Orientador: Rogério Caetano da Costa / Banca: Adilson Leão Castilho / Banca: Fernando D'Incao / Banca: Roberto Munehisa Shimizu / Resumo: O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi estudar a biologia populacional de três espécies-alvo da pesca camaroneira, sendo elas: camarões-rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis e F. paulensis e camarão-branco Litopenaeus schmitti, ao longo do complexo baía-estuário de Santos-São Vicente (SP). Um total de oito pontos de coleta foram pré-determinados, sendo 4 no interior do estuário e 4 na baía abrangendo uma área até os 20 metros de profundidade durante 2 anos (julho de 2008 a junho de 2010). A partir daí, foram averiguados os seguintes objetivos específicos: a abundância e a distribuição espaço-temporal das espécies em questão; a influência dos fatores ambientais (temperatura, salinidade, teor de matéria orgânica e textura do sedimento) em relação à abundância de cada espécie; a estrutura populacional, baseando-se na distribuição dos indivíduos em classes de tamanho; crescimento dos indivíduos, com base na progressão modal para ambos os sexos; a variação diuturna da abundância e do tamanho em relação às fases lunares e as marés, assim como o comportamento de enterramento característico das espécies estudadas em condições laboratoriais. Em ambos os ambientes, a captura dos indivíduos foi efetuada por meio de um barco camaroneiro equipado com uma rede de arrasto de portas. Os fatores abióticos foram coletados mensalmente em todos os pontos de amostragens. A estrutura populacional foi estudada por meio da distribuição de freqüência dos indivíduos em classes de tamanho, razão sexual e recrutamento juvenil, enquanto que o crescimento em tamanho foi estimado para machos e fêmeas por meio do acompanhamento do deslocamento modal, utilizando-se o método de máxima verossimilhança para estimar os parâmetros do modelo de von Bertalanffy (1938). As amostragens referentes à variação diuturna foram realizadas entre fevereiro e março de 2011 em três pontos no ... / Not available / Doutor

Resumo: A hipótese de que a deposição espermática e a fecundação no camarão Stenopus hispidus ocorrem externamente ao corpo foram testadas, baseando-se no comportamento reprodutivo em laboratório e na anatomia reprodutiva. Para isso, 12 casais adultos foram mantidos em aquários interligados, em salinidade 35%o, temperatura 26°C, fotoperíodo 12 horas e alimentados com ração industrializada para peixes. 0 comportamento reprodutivo foi filmado e fêmeas recém-copuladas tiveram os esternos analisados. Posteriormente, os casais foram anestesiados e dissecados para a descrição da forma e localização das gônadas e pleópodos. O aparelho reprodutivo (AR) de ambos os sexos, esternos, genitálias e primeiro pleópodo também foram preparados e fotografados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A cópula ocorre quando a fêmea está em pós-muda, e espermatozóides puderam ser observados em seus esternos somente fazendo-se um esfregaço em lâmina. Apenas o primeiro pleópodo e masculino parece estar envolvido na cópula, já que é diferenciado dos demais. 0 AR masculino é reduzido e restrito à carapaça, com testículos lobulados e vasos deferentes não enovelados, abrindo-se na base do 5° pereiópodo. 0 AR feminino é bem desenvolvido, com o ovário ocupando grande parte da carapaça e alcançando até o terceiro somito abdominal; os ovidutos são curtos e sem estrutura aparente para estocagem de espermatozóides. As fendas genitais femininas se abrem na base do terceiro par de pereiópodos e são circundadas por cerdas plumosas, comuns também nos esternitos torácicos. Assim, o macho deposita uma massa espermática simples na região ventral da fêmea, e a fecundação ocorre no momenta da exteriorização dos oócitos maduros / Abstract: Reproductive morphology and sperm transfer in Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 11) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Stenopodidae). The hypothesis that the deposition of sperm and fertilization in the shrimp Stenopus hispidus occurs externally of the body were tested, based on reproductive behavior in the laboratory and reproductive anatomy. For this, 12 adult pairs were kept isolated on interconnected aquaria with salinity 35%o, temperature 26°C, photoperiod 12 hours and daily fed with