Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Campos.pdf: 447384 bytes, checksum: cc7e7ac121105da23c8e2ec1c29ccd2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The objective of this dissertation is to analyse the possible connection between the Nicole Oresme s Impetus Theory and the arguments on the daytime earth s motion, present in Le Livre du Ciel et du Monde. To the end of this research it will be clear if Oresme used or not this concept to explain if this possible Movement began, of what it forms this it took place and his apparent uniform continuity. Charles V registers the analysis in the century XIV, when Oresme writes a commented translation of the Aristotelian treaty On the Heavens, to request of a king. His comments now they are simple interpretative explanations, it prays explanations followed by discussions in which he presents, through logical or theological arguments, other means to those present ones in the Aristotelian treaty. One of these means is the Daytime Movement of the Earth. In this work, also they will be presented and discussed: the origin and the conflicts that took place in the University of Paris, between the centuries XII and XIII up to the decree of Tempier in 1277; the concept of the Impetus, of Buridan, the discussions of Oresme on: the possibility of a produced and eternal World, the possibility of plural Worlds and the possibility of an incorporeal emptiness / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a possível relação entre o conceito do Impetus, de Nicole Oresme e a discussão acerca da possibilidade do Movimento Diurno da Terra, presente em Le Livre du Ciel et du Monde. Ao final desta pesquisa ficará claro se Oresme utilizou ou não este conceito para explicar se este possível Movimento se iniciou, de que forma isto ocorreu e a sua aparente continuidade uniforme. A análise inscreve-se no século XIV, quando Oresme redige uma tradução comentada do tratado aristotélico Sobre os Céus, a pedido do rei Carlos V. Seus comentários ora são simples explicações interpretativas, ora explicações seguidas de discussões em que apresenta, através de argumentos lógicos ou teológicos, outras possibilidades àquelas presentes no tratado aristotélico. Uma destas possibilidades é o Movimento Diurno da Terra. Neste trabalho, também serão apresentados e discutidos: a gênese e os conflitos que ocorreram na Universidade de Paris, entre os séculos XII e XIII até o decreto de Tempier em 1277; o conceito do Impetus, de Buridan, as discussões de Oresme sobre: a possibilidade de um Mundo gerado e eterno, a possibilidade de Mundos plurais e a possibilidade de um vazio incorpóreo

Le présent travail de thèse propose une édition critique, une traduction et un commentaire des livres III et IV du traité aristotélicien Du ciel. La réalisation d’un stemma à partir d’une étude systématique des relations généalogiques des soixante manuscrits byzantins et des sources de la tradition indirecte a conduit à la sélection de dix manuscrits indépendants dont les variantes permettent enfin de reconstituer fidèlement les deux familles qui structurent la tradition textuelle du traité. L’apparat critique a été complété par l’ajout systématique des leçons transmises par le commentaire de Simplicius et le modèle perdu de la traduction de Guillaume de Moerbeke, ainsi que dans les occurrences les plus significatives, des leçons de la traduction arabe. Ces recherches construisent une base textuelle neuve pour l’interprétation du traité. On se propose de référer l’unité du De caelo non à un objet d’étude supposé (comme le monde ou le mouvement naturel) mais à un débat engagé contre le Timée sur la conception des principes et de l’explication. Cette perspective produit un principe d’articulation nouveau entre les textes et en particulier entre les livres III et IV. Dans le livre III, qui s’inscrit dans un geste résolument anti-platonicien dans la tradition physique du Περὶ φύσεως, la recherche d’éléments immanents au sensible se révèle aporétique et ne conduit qu’à une doxographie négative. Le livre IV surmonte incidemment la difficulté de normer la matière sans recourir à un principe transcendant en définissant les corps élémentaires par un mouvement naturel, qui permet en fin de compte d’inscrire tous les éléments dans un système topique. / This work proposes a critical edition, a French translation, an introduction and a commentary of books III and IV of Aristotle’s treatise On the heavens. We construct a stemma codicum through a systematic study of the genetic relationships of the sixty extant manuscripts from Byzantium combined with sources of indirect tradition. This in turn allows to select ten independent witnesses whose variants structure the transmission lineage of the treatise along two families. We augment the apparatus criticus with all variant readings transmitted through Simplicius’ commentary and the lost source of William of Moerbeke’s translation, as well as the most relevant ones from the Arabic translation. This results in a new text, which provides a more reliable basis for the philosophical analysis. We then propose a reading of the treatise as a systematic response to Plato’s Timaeus rather than a study of the world or of natural motion. The perspective that the very definition of scientific explanation is at issue makes it easier to account for the scope and unity of the whole treatise, particularly of books III and IV. Book III can be understood as a polemical endeavor to look for sensible principles, reviving the Presocratic tradition of the Περὶ φύσεως, which does not reach resolution but merely results in a critical doxography. On the other hand, book IV finds a way to qualify matter without resorting to an external principle: instead, elemental bodies are defined by a proper natural movement. This makes them all part of a topical system, from which they cannot be isolated.