In the hospital building, where patients seek medical treatment and hospital staff provide continuous support, creating a healing environment is an imperative. However, it appears that the ultimate aim to create a healing environment is not given due attention by healthcare designers. Patients’ negative experiences of the existing physical environment of a hospital building describing as depressing, confusing, dull, little natural light, stressful, noisy causing sleep deprivation, anxiety, isolation and physical restraint were noted in many studies of the built environment. Most of these criticisms are also experienced by the patients in the case studies of hospital buildings in Malaysia, particularly on thermal (too warm) and visual (glare) discomfort. Therefore, the term ‘Healing Architecture’ is adopted to invoke a sense of a continuous process; creating an environment physically healthy and psychologically appropriate for patients’ well-being. A majority of the literature on the healing environment has reached a consensus that the physical aspects of built environment could contribute indirectly to the health outcomes of patients and staff in a hospital building. These include shorter length of stay, reduced stress and increased patients’ satisfaction. Among the physical aspects, daylighting is considered one of the most influential factors to achieve visual comfort contributing to a healing environment. The thesis aims to explore daylighting performance of a four-bed ward by means of a parametric study of design variables in order to achieve the visual as well as thermal comfort in creating a healing environment. Conflicting issues of ‘physical to physical’ (e.g. daylight vs. solar heat gain) and ‘physical to psychological’ (e.g. daylight vs. undesirable glare) are analysed. With the theme of daylight and health, previous studies related to the factors of the physical environments in hospital buildings that influence health outcomes are reviewed. The physical factors affecting daylighting to achieve visual comfort are also analysed. Reviews of the project briefs of the completed public hospital buildings in Malaysia are also conducted and seven hospitals are selected as the case studies to investigate daylighting conditions of the existing four-bed ward environment. Triangulation by means of analyses through questionnaire, measurement and computer simulation is the method adopted for the investigation. Available simulation programs are reviewed for suitability and compatibility of the study. The simulation software (validated) used for the study is Integrated Environmental Solutions – Virtual Environment (IES–VE). Based on the qualitative and quantitative analyses, it can be concluded that visual comfort in the existing four-bed ward environments of public hospital buildings in Malaysia is not achieved. Factors contributing to the failure are that the conflicting priorities (i.e. ‘physical vs. physical’ and ‘physical vs. psychological’) were not analysed by healthcare designers when designing a window (size and position), there is clear evidence of glare and daylighting design failed to meet the daylight factor (DF) requirement of 1% at the (innermost) bed-head. The finding is that a healing environment in the four-bed ward is not achieved. The results of the analysis also confirmed that the key physical factors affecting daylighting in the hospital ward are orientation, window design (size and position), external shading device, glass transmittance and indoor surface reflectances. Parametric studies of daylighting design variables on the ‘base case’ unit are formulated in order to find the remedy as well as to arrive at design guidelines. The Subang TRY weather data set is used and examined and found the two worst conditions days of the year: the hottest (day 60) and the cloudy (day 299). Evaluation criteria for measuring thermal as well as visual comfort are established to critically analyse the consequences of the variants in the permutations. A total of 186 simulations are run to appraise the comfort condition of the computer model of the four-bed ward environment. The simulation of daylighting conditions in a four-bed ward environment would take into consideration the magnitude of solar heat gain of one exposed wall (opaque wall and glass window) for the two selected worst days of the year and the ‘best’ orientation (other enclosing elements are taken as adiabatic). The results of the parametric study are analysed by adopting the process of elimination for the selection of variants. The variants of design variables that satisfy the evaluation criteria for comfort criteria set in the study are identified. Design recommendations are made and guidelines on how best to achieve visual comfort through daylighting design strategies in the hospital ward environment in the future are established. The findings arrive at two crucial conclusions in creating a healing environment. Firstly, visual comfort can be achieved through appropriate daylighting design.The second is that in order to achieve visual comfort in the four-bed ward environment there is a need to find a balance between the acceptable magnitude of solar heat gain and satisfying the requirement of daylighting (i.e. the acceptable limit of glare not exceeding a luminance ratio of 10 and 1% DF).