ornamental fish food. The reproductive behavior was taken with video camera and females had the sternum analyzed after mate. After that, the shrimps were anesthetized and dissected to describe the shape and location of the gonads and pleopods morphology. The reproductive systems (RS), sternum, first pleopods and genitalia were prepared and photographed by scanning electron microscopy. The mating occurs when the female was in pos-molt, and spermatozoa were seen in their sternum only by microscope slide smear preparation. Only the first male pleopod seems to be involved in the mating, since it is different from the others. The male RS is reduced and restricted to the carapace, with lobulated testis and vas deferens not convolute, opening in the 5th pereiopod basis. The female RS is well developed, with the ovary occupying much of the carapace and reaching the third abdominal segment; the oviduct is short and without apparent structure for sperm storage. The female genitalia open at third pereiopod basis and are surrounded by dense plumose setae, common also in the sternites. Thus, the male deposits a simple spermatophoric mass in the ventral region of the female and the fertilization occurs at the moment of the mature oocytes exteriorization / Orientador: Maria Lucia Negreiros Fransozo / Coorientador: Laura Suzana Lopez Grego / Banca: Wagner Cotroni Valenti / Banca: Fernando Luis Medina Mantelatto / Banca: Rogério Caetano da Costa / Banca: Fernando José Zara / Doutor

Orientador: Adilson Fransozo / Banca: Antonio Leão Castilho / Banca: Ariadeine Cristine Almeida / Banca: Kátia Aparecida Nunes Hiroki / Banca: Gustavo Monteiro Teixeira / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito dos fatores ambientais sobre a distribuição espacial e temporal do camarão P. muelleri em uma área de influência da ressurgência de Cabo Frio. As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente, durante dois anos, no litoral de Macaé Estado do Rio de Janeiro (22o 47o S, 41o 45o W) entre as profundidades de 5 a 45 metros. Os parâmetros ambientais temperatura e salinidade da água, assim como a textura e conteúdo de matéria orgânica do sedimento foram analisados. Um total de 14236 indivíduos de P. muelleri foram capturados. As maiores abundâncias ocorreram principalmente nos 25 e 35 metros de profundidade e na Primavera II. Os fatores ambientais com relação significativa na abundância de camarões foram a temperatura e a salinidade. Estes resultados indicam que principalmente quando a temperatura é inferior a 18oC, ocorre uma maior abundância de P. muelleri, permanecendo em áreas mais profundas mesmo quando as temperaturas parecem ser mais favoráveis na região rasa (T< 22oC). A preferência por áreas mais profundas indica que não ocorre migração para estas áreas mais internas. P. muelleri parece ter uma preferência por salinidades superiores a 32 da região mais profunda. A presença de indivíduos durante os dois anos de estudo indica que existe uma população estabelecida na região, que sofre a influência da ressurgência de Cabo Frio / Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of environmental factors on the spatial and temporal distribution of P. muelleri shrimp in an area of influence of the resurgence of Cabo Frio. Samples were collected monthly, during two years, on the coast of Macae, State of Rio de Janeiro (22 47 S, 41 45 W), between 5 to 45 meters of depths. Environmental parameters temperature and salinity of the water, as well as texture and content of organic matter in the sediment ware analyzed. A total of 14236 individuals of P. muelleri were captured. The highest abundances occurred mainly in the 25 and 35 meters deep and spring II. Environmental factors with significant relationship in the abundance of shrimp were the temperature and salinity. These results indicate that particularly when the temperature is below 18° C, there is a greater abundance of P. muelleri, remaining in the deeper areas even when temperatures appear to be most favorable in the shallow region (T <22° C). The preference for deeper areas indicates that there is not migration to internal areas. P. muelleri appears to prefer salinities above the deepest region 32. The presence of individuals during the two year study indicates that there is an established population in the region, which is influenced by the resurgence of Cabo Frio / Doutor

