dos relacionamentos espaciais, geração dos conjuntos freqüentes e geração das regras de associação. A primeira etapa é a mais custosa tanto em tempo de processamento quanto pelo esforço requerido do usuário. A segunda e terceira etapas têm sido consideradas o maior problema na mineração de regras de associação em bancos de dados transacionais e tem sido abordadas como dois problemas diferentes: “frequent pattern mining” e “association rule mining”. Dependências geográficas bem conhecidas aparecem nas três etapas do processo. Tendo como objetivo a eliminação dessas dependências na mineração de regras de associação espacial essa tese apresenta um framework com três novos métodos para mineração de regras de associação utilizando restrições semânticas como conhecimento a priori. O primeiro método reduz os dados de entrada do algoritmo, e dependências geográficas são eliminadas parcialmente sem que haja perda de informação. O segundo método elimina combinações de pares de objetos geográficos com dependências durante a geração dos conjuntos freqüentes. O terceiro método é uma nova abordagem para gerar conjuntos freqüentes não redundantes e sem dependências, gerando conjuntos freqüentes máximos. Esse método reduz consideravelmente o número final de conjuntos freqüentes, e como conseqüência, reduz o número de regras de associação espacial. / The association rule mining technique emerged with the objective to find novel, useful, and previously unknown associations from transactional databases, and a large amount of association rule mining algorithms have been proposed in the last decade. Their main drawback, which is a well known problem, is the generation of large amounts of frequent patterns and association rules. In geographic databases the problem of mining spatial association rules increases significantly. Besides the large amount of generated patterns and rules, many patterns are well known geographic domain associations, normally explicitly represented in geographic database schemas. The majority of existing algorithms do not warrant the elimination of all well known geographic dependences. The result is that the same associations represented in geographic database schemas are extracted by spatial association rule mining algorithms and presented to the user. The problem of mining spatial association rules from geographic databases requires at least three main steps: compute spatial relationships, generate frequent patterns, and extract association rules. The first step is the most effort demanding and time consuming task in the rule mining process, but has received little attention in the literature. The second and third steps have been considered the main problem in transactional association rule mining and have been addressed as two different problems: frequent pattern mining and association rule mining. Well known geographic dependences which generate well known patterns may appear in the three main steps of the spatial association rule mining process. Aiming to eliminate well known dependences and generate more interesting patterns, this thesis presents a framework with three main methods for mining frequent geographic patterns using knowledge constraints. Semantic knowledge is used to avoid the generation of patterns that are previously known as non-interesting. The first method reduces the input problem, and all well known dependences that can be eliminated without loosing information are removed in data preprocessing. The second method eliminates combinations of pairs of geographic objects with dependences, during the frequent set generation. A third method presents a new approach to generate non-redundant frequent sets, the maximal generalized frequent sets without dependences. This method reduces the number of frequent patterns very significantly, and by consequence, the number of association rules.

