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Testing the Dear Enemy Hypothesis in a group-living cichlid fish : Dear Enemy relationships in Neolamprologus multifasciatus in Lake TanganyikaOlofsson, Robin January 2022 (has links)
The dear enemy effect is a widespread behavioral phenomenon that promotes selective pacifism in order to minimize costs of territorial defense. The dear enemy hypothesis predicts heightened aggression towards unfamiliar conspecifics compared to familiar neighbors where territorial boundaries are established. The purpose of this study was to test the dear enemy hypothesis in Neolamprologus multifasciatus, a social cichlid fish endemic to the shell beds of Lake Tanganyika. They establish breeding groups that control distinct territories, each governed by a dominant male. Territories can be very densely spaced, and conspecific border intrusions generally trigger aggressive responses from the focal group. The dominant males are responsible for the majority of territory defense. In this field experiment, 27 breeding groups were each given two treatments, each consisting of artificial introduction of an out-of-group dominant male. One male originated from an immediately neighboring group, the other from a distant group. A downward-facing camera recorded group members’ aggressivity exhibited towards the experimentally presented male. The behavior was manually scored according to a behavior ethogram and analyzed with either linear mixed effects models or generalized linear mixed effects models. No clear dear enemy effect was detected within Neolamprologus multifasciatus. Several reasons are proposed for this result. Firstly, a contingent “ceiling effect” in terms of aggressive behavior imaginably deterred efforts of dear enemy detection. Conversely, perhaps negligible necessity of stranger-neighbor recognition within Neolamprologus multifasciatus has resulted in discriminatory behavior being absent. In conclusion, no dear enemy effect was detected and future research will address possible alternative explanations.
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O efeito inimigo ?ntimo ? aplic?vel a Dinoponera quadr?ceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)?Moreno, Isabelli de Carvalho 28 May 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Food access, territory or reproductive partner can generate conflicts between individuals in many species with occurrence of aggressive behaviors. However some species respond less aggressively to intrusion by neighbors than non-neighbors in its territory to minimize the costs of continuous fight. This difference in aggression is called Dear Enemy Effect described in various vertebrates and invertebrates. To investigate if this phenomenon occurs in Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenopetra, Formicidae) three colonies, two neighbors and one non-neighbor, were captured in its natural environment then transfered to the laboratory where we did experimental confrontation intra and inter colonies involving one pair of workers. We compared the behavioral frequency exhibited by each worker, the intensity and duration of the confrontation between a neighbor and a non-neighbor referring the place where they were collected. Our results revealed that Dear Enemy Effect does not apply to D. quadriceps due aggressive
response is more intense and longest toward neighbor than non-neighbor, probably due intra specific competition, ecological factors and characteristic of the species / O acesso a fonte de alimentos, territ?rio ou parceiros reprodutivos pode gerar conflitos de interesses entre indiv?duos em v?rias esp?cies de animais. Entretanto, v?rios animais
respondem menos agressivamente ? entrada de seus vizinhos do que a entrada de n?ovizinhos em seus territ?rios, como forma de minimizar os custos de uma agress?o cont?nua. Essa diferen?a na resposta agressiva ? conhecida por Efeito Inimigo ?ntimo, descrito em v?rias esp?cies de vertebrados e invertebrados. Para investigar se este fen?meno ocorre em Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), tr?s col?nias,
sendo duas vizinhas e uma distante, foram coletadas em seu ambiente natural e transferidas para o laborat?rio onde foram conduzidos confrontos experimentais intra e entre col?nias, envolvendo um par de oper?rias. Comparamos a frequ?ncia
comportamental exibida por cada oper?ria envolvida nos confrontos, assim como a intensidade e a dura??o dos confrontos entre col?nias vizinhas e distantes com refer?ncia do local de coleta. Nossos resultados revelam que o Efeito Inimigo ?ntimo n?o ? aplic?vel ? D. quadriceps, pois resposta agressiva ? mais intensa e duradoura entre oper?rias vizinhas do que entre distantes, provavelmente devido ? competi??o intraespec?fica, fatores ecol?gicos e caracter?sticas da esp?cie.
