O modelo econômico extrair, transformar, descartar da atualidade está atingindo seus limites físicos. Confrontando-se com questões de disponibilidade de recursos A economia circular é uma alternativa atraente que busca redefinir a noção de crescimento, com foco em benefícios para toda a sociedade. Dentro dessa nova visão, conceitos de tratamentos descentralizados e sustentáveis de saneamento que concentram-se no tratamento e na reciclagem dos recursos presentes nas águas residuais domésticas são considerados. Assim, a partir de uma água residuária é possível obter três recursos principais: a bioenergia, nutrientes e água. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo principal avaliar a produção de um efluente propício ao reúso não potável, a partir de água negra. A água negra foi tratada anaerobiamente (reator UASB) para remoção de matéria orgânica, seguindo para um fotobiorreator para remoção de nutrientes, com consequente separação da biomassa algal por flotação por ar dissolvido. Neste ponto foi avaliada a absorção de nutrientes pelas microalgas e o crescimento de sua biomassa. Após a flotação, o efluente foi desinfetado, avaliada assim, a inativação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, bem como de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. no sistema de tratamento. O reator UASB manteve níveis elevados de remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO), com remoções de 70%. Apresentando uma média de remoção de Escherichia coli e coliformes fecais entre 1 e 3 log. Para protozoários essa remoção foi entre 0,5 e 1,5 log. O fotobiorreator, obteve satisfatório crescimento da biomassa, sem controle de temperaturas ou suplementação de CO2, apresentou também remoção/inativação de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais, com valores entre 0,50 a quase 3,0 log, apresentando de modo geral maior remoção/inativação para Escherichia coli. Foi observado remoção de protozoários e coliformes pela flotação por ar dissolvido, acarretando uma maior concentração destes na biomassa removida. O melhor desinfetante individual foi o cloro, em razão da inativação. No entanto, o ozônio foi o que melhor obteve remoção (oxidação) de matéria orgânica. Em relação aos desinfetantes aplicados de modo sequencial ou simultâneos, foi observado que a melhor inativação foi promovida pelo ensaio sequencial com ozônio e cloro, com inativação de até 3,10 e 3,38 log para Escherichia coli e coliformes totais, respectivamente. Com efeito sinérgico em relação a aplicação individual destes desinfetantes. Recomenda-se o uso do sistema para o tratamento descentralizado, principalmente em pequenas comunidades e em áreas rurais. / The current economic \"extract, transform, discard\" model is reaching its physical limits. Confronting with issues of resource availability Circular economics is an attractive alternative that seeks to redefine the notion of growth, with a focus on benefits for the whole society. Within this new vision, concepts of decentralized and sustainable sanitation treatments that focus on the treatment and recycling of resources present in domestic wastewater are considered. Thus, from a wastewater it is possible to obtain three main resources: bioenergy, nutrients and water. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the production of an effluent conducive to non-potable reuse from black water. The black water was treated anaerobically (UASB reactor) to remove organic matter, followed by a photobioreactor to remove nutrients, with consequent separation of the algal biomass by dissolved air flotation. At this point, the nutrient uptake by microalgae and the growth of their biomass were evaluated. After flotation, the effluent was disinfected, thus evaluating the inactivation of total coliforms and Escherichia coli, as well as Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in the treatment system. The UASB reactor maintained high levels of organic matter removal (COD), with removals of 70%. Presents an average removal of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms between 1 and 3 log. For protozoa this removal was between 0.5 and 1.5 log. The photobioreactor, obtained satisfactory biomass growth, without temperature control or CO2 supplementation, also showed removal/inactivation of Escherichia coli and total coliforms, with values ranging from 0.50 to almost 3.0 log, generally presenting greater removal inactivation for Escherichia coli. Removal of protozoa and coliforms by flotation by dissolved air was observed, leading to a higher concentration of these in the biomass removed. The best individual disinfectant was chlorine, due to inactivation. However, ozone was the one that best obtained removal (oxidation) of organic matter. Regarding disinfectants applied sequentially or simultaneously, it was observed that the best inactivation was promoted by the sequential test with ozone and chlorine, with inactivation of up to 3.10 and 3.38 log for Escherichia coli and total coliforms, respectively. With synergistic effect in relation to the individual application of these disinfectants. It is recommended to use the system for decentralized treatment, especially in small communities and in rural areas.

