Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14136号 / 工博第2970号 / 新制||工||1441(附属図書館) / 26442 / UT51-2008-N453 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一, 教授 関口 秀雄, 教授 藤田 正治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Por se tratar de um fenômeno complexo, a modelagem computacional tem sido utilizada na tentativa de simular o comportamento de fluxos de detritos. Um dos modelos computacionais é o Kanako-2D. O presente trabalho realizou análise de sensibilidade desse modelo em relação a alcance, área de erosão, área de deposição, área total atingida e largura do fluxo. Os valores dos parâmetros de entrada do Kanako-2D, cujas faixas de variação foram estabelecidas a partir de revisão bibliográfica, foram alterados individualmente enquanto os demais eram mantidos nos valores padrão do modelo. Os parâmetros analisados foram: diâmetro dos sedimentos, coeficiente de rugosidade de Manning, coeficiente de taxa de deposição, coeficiente de taxa de erosão, massa específica da fase fluida, massa específica do leito, concentração de sedimentos e ângulo de atrito interno. Foi utilizada uma vertente real com histórico de ocorrência de fluxos de detritos (bacia hidrográfica do arroio Böni, em Alto Feliz e São Vendelino/RS) e uma vertente hipotética com as mesmas características da vertente real para avaliar o efeito da topografia na propagação do fluxo. Também foram simuladas diferentes condições de terreno na propagação do fluxo de detritos. A sensibilidade do modelo foi quantificada a partir de três métodos: (a) análise por rastreamento, que indicou massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e concentração de sedimentos como os parâmetros que causam maior sensibilidade do modelo; (b) análise regional, indicando que os parâmetros massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e massa específica da fase fluida apresentaram maior sensibilidade do modelo; e (c) análise das variâncias, em que os parâmetros que mais causaram sensibilidade ao modelo foram coeficiente de taxa de erosão, diâmetro dos sedimentos e massa específica do leito. Os resultados apontaram que, de maneira geral, os parâmetros que geram maior sensibilidade no modelo são massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e concentração de sedimentos. As maiores variações relativas, no entanto, foram observadas nos parâmetros massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e massa específica da fase fluida. As maiores sensibilidades foram verificadas, em ordem decrescente, para área de erosão, área total, área de erosão, área de deposição, alcance e largura na vertente real e, para área total, alcance e largura na vertente hipotética. A condição de terreno que gerou maior alcance e área atingida foi de 45° de inclinação na encosta e 17° de inclinação na planície aluvial. / Due to a complex phenomenon, computational modeling has been used in an attempt to simulate the behavior of debris flows. One of the computational models is Kanako-2D. The present work carried out sensitivity analysis of this model in relation to length, erosion area, deposition area, total reached area and flow width. The values of the Kanako-2D input parameters, which ranges were established from literature review, were individually changed while the others were kept at the standard values of the model. The analyzed parameters were: sediment diameter, Manning roughness coefficient, coefficient of deposition rate, coefficient of erosion rate, mass density of the fluid phase, mass density of bed material, sediment concentration and internal friction angle. It was used a real slope-site with a history of occurrences of debris flow (Böni river basin in Alto Feliz and São Vendelino/RS) and a hypothetical slope-site with the same characteristics of the real one to evaluate the effect of the topography in the propagation of the flow. Different hillslope and alluvial fan conditions were also simulated in order to evaluate the length and reached area in the propagation of the flow. The sensitivity was quantified from three methods: (a) screening analysis, which indicated mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and sediment concentration as the parameters that cause bigger sensitivity in the model; (b) regionalized analysis, indicate that the parameters mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and mass density of the fluid phase showed higher sensitivity in the model; and (c) variances analysis, indicated that coefficient of erosion rate, sediment diameter and mass density of bed material showed higher sensitivity in the model. The results showed that, in general, the parameters that generate the higher sensitivity in the model are mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and concentration. The largest relative variation, however, in the response of the model were observed in mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and mass density of fluid phase. In descending order, the highest sensitivities were verified for erosion area, total area, deposition area, length and width for the real slope-site and total area, length and width for the hypothetical slope-site. The terrain condition that generated the largest length and reached area was 45° on the hillslope and 17º on the alluvial fan.