In the hospital building, where patients seek medical treatment and hospital staff provide continuous support, creating a healing environment is an imperative. However, it appears that the ultimate aim to create a healing environment is not given due attention by healthcare designers. Patients’ negative experiences of the existing physical environment of a hospital building describing as depressing, confusing, dull, little natural light, stressful, noisy causing sleep deprivation, anxiety, isolation and physical restraint were noted in many studies of the built environment. Most of these criticisms are also experienced by the patients in the case studies of hospital buildings in Malaysia, particularly on thermal (too warm) and visual (glare) discomfort. Therefore, the term ‘Healing Architecture’ is adopted to invoke a sense of a continuous process; creating an environment physically healthy and psychologically appropriate for patients’ well-being. A majority of the literature on the healing environment has reached a consensus that the physical aspects of built environment could contribute indirectly to the health outcomes of patients and staff in a hospital building. These include shorter length of stay, reduced stress and increased patients’ satisfaction. Among the physical aspects, daylighting is considered one of the most influential factors to achieve visual comfort contributing to a healing environment. The thesis aims to explore daylighting performance of a four-bed ward by means of a parametric study of design variables in order to achieve the visual as well as thermal comfort in creating a healing environment. Conflicting issues of ‘physical to physical’ (e.g. daylight vs. solar heat gain) and ‘physical to psychological’ (e.g. daylight vs. undesirable glare) are analysed. With the theme of daylight and health, previous studies related to the factors of the physical environments in hospital buildings that influence health outcomes are reviewed. The physical factors affecting daylighting to achieve visual comfort are also analysed. Reviews of the project briefs of the completed public hospital buildings in Malaysia are also conducted and seven hospitals are selected as the case studies to investigate daylighting conditions of the existing four-bed ward environment. Triangulation by means of analyses through questionnaire, measurement and computer simulation is the method adopted for the investigation. Available simulation programs are reviewed for suitability and compatibility of the study. The simulation software (validated) used for the study is Integrated Environmental Solutions – Virtual Environment (IES–VE). Based on the qualitative and quantitative analyses, it can be concluded that visual comfort in the existing four-bed ward environments of public hospital buildings in Malaysia is not achieved. Factors contributing to the failure are that the conflicting priorities (i.e. ‘physical vs. physical’ and ‘physical vs. psychological’) were not analysed by healthcare designers when designing a window (size and position), there is clear evidence of glare and daylighting design failed to meet the daylight factor (DF) requirement of 1% at the (innermost) bed-head. The finding is that a healing environment in the four-bed ward is not achieved. The results of the analysis also confirmed that the key physical factors affecting daylighting in the hospital ward are orientation, window design (size and position), external shading device, glass transmittance and indoor surface reflectances. Parametric studies of daylighting design variables on the ‘base case’ unit are formulated in order to find the remedy as well as to arrive at design guidelines. The Subang TRY weather data set is used and examined and found the two worst conditions days of the year: the hottest (day 60) and the cloudy (day 299). Evaluation criteria for measuring thermal as well as visual comfort are established to critically analyse the consequences of the variants in the permutations. A total of 186 simulations are run to appraise the comfort condition of the computer model of the four-bed ward environment. The simulation of daylighting conditions in a four-bed ward environment would take into consideration the magnitude of solar heat gain of one exposed wall (opaque wall and glass window) for the two selected worst days of the year and the ‘best’ orientation (other enclosing elements are taken as adiabatic). The results of the parametric study are analysed by adopting the process of elimination for the selection of variants. The variants of design variables that satisfy the evaluation criteria for comfort criteria set in the study are identified. Design recommendations are made and guidelines on how best to achieve visual comfort through daylighting design strategies in the hospital ward environment in the future are established. The findings arrive at two crucial conclusions in creating a healing environment. Firstly, visual comfort can be achieved through appropriate daylighting design.The second is that in order to achieve visual comfort in the four-bed ward environment there is a need to find a balance between the acceptable magnitude of solar heat gain and satisfying the requirement of daylighting (i.e. the acceptable limit of glare not exceeding a luminance ratio of 10 and 1% DF).