Orientador: Adilson Fransozo / Coorientador: Fúlvio Aurélio de Morais Freire / Banca: Gustavo Monteiro Teixeira / Banca: Giovana Bertini / Banca: Valter José Gobo / Banca: Rogério Caetano da Costa / Resumo: Não disponível / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

The distribution of Callianassa kraussi in southern Africa extends from Lamberts Bay on the west coast to San Martinho in Mocambique. This represents a northerly extension of the range from the previous known limit of Inhaca Island. In this area 59 localities were visited and records obtained for an additional 16. Three areas were selected for detailed study. These were the west Kleinemonde estuary, which is normally closed off from the sea by a sand bar and the open Swartkops estuary both on the southeastern Cape coast, and the Swartvlei system, which consists of a lake connected to the sea by a channel which closes intermittently, on the southern Cape coast. The nature of the burrows constructed by C. kraussi was investigated in these areas. Burrow complexes may have up to nine entrances but more commonly two to four. Laboratory studies suggest that the number of entrances does not exceed the number of prawns present and consequently burrow opening counts will give an estimate of population density. Water movement can result in the closing off of burrows while strong water and sand movement will exclude C.kraussi from an area. C.kraussi is also excluded from areas which have very coarse substrates. A three year regular sampling program showed that C.kraussi breeds mainly in winter/spring with a smaller breeding peak in summer. Egg development time at 20°C in a salinity of 35° /₀₀ is 30-33 days. There are two larval stages which last 3-5 days. Development time of the eggs is tripled at temperatures of 13-15°C while larval development time is extended to 9-14 days. Development is possibly slightly accelerated at 25 ± 3°C but the number of eggs hatching is markedly reduced. Larval development times were similar to those at 20° and 35°/₀₀. There are no planktonic larval stages. Growth was more rapid and greater size was attained in the open Swartkops estuary than in the closed Kleinemonde estuary. Prawns hatching in winter/spring breed for the first time in the following summer at an age of about 16 months and then again in the following winter/spring at an age of about 2 years. Prawns hatching in summer breed in the following winter at an age of about 18 months and then again in the immediately following summer. Longevity in both sexes is about 2 years. Dispersal is accomplished by migration of the post-larval juvenile phases at an age of 3-5 months. Non-selfmaintaining populations exist in areas where salinities are too low to permit breeding. Population densities were found to vary markedly in different areas. Investigations of osmotic and ionic regulation showed that C.kraussi is a strong hyper-regulator and thus distinct from any other known species in the genus. Volume regulatory ability is well developed and depends on variable rates of urine production. Salt loss in dilutions occurs almost equally via the gills and the urine. The general responses of C.kraussi to dilutions of sea water are discussed. Various suggestions for conservation measures based on the distribution and iife cycle of C.kraussi were made. The factors affecting the distribution of C.kraussi are discussed. The problem of the larval development in C.kraussi was discussed in relation to reviews of larval types of benthic invertebrates. The importance of the burrow, the possible route by which C.kraussi has invaded estuaries and the differences between open and closed estuaries as shown by the effects on C.kraussi were discussed.

This study is concerned with description of larval stages of Pagurus granosimanus, P. hemphilli and P. hirsutiusculus. All three are found intertidally in Northern California. Descriptions are based on laboratory raised zoea and glaucothoe.

In the present study, aspects of the behavior and ecology of two sympathetic intertidal hermit crabs, Pagurus hirsutiusculus and Pagurus samuelis were studied with the intention of expanding the use of fitness set analysis to other species, particularly extending studies over the entire breeding season.