Advances in data collection methods, storage and processing technology are providing a unique challenge and opportunity for automated data learning techniques which aim at producing high-level information, or models, from data. A Typical knowledge discovery process consists of data selection, data preparation, data transformation, data mining and interpretation/validation of the results. Thus, we develop automatic learning techniques which contribute to the data preparation, transformation and mining tasks of knowledge discovery. In doing so, we try to improve the prediction accuracy of the overall learning process. Our work focuses on decision tree based learning and thus, we introduce various preprocessing and transformation techniques such as discretization, fuzzy partitioning and dimensionality reduction to improve this type of learning. However, these techniques can be used in other learning methods e.g. discretization can also be used for naive-bayes classifiers. The data preparation step represents almost 80 percent of the problem and is both time consuming and critical for the quality of modeling. Discretization of continuous features is an important problem that has effects on accuracy, complexity, variance and understandability of the induction models. In this thesis, we propose and develop resampling based aggregation techniques that improve the quality of discretization. Later, we validate by comparing with other discretization techniques and with an optimal partitioning method on 10 benchmark data sets.The second part of our thesis concerns with automatic fuzzy partitioning for soft decision tree induction. Soft or fuzzy decision tree is an extension of the classical crisp tree induction such that fuzzy logic is embedded into the induction process with the effect of more accurate models and reduced variance, but still interpretable and autonomous. We modify the above resampling based partitioning method to generate fuzzy partitions. In addition we propose, develop and validate another fuzzy partitioning method that improves the accuracy of the decision tree.Finally, we adopt a topological learning scheme and perform non-linear dimensionality reduction. We modify an existing manifold learning based technique and see whether it can enhance the predictive power and interpretability of classification. / La recherche avancée dans les méthodes d'acquisition de données ainsi que les méthodes de stockage et les technologies d'apprentissage, s'attaquent défi d'automatiser de manière systématique les techniques d'apprentissage de données en vue d'extraire des connaissances valides et utilisables.La procédure de découverte de connaissances s'effectue selon les étapes suivants: la sélection des données, la préparation de ces données, leurs transformation, le fouille de données et finalement l'interprétation et validation des résultats trouvés. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé des techniques qui contribuent à la préparation et la transformation des données ainsi qu'a des méthodes de fouille des données pour extraire les connaissances. A travers ces travaux, on a essayé d'améliorer l'exactitude de la prédiction durant tout le processus d'apprentissage. Les travaux de cette thèse se basent sur les arbres de décision. On a alors introduit plusieurs approches de prétraitement et des techniques de transformation; comme le discrétisation, le partitionnement flou et la réduction des dimensions afin d'améliorer les performances des arbres de décision. Cependant, ces techniques peuvent être utilisées dans d'autres méthodes d'apprentissage comme la discrétisation qui peut être utilisées pour la classification bayesienne.Dans le processus de fouille de données, la phase de préparation de données occupe généralement 80 percent du temps. En autre, elle est critique pour la qualité de la modélisation. La discrétisation des attributs continus demeure ainsi un problème très important qui affecte la précision, la complexité, la variance et la compréhension des modèles d'induction. Dans cette thèse, nous avons proposes et développé des techniques qui ce basent sur le ré-échantillonnage. Nous avons également étudié d'autres alternatives comme le partitionnement flou pour une induction floue des arbres de décision. Ainsi la logique floue est incorporée dans le processus d'induction pour augmenter la précision des modèles et réduire la variance, en maintenant l'interprétabilité.Finalement, nous adoptons un schéma d'apprentissage topologique qui vise à effectuer une réduction de dimensions non-linéaire. Nous modifions une technique d'apprentissage à base de variété topologiques `manifolds' pour savoir si on peut augmenter la précision et l'interprétabilité de la classification.

A técnica de mineração de regras de associação surgiu com o objetivo de encontrar conhecimento novo, útil e previamente desconhecido em bancos de dados transacionais, e uma grande quantidade de algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação tem sido proposta na última década. O maior e mais bem conhecido problema destes algoritmos é a geração de grandes quantidades de conjuntos freqüentes e regras de associação. Em bancos de dados geográficos o problema de mineração de regras de associação espacial aumenta significativamente. Além da grande quantidade de regras e padrões gerados a maioria são associações do domínio geográfico, e são bem conhecidas, normalmente explicitamente representadas no esquema do banco de dados. A maioria dos algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação não garantem a eliminação de dependências geográficas conhecidas a priori. O resultado é que as mesmas associações representadas nos esquemas do banco de dados são extraídas pelos algoritmos de mineração de regras de associação e apresentadas ao usuário. O problema de mineração de regras de associação espacial pode ser dividido em três etapas principais: extração dos relacionamentos espaciais, geração dos conjuntos freqüentes e geração das regras de associação. A primeira etapa é a mais custosa tanto em tempo de processamento quanto pelo esforço requerido do usuário. A segunda e terceira etapas têm sido consideradas o maior problema na mineração de regras de associação em bancos de dados transacionais e tem sido abordadas como dois problemas diferentes: “frequent pattern mining” e “association rule mining”. Dependências geográficas bem conhecidas aparecem nas três etapas do processo. Tendo como objetivo a eliminação dessas dependências na mineração de regras de associação espacial essa tese apresenta um framework com três novos métodos para mineração de regras de associação utilizando restrições semânticas como conhecimento a priori. O primeiro método reduz os dados de entrada do algoritmo, e dependências geográficas são eliminadas parcialmente sem que haja perda de informação. O segundo método elimina combinações de pares de objetos geográficos com dependências durante a geração dos conjuntos freqüentes. O terceiro método é uma nova abordagem para gerar conjuntos freqüentes não redundantes e sem dependências, gerando conjuntos freqüentes máximos. Esse método reduz consideravelmente o número final de conjuntos freqüentes, e como conseqüência, reduz o número de regras de associação espacial. / The association rule mining technique emerged with the objective to find novel, useful, and previously unknown associations from transactional databases, and a large amount of association rule mining algorithms have been proposed in the last decade. Their main drawback, which is a well known problem, is the generation of large amounts of frequent patterns and association rules. In geographic databases the problem of mining spatial association rules increases significantly. Besides the large amount of generated patterns and rules, many patterns are well known geographic domain associations, normally explicitly represented in geographic database schemas. The majority of existing algorithms do not warrant the elimination of all well known geographic dependences. The result is that the same associations represented in geographic database schemas are extracted by spatial association rule mining algorithms and presented to the user. The problem of mining spatial association rules from geographic databases requires at least three main steps: compute spatial relationships, generate frequent patterns, and extract association rules. The first step is the most effort demanding and time consuming task in the rule mining process, but has received little attention in the literature. The second and third steps have been considered the main problem in transactional association rule mining and have been addressed as two different problems: frequent pattern mining and association rule mining. Well known geographic dependences which generate well known patterns may appear in the three main steps of the spatial association rule mining process. Aiming to eliminate well known dependences and generate more interesting patterns, this thesis presents a framework with three main methods for mining frequent geographic patterns using knowledge constraints. Semantic knowledge is used to avoid the generation of patterns that are previously known as non-interesting. The first method reduces the input problem, and all well known dependences that can be eliminated without loosing information are removed in data preprocessing. The second method eliminates combinations of pairs of geographic objects with dependences, during the frequent set generation. A third method presents a new approach to generate non-redundant frequent sets, the maximal generalized frequent sets without dependences. This method reduces the number of frequent patterns very significantly, and by consequence, the number of association rules.