In the hospital building, where patients seek medical treatment and hospital staff provide continuous support, creating a healing environment is an imperative. However, it appears that the ultimate aim to create a healing environment is not given due attention by healthcare designers. Patients’ negative experiences of the existing physical environment of a hospital building describing as depressing, confusing, dull, little natural light, stressful, noisy causing sleep deprivation, anxiety, isolation and physical restraint were noted in many studies of the built environment. Most of these criticisms are also experienced by the patients in the case studies of hospital buildings in Malaysia, particularly on thermal (too warm) and visual (glare) discomfort. Therefore, the term ‘Healing Architecture’ is adopted to invoke a sense of a continuous process; creating an environment physically healthy and psychologically appropriate for patients’ well-being. A majority of the literature on the healing environment has reached a consensus that the physical aspects of built environment could contribute indirectly to the health outcomes of patients and staff in a hospital building. These include shorter length of stay, reduced stress and increased patients’ satisfaction. Among the physical aspects, daylighting is considered one of the most influential factors to achieve visual comfort contributing to a healing environment. The thesis aims to explore daylighting performance of a four-bed ward by means of a parametric study of design variables in order to achieve the visual as well as thermal comfort in creating a healing environment. Conflicting issues of ‘physical to physical’ (e.g. daylight vs. solar heat gain) and ‘physical to psychological’ (e.g. daylight vs. undesirable glare) are analysed. With the theme of daylight and health, previous studies related to the factors of the physical environments in hospital buildings that influence health outcomes are reviewed. The physical factors affecting daylighting to achieve visual comfort are also analysed. Reviews of the project briefs of the completed public hospital buildings in Malaysia are also conducted and seven hospitals are selected as the case studies to investigate daylighting conditions of the existing four-bed ward environment. Triangulation by means of analyses through questionnaire, measurement and computer simulation is the method adopted for the investigation. Available simulation programs are reviewed for suitability and compatibility of the study. The simulation software (validated) used for the study is Integrated Environmental Solutions – Virtual Environment (IES–VE). Based on the qualitative and quantitative analyses, it can be concluded that visual comfort in the existing four-bed ward environments of public hospital buildings in Malaysia is not achieved. Factors contributing to the failure are that the conflicting priorities (i.e. ‘physical vs. physical’ and ‘physical vs. psychological’) were not analysed by healthcare designers when designing a window (size and position), there is clear evidence of glare and daylighting design failed to meet the daylight factor (DF) requirement of 1% at the (innermost) bed-head. The finding is that a healing environment in the four-bed ward is not achieved. The results of the analysis also confirmed that the key physical factors affecting daylighting in the hospital ward are orientation, window design (size and position), external shading device, glass transmittance and indoor surface reflectances. Parametric studies of daylighting design variables on the ‘base case’ unit are formulated in order to find the remedy as well as to arrive at design guidelines. The Subang TRY weather data set is used and examined and found the two worst conditions days of the year: the hottest (day 60) and the cloudy (day 299). Evaluation criteria for measuring thermal as well as visual comfort are established to critically analyse the consequences of the variants in the permutations. A total of 186 simulations are run to appraise the comfort condition of the computer model of the four-bed ward environment. The simulation of daylighting conditions in a four-bed ward environment would take into consideration the magnitude of solar heat gain of one exposed wall (opaque wall and glass window) for the two selected worst days of the year and the ‘best’ orientation (other enclosing elements are taken as adiabatic). The results of the parametric study are analysed by adopting the process of elimination for the selection of variants. The variants of design variables that satisfy the evaluation criteria for comfort criteria set in the study are identified. Design recommendations are made and guidelines on how best to achieve visual comfort through daylighting design strategies in the hospital ward environment in the future are established. The findings arrive at two crucial conclusions in creating a healing environment. Firstly, visual comfort can be achieved through appropriate daylighting design.The second is that in order to achieve visual comfort in the four-bed ward environment there is a need to find a balance between the acceptable magnitude of solar heat gain and satisfying the requirement of daylighting (i.e. the acceptable limit of glare not exceeding a luminance ratio of 10 and 1% DF).