Deep-water trawling (>200 m deep) for crustaceans in the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) yields catches of several species, including prawns (Haliporoides triarthrus, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, Aristeus antennatus and Aristeus virilis), langoustine (Metanephrops mozambicus), spiny lobster (Palinurus delagoae) and geryonid crab (Chaceon macphersoni). Infrequent deep-water trawling takes place off Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar; however, well-established fisheries operate off Mozambique and South Africa. Regular trawling off South Africa started in the 1970’s, mainly targeting M .mozambicus and H. triarthrus. Catch and effort data for the South African fishery were regularly recorded in skipper logbooks over a 23 year period (1988 – 2010); this database was obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) in order to assess abundance trends of M. mozambicus and H. triarthrus. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to quantify the effects of year, month, depth and vessel on catch per unit effort (CPUE). By year, the standardized CPUE of M. mozambicus increased, and three factors (or a combination of them) could explain the trend: reduced effort saturation, improved gear and technology, or an increase in abundance. By month, CPUE peaked in July and was highest between depths of 300 and 399 m. The standardized CPUE of H. triarthrus fluctuated more by year than for M. mozambicus, possibly because it is a shorter-lived and faster growing species. The monthly CPUE peaked in March, and was highest between depths of 400 and 499 m. Totals of 2 033 M. mozambicus (1 041 males and 992 females) and 5 927 H. triarthrus (2 938 males and 2 989 females) were sampled at sea between December 2010 and March 2012, during quarterly trips on-board a fishing trawler. A GLM framework was used to explore their size composition, sex ratio variability, size at maturity and reproductive cycles. Male and female M. mozambicus size distributions were similar, but varied by month and decreased as depth increased. Female H. triarthrus were significant larger than males; size structure varied by month, but showed no change over depth. The sex ratio of M. mozambicus favoured males (1 : 0.89), but was close to parity in all months, except November when males predominated. H. triarthrus exhibited parity (1 : 1.002) with no significant variations in sex ratios by month. The proportion of egg-bearing M. mozambicus in the population declined between March and August (hatching period) and then increased until December (spawning period). The L₅₀ (length at 50% maturity) of M. mozambicus was estimated to be 49.4 mm carapace length (CL), and the smallest and largest observed egg-bearing females were 33.5 and 68.6 mm, respectively. No reproductively active female H. triarthrus were recorded during the sampling period. Growth parameter estimates for M. mozambicus (male and female combined) using Fabens method were K = 0.48 yearˉ¹ and L∞ = 76.4 mm CL. Estimates for the von Bertalanffy growth formula (VBGF) were: K = 0.45 yearˉ¹ and L∞ = 76.4 mm CL. H. triarthrus male and female growth parameter were estimated separately. For males they were K = 0.5 yearˉ¹ and L∞ = 46.6 mm CL using Fabens method, and K = 0.76 yearˉ¹ and L∞ = 46.6 mm CL using the VBGF. For females they were K = 0.3 yearˉ¹ and L∞ = 62.9 mm CL using Fabens method, and K = 0.47 yearˉ¹ and L∞ = 62.9 mm CL using the VBGF. CL to total weight regressions were calculated for both species; no significant differences were found between male and female M. mozambicus, although H. triarthrus females became larger and heavier than males. Comparisons with three earlier studies (Berry, 1969; Berry et al., 1975; Tomalin et al., 1997) revealed no major changes in the biology of either species off eastern South Africa. Stocks appear to be stable at current levels of fishing pressure, although some factors are not yet fully understood. Disturbance caused by continual trawling over a spatially limited fishing ground may affect distribution and abundance patterns, especially in M. mozambicus, which was less abundant in the depth range trawled most frequently. The absence of reproductive H. triarthrus in samples suggests that they occur elsewhere, and there is some evidence of a possible spawning migration northwards to Mozambique; this suggests that H. triarthrus is a shared stock between South Africa and Mozambique. The results from this thesis will add to the knowledge of M. mozambicus and H. triarthrus in the SWIO, and provide a basis for developing sustainable management strategies for the deep-water crustacean trawl fishery off eastern South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2013.