Por se tratar de um fenômeno complexo, a modelagem computacional tem sido utilizada na tentativa de simular o comportamento de fluxos de detritos. Um dos modelos computacionais é o Kanako-2D. O presente trabalho realizou análise de sensibilidade desse modelo em relação a alcance, área de erosão, área de deposição, área total atingida e largura do fluxo. Os valores dos parâmetros de entrada do Kanako-2D, cujas faixas de variação foram estabelecidas a partir de revisão bibliográfica, foram alterados individualmente enquanto os demais eram mantidos nos valores padrão do modelo. Os parâmetros analisados foram: diâmetro dos sedimentos, coeficiente de rugosidade de Manning, coeficiente de taxa de deposição, coeficiente de taxa de erosão, massa específica da fase fluida, massa específica do leito, concentração de sedimentos e ângulo de atrito interno. Foi utilizada uma vertente real com histórico de ocorrência de fluxos de detritos (bacia hidrográfica do arroio Böni, em Alto Feliz e São Vendelino/RS) e uma vertente hipotética com as mesmas características da vertente real para avaliar o efeito da topografia na propagação do fluxo. Também foram simuladas diferentes condições de terreno na propagação do fluxo de detritos. A sensibilidade do modelo foi quantificada a partir de três métodos: (a) análise por rastreamento, que indicou massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e concentração de sedimentos como os parâmetros que causam maior sensibilidade do modelo; (b) análise regional, indicando que os parâmetros massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e massa específica da fase fluida apresentaram maior sensibilidade do modelo; e (c) análise das variâncias, em que os parâmetros que mais causaram sensibilidade ao modelo foram coeficiente de taxa de erosão, diâmetro dos sedimentos e massa específica do leito. Os resultados apontaram que, de maneira geral, os parâmetros que geram maior sensibilidade no modelo são massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e concentração de sedimentos. As maiores variações relativas, no entanto, foram observadas nos parâmetros massa específica do leito, ângulo de atrito interno e massa específica da fase fluida. As maiores sensibilidades foram verificadas, em ordem decrescente, para área de erosão, área total, área de erosão, área de deposição, alcance e largura na vertente real e, para área total, alcance e largura na vertente hipotética. A condição de terreno que gerou maior alcance e área atingida foi de 45° de inclinação na encosta e 17° de inclinação na planície aluvial. / Due to a complex phenomenon, computational modeling has been used in an attempt to simulate the behavior of debris flows. One of the computational models is Kanako-2D. The present work carried out sensitivity analysis of this model in relation to length, erosion area, deposition area, total reached area and flow width. The values of the Kanako-2D input parameters, which ranges were established from literature review, were individually changed while the others were kept at the standard values of the model. The analyzed parameters were: sediment diameter, Manning roughness coefficient, coefficient of deposition rate, coefficient of erosion rate, mass density of the fluid phase, mass density of bed material, sediment concentration and internal friction angle. It was used a real slope-site with a history of occurrences of debris flow (Böni river basin in Alto Feliz and São Vendelino/RS) and a hypothetical slope-site with the same characteristics of the real one to evaluate the effect of the topography in the propagation of the flow. Different hillslope and alluvial fan conditions were also simulated in order to evaluate the length and reached area in the propagation of the flow. The sensitivity was quantified from three methods: (a) screening analysis, which indicated mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and sediment concentration as the parameters that cause bigger sensitivity in the model; (b) regionalized analysis, indicate that the parameters mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and mass density of the fluid phase showed higher sensitivity in the model; and (c) variances analysis, indicated that coefficient of erosion rate, sediment diameter and mass density of bed material showed higher sensitivity in the model. The results showed that, in general, the parameters that generate the higher sensitivity in the model are mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and concentration. The largest relative variation, however, in the response of the model were observed in mass density of bed material, internal friction angle and mass density of fluid phase. In descending order, the highest sensitivities were verified for erosion area, total area, deposition area, length and width for the real slope-site and total area, length and width for the hypothetical slope-site. The terrain condition that generated the largest length and reached area was 45° on the hillslope and 17º on the alluvial fan.