In the hospital building, where patients seek medical treatment and hospital staff provide continuous support, creating a healing environment is an imperative. However, it appears that the ultimate aim to create a healing environment is not given due attention by healthcare designers. Patients’ negative experiences of the existing physical environment of a hospital building describing as depressing, confusing, dull, little natural light, stressful, noisy causing sleep deprivation, anxiety, isolation and physical restraint were noted in many studies of the built environment. Most of these criticisms are also experienced by the patients in the case studies of hospital buildings in Malaysia, particularly on thermal (too warm) and visual (glare) discomfort. Therefore, the term ‘Healing Architecture’ is adopted to invoke a sense of a continuous process; creating an environment physically healthy and psychologically appropriate for patients’ well-being. A majority of the literature on the healing environment has reached a consensus that the physical aspects of built environment could contribute indirectly to the health outcomes of patients and staff in a hospital building. These include shorter length of stay, reduced stress and increased patients’ satisfaction. Among the physical aspects, daylighting is considered one of the most influential factors to achieve visual comfort contributing to a healing environment. The thesis aims to explore daylighting performance of a four-bed ward by means of a parametric study of design variables in order to achieve the visual as well as thermal comfort in creating a healing environment. Conflicting issues of ‘physical to physical’ (e.g. daylight vs. solar heat gain) and ‘physical to psychological’ (e.g. daylight vs. undesirable glare) are analysed. With the theme of daylight and health, previous studies related to the factors of the physical environments in hospital buildings that influence health outcomes are reviewed. The physical factors affecting daylighting to achieve visual comfort are also analysed. Reviews of the project briefs of the completed public hospital buildings in Malaysia are also conducted and seven hospitals are selected as the case studies to investigate daylighting conditions of the existing four-bed ward environment. Triangulation by means of analyses through questionnaire, measurement and computer simulation is the method adopted for the investigation. Available simulation programs are reviewed for suitability and compatibility of the study. The simulation software (validated) used for the study is Integrated Environmental Solutions – Virtual Environment (IES–VE). Based on the qualitative and quantitative analyses, it can be concluded that visual comfort in the existing four-bed ward environments of public hospital buildings in Malaysia is not achieved. Factors contributing to the failure are that the conflicting priorities (i.e. ‘physical vs. physical’ and ‘physical vs. psychological’) were not analysed by healthcare designers when designing a window (size and position), there is clear evidence of glare and daylighting design failed to meet the daylight factor (DF) requirement of 1% at the (innermost) bed-head. The finding is that a healing environment in the four-bed ward is not achieved. The results of the analysis also confirmed that the key physical factors affecting daylighting in the hospital ward are orientation, window design (size and position), external shading device, glass transmittance and indoor surface reflectances. Parametric studies of daylighting design variables on the ‘base case’ unit are formulated in order to find the remedy as well as to arrive at design guidelines. The Subang TRY weather data set is used and examined and found the two worst conditions days of the year: the hottest (day 60) and the cloudy (day 299). Evaluation criteria for measuring thermal as well as visual comfort are established to critically analyse the consequences of the variants in the permutations. A total of 186 simulations are run to appraise the comfort condition of the computer model of the four-bed ward environment. The simulation of daylighting conditions in a four-bed ward environment would take into consideration the magnitude of solar heat gain of one exposed wall (opaque wall and glass window) for the two selected worst days of the year and the ‘best’ orientation (other enclosing elements are taken as adiabatic). The results of the parametric study are analysed by adopting the process of elimination for the selection of variants. The variants of design variables that satisfy the evaluation criteria for comfort criteria set in the study are identified. Design recommendations are made and guidelines on how best to achieve visual comfort through daylighting design strategies in the hospital ward environment in the future are established. The findings arrive at two crucial conclusions in creating a healing environment. Firstly, visual comfort can be achieved through appropriate daylighting design.The second is that in order to achieve visual comfort in the four-bed ward environment there is a need to find a balance between the acceptable magnitude of solar heat gain and satisfying the requirement of daylighting (i.e. the acceptable limit of glare not exceeding a luminance ratio of 10 and 1% DF).