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Influência de indivíduos coespecíficos no comportamento acústico de machos de Hypsiboas goianus (Anura, Hylidae) / Influence of the conspecific individuals in the acoustic behavior of males of Hypsiboas goianus (Anura, Hylidae)Morais, Alessandro Ribeiro de 18 June 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Acoustic signals are a key element in social interactions in anuran amphibians. Accordingly, different types of vocalizations can be emitted in specific social contexts. Thus, this study investigated the influence of conspecific individuals on the vocal behavior of Hypsiboas goianus. Field observations and playback experiments were conducted at the Silvânia National Forest, Silvânia, Goiás, central Brazil, in the breeding season between 2011 and 2013. We used playback experiments of pre-recorded advertisement calls to test the influence of conspecific calls on the acoustic behavior of males of H. goianus. We found that males change their acoustic behavior after stimulation by conspecifics calls. Specifically, males decrease the interval between calls, the emission rate of advertisement calls, and the duration of pulses. Additionally, we tested whether males of H. goianus use acoustic signals to discriminate large- from small-sized conspecifics. We used an experimental approach with playbacks of synthetic advertisement calls built with different dominant frequencies. We used calls with low frequency (3,123 Hz) to simulate large-sized individuals, and calls with high frequency (3,573 Hz) to simulate small-sized individuals. Males of H. goianus significantly altered their acoustic behavior in response to high-frequency calls by shortening the duration and emission rate of advertisement calls, but increasing the duration and number of pulses of the short aggressive call. Conversely, there were no changes in the acoustic behavior of males when stimulated by low-frequency advertisement calls. Finally, we tested whether males of H. goianus respond less aggressively to close neighbors than unknown intruders. To test this, we used playback experiments to stimulate males of H. goianus with calls of both adjacent neighbors and distant individuals. However, there was no change in the acoustic behavior of males. Our results show that males of H. goianus not only modify their acoustic behavior in
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response to conspecific males, but also asses their competitors by using acoustic signals. Thus, the acoustic plasticity of males of H. goianus not only maximizes signal transmission, but also overcome the acoustic interference of conspecifics. / As interações sociais em anfíbios anuros são mediadas principalmente pelos sinais acústicos. Neste contexto, os indivíduos apresentam diferentes tipos de vocalizações, que podem ser emitidas em contextos sociais específicos. Desta forma, este estudo investigou a influência de indivíduos coespecíficos no comportamento vocal de Hypsiboas goianus. O presente trabalho foi realizado na Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, município de Silvânia, estado de Goiás, Brasil. Primeiramente, para testar a influência de cantos coespecíficos no comportamento acústico de machos de H. goianus, utilizamos experimentos de playback a partir de cantos de anúncio gravados previamente. Neste contexto, observamos que os machos alteram seu comportamento acústico, uma vez que estes indivíduos, ao serem estimulados por cantos coespecíficos, diminuem o intervalo entre cantos, taxa de emissão de cantos de anúncio e duração dos pulsos dos cantos de anúncio. Adicionalmente, testamos se os machos de H. goianus utilizam os sinais acústicos para discriminar o tamanho corporal entre indivíduos coespecíficos. Para tal, utilizamos uma abordagem experimental em que realizamos experimentos de playback a partir de cantos de anúncio sintéticos com diferentes valores de frequência dominante. Assim, para simular indivíduos com grande tamanho corporal utilizamos cantos com baixa frequência (3123 Hz), enquanto os cantos com alta frequência (3573 Hz) simularam indivíduos com pequeno tamanho corporal. Os machos de H. goianus testados alteraram significantemente o comportamento acústico em resposta aos experimentos de alta frequência, uma vez que diminuem a duração e a emissão do canto de anúncio, porém aumentam a duração e o número de pulsos do canto agressivo curto. Por outro lado, não observamos alterações no comportamento acústico dos machos quando estes foram estimulados por cantos de anúncio de baixa frequência dominante. Finalmente, testamos se machos de H. goianus respondem menos
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agressivamente a indivíduos coespecíficos que sejam vizinhos próximos do que a intrusos desconhecidos. Neste contexto, utilizamos experimentos de playback para estimular os machos de H. goianus com cantos dos vizinhos adjacentes e também de indivíduos distantes. No entanto, não observamos qualquer alteração no comportamento acústico dos machos testados. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que os machos de H. goianus são capazes de alterar o comportamento acústico em resposta a machos coespecíficos e, adicionalmente, tais indivíduos podem discriminar os seus respectivos competidores a partir dos sinais acústicos. Assim, a plasticidade acústica apresentada por machos de H. goianus é um mecanismo que maximiza a transmissão dos sinais por estes indivíduos e, consequentemente, superar a interferência acústica causada por coespecíficos.
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