The imbalance between global population growth and resource consumption is indicative of unsustainable practices and foreshadows a grim future of continued resource depletion, food and water scarcity, social inequality, and deteriorating public and environmental health. Meanwhile, the urban centers of the world continue to experience exponential growth resulting in overwhelmed food, water, and sanitation infrastructure. Decentralized and satellite wastewater treatment technologies capable of resource recovery, such as anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR), foster synergistic opportunities to help manage the food, energy, and water sectors of urban environments. Specifically, the nutrient concentration and high effluent quality of permeate produced by AnMBR systems present applicability in controlled environment agriculture (CEA). The efficacy of AnMBR permeate is evaluated in a hydroponics growth study of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) grown in an outdoor greenhouse and tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) grown indoors. Nutrient analysis of permeate generated by a small, pilot scale AnMBR developed for the treatment of domestic wastewater at ambient temperature indicated sufficient concentrations of N and P elements, however high proportion of NH4+ in N species decreased growth performance. Opportunities for optimizing AnMBR permeate for hydroponics applications exist and thus imply synergistic integration of decentralized AnMBR technology with controlled environment agriculture (CEA) such as hydroponics. A model is proposed for the integration of decentralized AnMBR and CEA systems capable of producing usable plant products within the urban environment. The integration of these systems is proposed as a solution to the challenges of with food security, stressed water supplies, and environmental degradation associated with unchecked urban growth in the developing and developed world

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Catarina Chagas de Andrade.pdf: 1371104 bytes, checksum: 0e9afb00a66741b737ecf9305aac3118 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The compact biological anaerobic-aerobic reactors can be applied in the treatment of decentralized sewage, which seeks for a more affordable, practical and inexpensive system. This research aimed to examine the feasibility of a compact system in order to remove carbonaceous material, suspended solids, reduce pathogens and investigate the behavior of nitrification. The compact system is made of fiberglass and it consists of a UASB reactor followed by an anaerobic filter with polyurethane sponge as the support medium and an intermittent aerobic filter with sand as the filter medium. The operation was divided into two stages, the first lasted three months treating 540 liters of sewage and the second stage lasted seven months treating 288 liters of sewage on a daily basis. The results showed that the removal efficiency of total COD in the effluent from the UASB reactor was 60%, and 90% at the final effluent. The total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids showed an average removal of 96% and 97%, respectively. According to the analysis of nitrogen compounds in the final effluent of the filter, it was verified satisfactory aerobic nitrification, converting part of the N-NH4+, wich means values in the final effluent of 0,8 mg N-NO2-.L-1 and 24 mg N-NO3-.L-1. The reduction efficiency of helminth eggs was 99,98%. It can be concluded that the compact system which occupies a smaller area due to its innovative setup, showed a good performance in the removal of organic matter (COD), suspended solids, helminth eggs and in addition it also appeared efficient in the process of nitrification. / Os reatores biológicos compactos anaeróbio-áeróbio podem ser aplicados no tratamento descentralizado de esgotos, garantindo sistemas mais acessíveis, práticos e de baixo custo. A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a viabilidade de um sistema compacto com a finalidade de remover material carbonáceo, sólidos em suspensão, reduzir patógenos e investigar o comportamento da nitrificação. O sistema compacto foi construído de fibra de vidro e constituído de um reator UASB, seguido de filtro anaeróbio com esponja de poliuretano como meio suporte e filtro aeróbio intermitente com areia como meio filtrante. A operação foi dividida em duas etapas, a primeira foi de três meses tratando diariamente 540 litros de esgoto e a segunda etapa durou sete meses tratando diariamente 288 litros de esgoto. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, a remoção média de DQO total no efluente do reator UASB foi de 60%, e para o efluente final de 90%. Os sólidos suspensos totais (SST) e voláteis (SSV) apresentaram remoção média de 96% e 97%, respectivamente. De acordo com as análises dos compostos nitrogenados, no efluente final do filtro aeróbio foi possível verificar satisfatória nitrificação, convertendo parte do N-NH4+, com valores médios no efluente final de 0,8 mg NNO2-.L-1 e 24 mg N-NO3-.L-1. A eficiência de redução de ovos de helmintos foi de 99,98%. Concluiu-se que o sistema compacto ocupando uma menor área devido à sua inovadora configuração, mostrou bom desempenho na remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO), sólidos em suspensão e ovos de helmintos, bem como mostrou-se eficiente no processo de nitrificação.