O objetivo dessa pesquisa é avaliar a vulnerabilidade das construções às corridas de detritos, na bacia do rio Guaxinduba município de Caraguatatuba SP. Para tanto, aplicou-se o método PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment) que vem sendo aplicado em diferentes países considerando os diferentes processos perigosos naturais. Nesta pesquisa, a vulnerabilidade foi avaliada conforme as ações mitigadoras do poder público. As etapas metodológicas aplicadas foram: a) Classificação dos depósitos de corridas de detritos na área de estudo; b) Seleção dos critérios que afetam a vulnerabilidade das construções e sistematização de banco de dados; c) Cálculo da vulnerabilidade e d) Mapeamento da vulnerabilidade final. Dentre os instrumentos metodológicos utilizados, ressalta-se a utilização do ArcGis versão 10.0 e fotografia aérea. Ao todo, foram mapeadas 38 áreas que culminaram na distribuição da vulnerabilidade final com 7,9 % alta e 68,4 % média e 23,7% baixa. Nesse sentido, verificou-se a relevante variação de aproximadamente 30% entre a vulnerabilidade mais baixa (55%) e a mais alta (83%). Além disso, concluiu-se que a norte da Estrada do Cantagalo, bem como nas Alamedas dos Castanheiros e Pessegueiros, área central da bacia mapeada, concentra-se o maior número de áreas com vulnerabilidade elevada. Diante da escassez dos procedimentos metodológicos no Brasil que visem avaliar a suscetibilidade, a vulnerabilidade ou o risco, referentes às corridas de detritos; esta pesquisa destaca, ainda, a importância destes trabalhos no cenário de riscos ambientais, contribuindo com os esforços mundiais de redução de risco. / The objective of this research is to assess the vulnerability of buildings to debris flow in the river basin Guaxinduba - Caraguatatuba county - SP. To this end, we applied the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment) method that has been applied in different countries considering different natural hazardous processes. In this research, the vulnerability was judged according to the mitigation actions of government. The methodological steps were applied: a) Classification of debris flow deposits in the study area; b) Selection criteria that affect the vulnerability of buildings and systematized database; c) Calculation of vulnerability and d) Mapping the final vulnerability. Among the methodological tools used, we emphasize the use of ArcGIS version 10.0 and aerial photography. In general 38 areas which resulted in the following distribution of the final vulnerability were surveyed: 7.9% high, 68.4% average and 23.7% presented low vulnerability. Accordingly, there was a significant variation of approximately 30% between the lowest vulnerability (55%) and the highest (83%). Furthermore, it was concluded that the northern of Cantagalo Road, as well as the alleys of Castanheiros and Pessegueiros, central area of the basin mapped, concentrates the largest number of areas with high vulnerability. Given the scarcity of methodological procedures in Brazil to evaluate the susceptibility, vulnerability or risk related to debris flow; This research also highlights the importance of these works on environmental risk scenario, contributing to global efforts to reduce risk.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14913号 / 工博第3140号 / 新制||工||1471(附属図書館) / 27351 / UT51-2009-M827 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一, 教授 関口 秀雄, 教授 藤田 正治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19233号 / 工博第4068号 / 新制||工||1628(附属図書館) / 32232 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一, 教授 藤田 正治, 准教授 川池 健司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

A new geologic map of the Deer Point 7.5' quadrangle located in the southern region of Capitol Reef National Park in south-central Utah provides stratigraphic and structural detail not previously available. The Deer Point quadrangle was mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 and is the fourth geologic map completed at this scale in Capitol Reef National Park. Twelve Quaternary units and eighteen bedrock formations and members are exposed in the Deer Point quadrangle. Bedrock formations range in age from Triassic to Cretaceous. The details not available on previous geologic maps include: four alluvial terrace units, two lacustrine units, two mass movement units, and members of the Moenkopi, Chinle, and Carmel Formations. Historically the Page Sandstone has been mapped as part of the Navajo Sandstone or the Carmel Formation. This map identifies the Page Sandstone as a separate and independent unit. The Deer Point quadrangle is cross cut by a portion of a Laramide-age, basement cored, NNW-SSE trending asymmetrical anticline called the Waterpocket Fold. Strikes and dips measured throughout the Deer Point quadrangle identify the vergence of the anticline as eastward with a maximum dip of 49˚ on the forelimb and 7˚ on the backlimb. The maximum dip on the forelimb dramatically decreases in the southern quarter of the quadrangle to 15˚.The Utah Geological Survey is mapping the Hite Crossing 30' x 60' quadrangle at a scale of 1:62.500. The Deer