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T11:58:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7267685 bytes, checksum: 7941e0f129dcfe23dee81204cbbd6304 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The built environment must be adapted to the climate in which it is inserted to minimize the environmental impact caused by the unbridled consumption of natural resources. The development of new technologies capable of assessing natural lighting can assist in project directed to the use of energy efficient lighting in architecture. Grounded in the literature review related to these new technologies, this study aimed to analyze the potential use of natural light in the classrooms of municipal schools in the city of João Pessoa. The sample represents a number of schools constructed under the standard design adopted in recent managements of the City of João Pessoa, and still in use. The methodology consisted in situ measurements and computer simulations did using the software Daysim. The results showed that there is great potential for use of daylighting, however, there is a need to implement actions to control glare. The existence of 10 schools constructed under the same project in different sites, allowed us to analyze the degree of influence surrounding the availability of natural light into the classrooms. / O ambiente construído deve adequar-se ao clima em que está inserido para minimizar o impacto ambiental causado pelo consumo desenfreado dos recursos naturais. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias capazes de avaliar a iluminação natural pode auxiliar no projeto direcionado ao uso energeticamente eficiente da iluminação na arquitetura. Alicerçada na revisão bibliográfica referente a essas novas tecnologias, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o potencial de aproveitamento da luz natural em salas de aula da rede municipal de ensino, na cidade de João Pessoa. A amostra selecionada representa um conjunto de escolas construídas segundo o projeto padrão adotado nas últimas gestões da Prefeitura Municipal de João Pessoa, e que ainda se encontra em uso. A metodologia adotada consistiu em medições in loco e simulações computacionais feitas com a utilização do software Daysim. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que há grande potencial de aproveitamento da iluminação natural, contudo, verifica-se a necessidade de implementar ações de controle da luminosidade excessiva. A existência de 10 escolas construídas, sob o mesmo projeto, em sítios diferenciados, permitiu ainda analisar o grau de influência do entorno na disponibilidade de luz natural dentro das salas de aula.

Being located in subtropical climates, the cooling energy accounts for a huge percentage of the total power consumption, and has become the major cause for power shortages. Therefore, building energy conservation strategies has become the major remedy to tackle this problem. In this study, the building energy performance certificate evaluation system has been established, in referencing the European communities systems, while integrating the financial and consumers factors to establish the building labeling system in Taiwan.

No description available.

Bakgrunden till denna rapport ligger i hur arkitekturkonsten genom tiden behandlat dagsljuset med största precision för att på bästa sätt ta tillvara på dess kvalitéer, och hur den tekniska revolutionen med artificiell belysning idag påverkat vårt sätt att behandla dagsljus. Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskapen om hur dagsljusinsläppet påverkar upplevelsen av ett rum. Målet är att klargöra hur dagsljusinsläppets proportioner och placering påverkar hur det infallande ljuset uppträder i rummet och hur det inverkar på hur rummet upplevs. Studien är tänkt att kunna användas av planerare för att i trivsamhetssyfte skapa ett så bra dagsljusinsläpp som möjligt. Följande frågeställningar formulerades: Hur påverkar placeringen av dagsljusinsläppen upplevelsen av ett rum? Hur påverkar proportionerna av dagsljusinsläppen upplevelsen av ett rum? Hur mycket ljus kommer in i rummet med hänsyn till proportioner och placering av dagsljusinsläppen? Undersökningen inleddes med ett förexperiment där fönsterutformningar observerades i en modell för att sedan testas i ett fullskaleexperiment. Under experimentet gjordes enkätundersökningar på en urvalsgrupp om 20 personer som fick svara på frågor om rumsupplevelse, och därefter gjordes ljusmätningar i samtliga fyra experimentrum. Resultatet visar att stora dagsljusinsläpp ger en hög ljusnivå men bidrar till låg rumslighet, försämrade kontrastförhållanden och ökad risk för bländning. Mindre, lågt placerade horisontella dagsljusinsläpp ger i princip samma ljusnivå men skapar en bättre rumslighet och minskar risken för bländning. Med högt placerade horisontella dagsljusinsläpp visar resultatet en försämring av rumsupplevelsen då rummet