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Julia Karla de Albuquerque Melo.pdf: 1065457 bytes, checksum: 2bc32eb7c7deb102d919fe9a1f25acec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of UASB reactors for the treatment of domestic sewage is considered a consolidated technology, however, even with relatively large removal efficiency of organic matter, rarely attending several other parameters established by environmental agencies. The research investigated the performance of the posttreatment of UASB reactor effluent in anaerobic filter (FAN) and sand filter of intermittent flow (FaFint), with the purpose of evaluate the removal of organic matter, suspended solids, pathogenic organisms and keep the forms of nitrogen, in order to obtain an effluent for agricultural reuse. The experimental system consisted of a UASB reactor followed by anaerobic filter and sand filter of intermittent flow. The experimental system was operated with average daily flow of sewage of 630 L/day. For the FaFint feeding occurred through a siphon, that operated for 3 cycles with daily flow of 105 L/cycle. The average removal of the UASB reactor was 63% of COD gross, with final removal of COD gross in the effluent end of the FAN and FaFint of 80 and 86%, respectively. The removal of total suspended solids and volatile was 88% in the final effluent of FAN. While the FaFint removed 90 and 91% of total suspended solids and volatile, respectively. Satisfactory nitrification was obtained on the FaFint, producing the final effluent with 34 mgN-NO3.L-1 and 8 mgNTK.L-1 and 99,5% of removal helminth eggs. The experimental systems studied showed satisfactory efficiency in removing organic matter, solids in suspension, being, thus, adaptive systems to small communities, can enable the reuse of effluents in agriculture. / O uso de reatores UASB para o tratamento de efluentes domésticos é considerado uma tecnologia consolidada, no entanto, mesmo apresentando eficiência de remoção relativamente considerável em matéria orgânica, raramente atende a diversos outros parâmetros estabelecidos pela legislação ambiental. A presente pesquisa investigou o desempenho do pós-tratamento de efluente de reator UASB em filtro anaeróbio (FAN) e filtro de areia de fluxo intermitente (FaFint), com a finalidade de avaliar a remoção de matéria orgânica, sólidos em suspensão, organismos patógenos e manter as formas de nitrogênio, com intuito de obter um efluente para o reúso agrícola. O sistema experimental foi constituído de um reator UASB seguido de filtro anaeróbio e filtro de areia de fluxo intermitente. O sistema experimental foi operado com vazão média diária de esgoto doméstico de 630 L/dia. Para o FaFint a alimentação ocorreu por meio de um sifão, que funcionou por 3 ciclos diários com vazão de 105 L/ciclo. A remoção média do reator UASB foi de 63% de DQO bruta, com remoção final de DQO bruta no efluente final do FAN e FaFint de 80 e 86%, respectivamente. A remoção de sólidos suspensos totais e voláteis foi de 88% no efluente final do FAN. Enquanto o FaFint removeu 90 e 91% de sólidos suspensos totais e voláteis, respectivamente. Satisfatória nitrificação foi conseguida no FaFint, produzindo efluente final com 34 mgN-NO3.L-1 e 8 mgNNTK.L-1 e 99,5% de remoção de ovos de helmintos. Os sistemas experimentais estudados apresentaram eficiência satisfatória na remoção de matéria orgânica, sólidos em suspensão, sendo, portanto, sistemas adaptáveis a pequenas comunidades, podendo possibilitar o reúso do efluente na agricultura.

O modelo econômico extrair, transformar, descartar da atualidade está atingindo seus limites físicos. Confrontando-se com questões de disponibilidade de recursos A economia circular é uma alternativa atraente que busca redefinir a noção de crescimento, com foco em benefícios para toda a sociedade. Dentro dessa nova visão, conceitos de tratamentos descentralizados e sustentáveis de saneamento que concentram-se no tratamento e na reciclagem dos recursos presentes nas águas residuais domésticas são considerados. Assim, a partir de uma água residuária é possível obter três recursos principais: a bioenergia, nutrientes e água. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo principal avaliar a produção de um efluente propício ao reúso não potável, a partir de água negra. A água negra foi tratada anaerobiamente (reator UASB) para remoção de matéria orgânica, seguindo para um fotobiorreator para remoção de nutrientes, com consequente separação da biomassa algal por flotação por ar dissolvido. Neste ponto foi avaliada a absorção de nutrientes pelas microalgas e o crescimento de sua biomassa. Após a flotação, o efluente foi desinfetado, avaliada assim, a inativação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, bem como de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. no sistema de tratamento. O reator UASB manteve níveis elevados de remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO), com remoções de 70%. Apresentando uma média de remoção de Escherichia coli e coliformes fecais entre 1 e 3 log. Para protozoários essa remoção foi entre 0,5 e 1,5 log. O fotobiorreator, obteve satisfatório crescimento da biomassa, sem controle de temperaturas ou suplementação de CO2, apresentou também remoção/inativação de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais, com valores entre 0,50 a quase 3,0 log, apresentando de modo geral maior remoção/inativação para Escherichia coli. Foi observado remoção de protozoários e coliformes pela flotação por ar dissolvido, acarretando uma maior concentração destes na biomassa removida. O melhor desinfetante individual foi o cloro, em razão da inativação. No entanto, o ozônio foi o que melhor obteve remoção (oxidação) de matéria orgânica. Em relação aos desinfetantes aplicados de modo sequencial ou simultâneos, foi observado que a melhor inativação foi promovida pelo ensaio sequencial com ozônio e cloro, com inativação de até 3,10 e 3,38 log para Escherichia coli e coliformes totais, respectivamente. Com efeito sinérgico em relação a aplicação individual destes desinfetantes. Recomenda-se o uso do sistema para o tratamento descentralizado, principalmente em pequenas comunidades e em áreas rurais. / The current economic \"extract, transform, discard\" model is reaching its physical limits. Confronting with issues of resource availability Circular economics is an attractive alternative that seeks to redefine the notion of growth, with a focus on benefits for the whole society. Within this new vision, concepts of decentralized and sustainable sanitation treatments that focus on the treatment and recycling of resources present in domestic wastewater are considered. Thus, from a wastewater it is possible to obtain three main resources: bioenergy, nutrients and water. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the production of an effluent conducive to non-potable reuse from black water. The black water was treated anaerobically (UASB reactor) to remove organic matter, followed by a photobioreactor to remove nutrients, with consequent separation of the algal biomass by dissolved air flotation. At this point, the nutrient uptake by microalgae and the growth of their biomass were evaluated. After flotation, the effluent was disinfected, thus evaluating the inactivation of total coliforms and Escherichia coli, as well as Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in the treatment system. The UASB reactor maintained high levels of organic matter removal (COD), with removals of 70%. Presents an average removal of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms between 1 and 3 log. For protozoa this removal was between 0.5 and 1.5 log. The photobioreactor, obtained satisfactory biomass growth, without temperature control or CO2 supplementation, also showed removal/inactivation of Escherichia coli and total coliforms, with values ranging from 0.50 to almost 3.0 log, generally presenting greater removal inactivation for Escherichia coli. Removal of protozoa and coliforms by flotation by dissolved air was observed, leading to a higher concentration of these in the biomass removed. The best individual disinfectant was chlorine, due to inactivation. However, ozone was the one that best obtained removal (oxidation) of organic matter. Regarding disinfectants applied sequentially or simultaneously, it was observed that the best inactivation was promoted by the sequential test with ozone and chlorine, with inactivation of up to 3.10 and 3.38 log for Escherichia coli and total coliforms, respectively. With synergistic effect in relation to the individual application of these disinfectants. It is recommended to use the system for decentralized treatment, especially in small communities and in rural areas.

For decades, mainstream domestic wastewater treatment has relied on activated sludge processes to remove organic matter, and on biological nutrient removal systems like the A2/O process to remove nutrients. Recently, membrane filtration was also added to the realm of possible technologies for domestic wastewater treatment, with aerobic membrane bioreactors (MBRs) becoming increasingly popular, especially for decentralized, and small to medium scale applications. However, the aerobic activated sludge and MBR processes, which are often combined with biological nutrient removal processes, have high energy costs associated with supplying oxygen to the process, and end up converting the organic matter into CO2 and high amounts of microbial biomass, instead of more useful byproducts. In order to remedy the aforementioned shortcomings of the aerobic processes, anaerobic wastewater treatment has been a focus of research, with anaerobic baffled reactors (ABRs) and anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) having shown promise for achieving acceptable organic matter removal performance, along with potential to be energy neutral or positive through biogas production. In addition, phototrophic technologies, such as algal photobioreactors, have recently been shown to be able to remove nutrients from waste streams, while at the same time having the potential to be used as feedstock to produce biofuels. In this dissertation, a novel concentrically-baffled reactor (CBR) was designed that has the potential to reduce heat loss by transfering more of the heat between reactor zones than traditional baffled reactor designs, which will increase energy efficiency for heated systems. A prototype CBR was operated abiotically under varying hydraulic retention times (HRTs) from 4 h to 24 h, and achieved over 90% removal of total suspended solids (TSS) for all HRTs tested with feed particle sizes below 1.7 mm. In parallel with the baffled reactor research, phototrophic membrane bioreactors (PMBRs) were tested with low aeration conditions to decrease their energy demand, which resulted in nitrification-dominated systems. A phototrophic technology was developed for increasing the pH of waste streams to potentially aid pH-sensitive nutrient recovery processes. Phototrophic pH increase from 6.42±0.13 to 8.87±0.06 was achieved using batch reactors, and an increase of pH from 6.73 to 8.61 was recorded during a continuous reactor trial. Finally, the CBR was combined with a post-CBR membrane filtration process, and two PMBRs treating the effluent and permeate streams from the CBR in order to achieve complete organic matter and nutrient removal. The combined systems were tested both for high strength-high HRT and low strength-low HRT scenarios. Using the combined CBR-PMBR system, over 90% TN and TP removal were possible for 10 d HRT operation at high-strength feed conditions, with post-CBR membrane filtration. COD removal over 90% was possible for both high-strength and low-strength scenarios under all conditions tested.