Knowledge discovery from databases is a complex issue involving integration, data preparation, data mining using machine learning methods and visualization of results. The thesis deals with the whole process of knowledge discovery, especially with the issue of data warehousing, where it offers the design and implementation of a specific data warehouse for the company ROI Hunter, a.s. In the field of data mining, the work focuses on the classification and forecasting of the advertising data available from the prepared data warehouse and, in particular, on the decision tree classification. When predicting the development of new ads, emphasis is put on the rationale for the prediction as well as the proposal to adjust the ad settings so that the prediction ends positively and, with a certain likelihood, the ads actually get better results.

The main goal of this thesis was to get acquainted with the phases of data mining, with the support of the programming languages Python and R in the field of data mining and demonstration of their use in two case studies. The comparison of these languages in the field of data mining is also included. The data preprocessing phase and the mining algorithms for classification, prediction and clustering are described here. There are illustrated the most significant libraries for Python and R. In the first case study, work with time series was demonstrated using the ARIMA model and Neural Networks with precision verification using a Mean Square Error. In the second case study, the results of football matches are classificated using the K - Nearest Neighbors, Bayes Classifier, Random Forest and Logical Regression. The precision of the classification is displayed using Accuracy Score and Confusion Matrix. The work is concluded with the evaluation of the achived results and suggestions for the future improvement of the individual models.

Rough sets and neural networks both offer good theoretical background for data processing and analysis. However, both of them suffer from few issues. This thesis will investigate methods by which these two concepts are merged, and few such solutions will be implemented and compared with conventional algorithm to study the benefits of this approach.

Databases increase by new data continually. A process called Knowledge Discovery in Databases has been defined for analyzing these data and new complex systems has been developed for its support. Developing of one of this systems is described in this thesis. Main goal is to analyse the actual state of implementation of this system which is based on the Java NetBeans Platform and the Oracle database system and to extend it by data preprocessing algorithms and the source data analysis. Implementation of data preprocessing components and changes in kernel of this system are described in detail in this thesis.

Data is one of the most contributing factors for modern business operations. Having bad data could therefore lead to tremendous losses, both financially and for customer experience. This thesis seeks to find anomalies in real-world, complex, structured data, causing an international enterprise to miss out on income and the potential loss of customers. By using graph theory and similarity analysis, the findings suggest that certain countries contribute to the discrepancies more than other countries. This is believed to be an effect of countries customizing their products to match the market’s needs. This thesis is just scratching the surface of the analysis of the data, and the number of opportunities for future work are therefore many.