Point quadrangle is one of 32 quadrangles that comprise the Hite Crossing quadrangle. The Utah Geological Survey is working to establish erosion rates on the Colorado Plateau. To do this, they are dating alluvial terrace deposits. Within the Deer Point quadrangle four new terrace levels have been identified that could help with this research. Additional research could use these terrace deposits to better understand erosion rates in the Deer Point quadrangle and the broader Colorado Plateau. Numerous mass movement deposits are found within the Deer Point quadrangle. The largest has been named the Red Slide. Several aspects of the Red Slide are identified including classification, breakaway zone, source, deposit size, composition, debris flow path and depositional history. The Red Slide has been classified as a debris flow. The breakaway zone is a concave cliff 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the west of the debris flow's present location. The flow's scarp is no longer identifiable. The source of the debris flow material is the Chinle Formation and Wingate Sandstone. The Red Slide deposit covers an area of over 16.6 million ft2 (~1.5 million m2). The toe of the debris flow is 1 mile (1.6 km) wide. The estimated maximum thickness of the debris flow is sixty meters. The Red Slide is composed of fine-grained, clay- and silt- sized material, and a small amount of angular pebble- to cobble-sized limestone clasts from the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation. Boulder- to sand-sized grains from the Wingate Sandstone are scattered throughout the deposit with the larger grains forming inversely grading packages. The Red Slide likely occurred as a series of large debris flows, not one catastrophic event, although they may have occurred at about the same time.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24295号 / 工博第5068号 / 新制||工||1791(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 CRUZ Ana Maria, 教授 渦岡 良介, 教授 肥後 陽介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

[pt] Para avaliação de movimentos de corridas de detritos em vertentes montanhosas, é necessária uma abordagem reológica através de modalegem consitutiva da massa de solo descendente. O modelo de Bingham é amplamente empregado na literatura de corridas, sendo seus parâmetros a viscosidade plástica e tensão de escoamento. Esta análise provê o entendimento da propagação do movimento dos detritos em campo, ao fornecer uma estimativa de sua velocidade, espessura e alcance. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta para determinação da tensão de escoamento e viscosidade de solos, através de ensaios de abatimento de tubo cilíndrico. A tensão de escoamento e a viscosidade foram determinadas em um reômetro rotaticonal, com base nas taxas de cisalhamento definidas nos ensaio de abatimento. Foram estudados dois solos naturais do Rio de Janeiro, com diferentes granulometrias e plasticidades. Os resultados experimentais obtidos são comparados com soluções analíticas da literatura, e mostram que deve-se ter cuidado na definição destes parametros reológicos com base apenas em dados relacionados a distribuição granulométrica dos solos. Como resultado, foi estabelecida uma relação entre teor de umidade, tensão de escoamento e viscosidade. Comparando os dados obtidos com resultados disponíveis na literatura, conclui-se que a metodologia desenvolvida pode fornecer uma maneira simples de avaliar parâmetros reológicos de solos para análises de corridas. / [en] To evaluate debris flow downhill movements, it is necessary a rheological approach through constitutive modelling the descendent moving mass. Bingham s model is widely employed in the debris flow literature, its input parameters being plastic viscosity and yield stress. Such analysis provides understandings of the propagation of the debris motion in the field, once it provides an estimate of its velocity, thickness and range area. The present study presents a proposal for the assessment of soil yield stress and plastic viscosity, by laboratorial testing on a cylindrical tube slump test. Through the definition of shearing rates in the slump tests, yield stress and viscosity were determined on a plate–plate rheometer. Two natural soils from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with differing grain size distribution and plasticity, were used in the investigation. The experimental results obtained are compared with analytical and semi empirical solutions from the literature, and show that care must be taken in defining viscosities based only on data related to grain size. Correlations were obtained concerning to soil moisture and shear rates, defined in the slump tests, and also between plastic viscosity and yield stress, defined in the rheometer tests. As a result, good relationships between water content and both yield stress and viscosity were established. Comparing the obtained data with other results available in the literature it is concluded that the developed experimental methodology may provide a simple way to evaluate rheological parameters of soils for debris flow analyses.