Deep-water prawns Haliporoides triarthrus and langoustines Metanephrops mozambicus are endemic to the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) region and make up the largest proportion of deep-water crustacean trawl catches in Mozambique and South Africa. Despite their economic importance to these fisheries, little is known about their distribution, biology and genetic population structure. The metapopulation genetic variation of H. triarthrus and M. mozambicus was assessed from 220 specimens per species collected from three sites in Mozambique (Bazaruto A, Boa Paz and Inhaca), two sites in western Madagascar (Morombe and Tulear) and one site in eastern South Africa (Durban). Two fragments of the mitochondrial region were amplified using universal primers ribosomal 16S subunit (16S) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). From H. triarthrus, fragments of 569 base pair (bp) (16S) and 1300 bp (COI) were amplified. A total of 207 sequences (16S) and 151 sequences (COI) were recovered, and 69 and 78 haplotypes identified, respectively. Metanephrops mozambicus 16S and COI genes produced similar fragment lengths, and 112 (16S) and 127 haplotypes (COI) were recovered. Both species demonstrated high genetic diversity and significant population differentiation in the SWIO region. Two sister-species (or subspecies) of H. triarthrus were identified, one occurring along the African continental shelf and the other off western Madagascar. Furthermore, individual populations making up each lineage were genetically structured, as indicated by the absence of shared haplotypes, and should be recognized as demographically distinct subspecies. Both species have undergone recent population expansions, likely since the late Pleistocene. The large anti-cyclonic and cyclonic eddies prevalent in the Mozambique Channel, and the boundary area between these eddies and upper Agulhas Current are likely factors driving larval retention or return process, thus giving rise to the observed genetically structured populations. The findings from this study are unique for the SWIO region, and may lead to a paradigm shift in the way that deep-water crustacean stocks are perceived by fisheries managers – instead of single shared stocks, they comprise of many isolated ones, in spite of the dispersal potential of larvae in strong ocean current regimes. Thus stocks should be managed as small independent units. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Orientador: Antonio Leão Castilho / Banca: Gustavo Monteiro Teixeira / Banca: Rogério Caetano da Costa / Resumo: Rimapenaeus constrictus apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica e os fatores ambientais que modulam o seu padrão de abundância e distribuição ainda são pouco entendidos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever os fatores ambientais atuantes sobre a região de Cananéia e compreender de maneira mais clara a influência da condição ambiental sobre a espécie R. constrictus. Os camarões foram obtidos a partir de coletas mensais na região de Cananéia, litoral sul do estado de São Paulo, de julho de 2012 a maio de 2014 com um barco camaroneiro equipado com redes do tipo double-rig, em isóbatas de 5 a 20 metros de profundidade. Os fatores ambientais foram obtidos na coluna d'água por meio de uma sonda Multiparâmetros e o sedimento com um pegador de Petersen. Foram coletados 1784 indivíduos distribuídos majoritariamente em salinidades acima de 30, em tipos de sedimento variáveis, desde silte + argila até areia grossa, em faixas de temperatura que variaram entre 17 e 29°C e nas menores concentrações de clorofila (até 14μg/L). Os fatores ambientais que mais influenciaram a distribuição da espécie foram salinidade e temperatura (Regressão Múltipla, p < 0,05). A abundância não diferiu entre as estações do ano, mas diferiu entre as estações amostrais (Tukey, p < 0,05). Cananéia apresentou-se como uma região dinâmica de características ambientais complexas. Rimapenaeus constrictus parece ser uma espécie bastante generalista em relação à escolha do substrato e, provavelmente, possui fisiologia do tipo euritermal e estenohalina, sendo a salinidade um fator considerado como limitante a sua distribuição / Abstract: Rimapenaeus constrictus presents a wide geographical distribution and environmental factors that influence their abundance and distribution pattern are still poorly understood. The aims of the present study were describe the environmental factors acting in Cananeia region and understand more clearly the influence of the environmental conditions on the R. constrictus. The shrimps were collected from monthly samples in Cananéia region, South coast of São Paulo state, from July 2012 through May 2014 using a shrimp boat outfitted with double-rig nets, at isobaths in 5 to 20 feet deep. Environmental factors were obtained in the water column by a Multiparameters probe and the sediment by a Petersen grab. Were collected 1784 individuals mainly distributed in salinities higher than 30 and variable types of sediment, since silt + clay until very coarse sandy, in temperatures ranging between 17 and 29°C and in the lower clorophyll concentrations (up to 14μg/L). The environmental factors that influenced the distribution of the species were salinity and temperature (Multiple Regression, p < 0.05). The abundance did not differ among the seasons, but differed among stations (Tukey, p < 0.05). Cananéia was presented as a dynamic region of complex environmental characteristics. Rimapenaeus constrictus seems to be a very generalist species in the choice of substrate and probably it has physiology eurythermal and stenohaline, and salinity was considered as a limiting factor in its distribution / Mestre