upplevs slutet och instängt. Det har visat sig att fönsterytans area påverkar, men inte varit avgörande för hur dagsljusinsläppet påverkar upplevelsen av rummet, det ser ut som att placeringen istället haft mycket större påverkan på rumsupplevelsen. Det visar också att de mörkare rummen har högre rumslighet än de ljusare. Studien visar att testpersonerna trivdes bäst i rummet med lågt horisontellt placerade dagsljusinsläpp. / The background to this report is based on how architectural art through times been treating daylight with greatest precision to take advantage of its good quality, and how the technical revolution with artificial lighting affects our way of working with daylighting today. The purpose of the study is to contribute to the knowledge how the daylight opening affects the perception of a room. The aim is to clarify how proportions and placement affects how the incident light occurs in the room and how that affects on how the room is perceived. The study is meant to be used by lighting planners, and in terms of pleasantness, be able to create the best possible daylight environment. The following questions were formulated: How do the positions of daylight openings affect the perception of a room? How do the proportions of daylight openings affect the perception of a room? How much light enters the room as a result of proportions and placements of daylight openings? The investigation began with a pre-experiment where window configurations were observed in a scale model and then tested in a full-scale experiment. During the experiment surveys were made in a sample group of twenty people who had to answer questions about spatial experience, followed by lighting calculations that were made in all four experimental settings. The result shows that large daylight openings provide a high level of light but contribute to low spatiality, deterioration of contrasts and increased risk of glare. Smaller, low-set horizontal daylight openings tend to give the same levels of light but create a better sense of space and reduce glare. With high positioned horizontal daylight openings the result shows a deterioration of spatial experience and the room is perceived closed and stuffy. A vertical daylight opening is shown to make the room feel small and high, and the level of light is low, the contrast ratio and the completeness experienced worsening. The result shows that the window surface area affects the experience but is not essential how the daylight openings affect the perception of the room, it looks like the matter of placement have greatest impact on the room experience. It also shows that the darker rooms have higher spatiality than the lighter ones. The study shows that the test group liked the room with low-set horizontal daylight openings better.

The background to this report is based on how architectural art through times been treating daylight with greatest precision to take advantage of its good quality, and how the technical revolution with artificial lighting affects our way of working with daylighting today. The purpose of the study is to contribute to the knowledge how the daylight opening affects the perception of a room. The aim is to clarify how proportions and placement affects how the incident light occurs in the room and how that affects on how the room is perceived. The study is meant to be used by lighting planners, and in terms of pleasantness, be able to create the best possible daylight environment.

Washington, D.C., like many older U.S. cities, suffers the woes of rapid urbanization and aging infrastructure. The city's combined sewer and stormwater system dumps millions of gallons of raw sewage into the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers over 70 times annually during significant rain events. While many groups, both public and private, attempt to clean the river, billions of dollars are still necessary over several years to remedy the combined sewer overfl ow (CSO) problem alone. Current plans for a solution include constructing large underground storage tanks that store millions of gallons of wastewater during overflow periods. Washington, however, once had a network of waterways that naturally drained the Federal City. At least three major stream systems—the Tiber Creek, James Creek and Slash Run—and over 30 springs flowed within the boundaries of the emerging capital. The waterways, now buried, were victims of urbanization, and flow now only underground, wreaking havoc on foundations and basements and causing sewer backups and flooding. Can a historically-driven investigation of these buried channels lend credence to the resurrection in some form of a network of surface stormwater channels, separate from the municipal sewage system, to solve the city's sewage overflow crisis? The following study is an initial exploration of the re-establishment of waterways through Washington with the purpose of improving the current storm sewer overflow dilemma and exploring the potential urban amenities that they could provide as part of a stormwater management plan for the year 2110. / Master of Landscape Architecture