Sediment, an integral part of rivers and watersheds, is eroded from, stored in, and transported through various watershed components. Rivers often receive sediment in the form of episodic, discrete pulses from a variety of natural and anthropogenic processes, this sediment can be transported downstream along the bed or suspended in the water column. Most sediment measurements are focused on the component suspended in the water column. Recent advances in data collection techniques have substantially increased both the resolution and spatial scale of data on suspended sediment dynamics, which is helpful in linking small, site-scale measurements of transport processes in the field with large-scale modeling efforts. Part of this research evaluates the accuracy of the latest laser diffraction instrument for suspended-sediment measurement in rivers, LISST-SL2 for measuring suspended sediment concentration (SSC), particle size distribution (PSD), and velocity by comparing to concurrent physical samples analyzed in a lab for SSC and PSD, and velocity measured using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) at 11 sites in Washington and Virginia during 2018-2020. Another part of this work employs a 1-D river network, bed material transport model to investigate the magnitude, timing, and persistence of downstream changes due to the introduction of sediment pulses in a linear river network. We specifically focus on comparing bed responses between mixed and uniform grain size sediment pulses. Then the model capability is utilized to explore the control of hydrograph structure on debris flow sediment transport through a more complex river network at different time horizons. Another part of this work investigates the effect of differences in spatial distribution of debris flow sediment input to the network by analyzing corresponding tributary and mainstem characteristics. Based on an extensive dataset, our results highlight the need for a correction of the raw LISST-SL2 measurements to improve the estimation of effective density and particle size distribution with the help of a physical sample. Simulation results from the river network model show that bed response is primarily influenced by the sediment-pulse grain size and distribution. Intermediate mixed-size pulses are likely to have the largest downstream impact because finer sizes translate quickly and coarser sizes (median bed gravel size and larger) disperse slowly. Furthermore, a mixed-size pulse, with a smaller median grain size than the bed, increases bed mobility more than a uniform-size pulse. While investigating the hydrologic control on debris flow simulation, this study finds that differences between transport by a 30-year daily hydrograph and simplified hydrographs were greatest in the first few years, but errors decreased to around 10% after 10 years. Our simulation results highlight that the sequence of flows (initial high/low flow) is less important for transport of finer sediment. We show that such network-scale modeling can quantitatively identify geomorphically significant network characteristics for efficient transport from tributaries to the mainstem, and eventually to the outlet. Results suggest that watershed area and slope characteristics are important to predict aggradation hotspots in a network. However, to predict aggradation and fluvial geomorphic responses to variations in sediment supply from river network characteristics more confidently, more widespread (in several other river networks) model applications with field validation would be useful. This work has important implications for river management, as it allows us to better predict geomorphically significant tributaries and potential impact on downstream locations, which are important for river biodiversity. Model results lead the way to use of simplified flow hydrographs for different timescales, which is crucial in large-scale modeling as it is often restricted by computational capacity. Finally, given the ability for reliable quantification of a high-resolution time-series of different suspended-sediment characteristics, in-stream laser diffraction offers great potential to advance our understanding of suspended-sediment transport. / Doctor of Philosophy / Rivers receive sediment from different natural and human sources, and water moves this sediment in various ways. These ways include along the bottom of the stream or suspended in the water. Quantifying suspended sediment in streams is an important step to estimate the threat to riverine environments as suspended sediments not only carry chemicals and pollutants, but also interact with the river bottom to affect the characteristics of streams. Measurement of suspended-sediment concentration and particle-size is critical for many engineering, ecological, and river-structure issues, but obtaining an accurate measurement of sediment quantity in a river is challenging. The recent advancement of a laser diffraction instrument allows us to obtain frequent measurements of suspended-sediment concentration and particle size by volume. We applied the most recent such instrument at 11 sites in Washington and Virginia during 2018-2020, along with concurrent water samples to measure suspended-sediment concentration and particle size by mass in a laboratory. Our analysis suggests that at least one supporting physical mass measurement be obtained to improve the estimation from laser measurement. Beside this site-scale measurement, we apply a large-scale river network model to estimate how sediment moves along the bed of rivers at large spatial extents. We simulate how this added sediment results in downstream changes in the amount of sediment in the river channel. We compare observed changes in the elevation of the stream bottom and sediment accumulation rates in a downstream lake to model results. Then we investigate the magnitude, timing, and persistence of downstream changes due to the introduction of added sediment by comparing the changes against a baseline condition (without the added sediment). We find that the added sediment that is half as large as on the river bottom and with a range of sizes are likely to affect the largest downstream changes because smaller sizes move quickly and larger sizes move slowly. Furthermore, added sediment that is smaller than on the river bottom and with a range of sizes help more sediment on the river bottom move than if that sediment addition all had the same particle size. We also employ this model to explore the effect of flow variation and river characteristics on sediment movement. Comparing between a 30-year flow record and simplified flow records, we show that results from simplified flow records vary initially, but errors decrease after 10 years. That is, both flow records result in similar sediment movement in the long-term. In terms of aggradation from added sediment, results show that the characteristics of elevation change of the river bottom play a vital role along with the contributing landscape area. This work has important implications for river management, as it not only allows us to accurately measure suspended sediment with an advanced instrument, but also better understand how rivers and aquatic habitat are affected by variations in added sediment.