Bolagsskattesänkningen genomfördes den 1 januari 2013, målet med sänkningen var att stimulera Sveriges tillväxt då en sänk bolagsskatt sägs öka investeringsviljan. Med sänkningen ville man också minska incitamenten för företag att flytta sina verksamheter till lågskatteländer. Att bolagsskattesatsen sänktes väckte ett intresse som skapade denna uppsats att undersöka vilka faktorer det är som styr bolagsskattesatsen, till exempel, i en liten öppen ekonomi som den svenska.  Teorin grundar sig i kapitalstruktur och finansieringsbeslut. Faktorer som anses påverka bolagsskatten och som valts ut är utländska direktinvesteringar, öppenhet mot kapitalflöde och BNP per Capita. Datainsamling har skett sekundärt och bearbetats i det analytiska programmet R. Med hjälp av R och statistiska metoder har det genomförts paneldataanalys och regressionsanalys. Svaret är kort och gott, ja, faktorerna påverkar bolagsskattesatsen. Det visar att ett land som är större geografiskt och har en hög öppenhet för kapitalrörelser tenderar att ha en lägre bolagsskattesats och att det tycktes vara ett bra val av Sverige att justera bolagsskatten. / The goal with lowering of the Swedish corporate tax rate the 1st of January 2013 was to stimulate the Swedish growth, as a lower corporate tax rate is said to increase the will to invest. The incentives for corporations to move to low tax countries was also thought to be decreased due to the reduction.  When the tax rate was reduced an interest arise to examine which factors influence the tax rate, as for example, for a small economy as the Swedish. Theory presented is based on capital structure and finance decisions. The variables chosen is FDI, Openness towards capital flow and BNP per capita. Collection of data is secondary and has been analysed in the statistic program R with focus on panel data and regression analysis. The answer is for short, yes, the variables do indeed influence the corporate tax rate. Countries whom are larger geographically and has a high openness towards capital movement are more likely to have a lower corporate tax rate and it seemed to be a good choice of the Swedish parliament to lower the corporate tax rate.

With the recent financial crisis that have happened and the global move towards fair value accounting financial institutions such as the IASB saw fit to increase the mandatory disclosure requirements by implementing IFRS 13 to regulated fair value accounting in IFRS. The implementation of IFRS 13 means that many of the old standards in regards to fair value will be replaced, for example investment properties reporting under IAS 40. Furthermore IFRS 13 redefines the classification system for assets and liabilities.   The purpose of this study is to investigate whether these changes have any influence on investment decisions. This has been done by adopting a qualitative abductive descripto-explanatory approach to our research, and our empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with academics and audit professionals.   The analysis of our empirical data suggests that the implementation of IFRS 13 and its increased disclosure requirements have been useful to investor’s decision making. IFRS 13 accomplishes this through its increased clarity in financial reporting. However investors should be mindful whilst investing in companies utilizing Level 3 valuation techniques because they use estimates of unobservable inputs and because such estimates are hard to control they are prone to bias, error, and manipulation.

This study attempts to emphasize on the need for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) implementations for Turkey, particularly for strategic level planning activities. 1/25.000 scaled Territorial Plans are subject to be strategic level plans in Turkey since there are no regional plans developed in Turkey. Although these plans should carry the role of strategic decisions for the sector development of regions, they do not provide sufficient output for development for many reasons today. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the role of Strategic Environmental Assessment in integrating environment into strategic decision making -particularly for 1/25.000 territories plans- and propose a prototype SEA approach for Turkey. An integrated structure of SEA and planning activities might provide healthier implementations for Territory plans and SEA might be used as an enhancement toll for our current planning system with its transparent, participatory, coordinating and auditing nature.

In this thesis, we develop an exact algorithm for an assembly line balancing problem with equipment selection decisions. Two objectives are considered: minimizing the total equipment costs and the number of workstations. Our aim is to choose the type of the equipment(s) in every workstation and determine the assignment of the tasks to each workstation and equipment type. We aim to propose a set of efficient solutions for each problem and leave the choice of the best solution to the decision maker&rsquo / s preferences. A branch and bound algorithm is developed whose efficiency is increased with some dominance rules and powerful lower bounds. Moreover, modified ranked positional weight heuristic method is used as initial upper bound. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated by computational analysis in which the effects of changing certain parameter values are investigated. We find that our algorithm is capable of solving the problem instances with up to 25 tasks and 5 equipments.

No description available.

Sunk costs play a central role in antitrust economics, but are often misunderstood and mismeasured. I will try to clarify some of the conceptual and empirical issues related to sunk costs, and explain their implications for antitrust analysis. I will be particularly concerned with the role of uncertainty. When market conditions evolve unpredictably (as they almost always do), firms incur an opportunity cost when they invest in new capital, because they give up the option to wait for the arrival of new information about the likely returns from the investment. This option value is a sunk cost, and is just as relevant for antitrust analysis as the direct cost of a machine or a factory.

This collected volume gives a concise account of the most rel-evant scientific results of the COST Action IS1104 "The EU in the new complex geography of economic systems: models, tools and policy evaluation", a four-year project supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). It is divided into three parts reflecting the different perspectives under which complex spatial economic systems have been studied: (i) the Macro perspective looks at the interactions among international or regional trading partners; (ii) the Meso perspective considers the functioning of (financial, labour) markets as social network structures; and, finally, (iii) the Micro perspective focuses on the strategic choices of single firms and households. This Volume points also at open issues to be addressed in future research.

Les contrariétés de décisions de justice sont extrêmement nocives. D’une part, elles représentent une menace pour la cohérence du droit. D’autre part, elles pèsent lourd sur la situation des parties, mettant ces dernières dans des situations inextricables. En tant que mode juridictionnel de règlement des litiges, l’arbitrage international n’échappe pas à ce phénomène. Au contraire, les spécificités de la matière en font un terrain de prédilection pour le développement des contrariétés de décisions. En effet, les contrariétés résultent de la conduite parallèle de procédures portant sur des questions litigieuses identiques, sur lesquelles sont portées des appréciations divergentes. Or, l’arbitrage international se présente comme un facteur d’aggravation de ces causes classiques de contrariété, à savoir la concurrence juridictionnelle et l’incohérence des solutions. Le risque de contrariété y est à la fois fréquent et varié. Il se présente dans diverses configurations, opposant tantôt des décisions étatiques d’encadrement de l’arbitrage, tantôt une sentence arbitrale et une décision étatique ou encore deux sentences arbitrales.En dépit de la gravité du problème et de la fréquence du risque de contrariété, l’arbitrage international paraît mal armé pour y faire face. Il est confronté d’une part aux limites de l’efficacité des remèdes curatifs, qui se contentent souvent d’écarter la contrariété d’un territoire donné, et, d’autre part aux difficultés de mise en œuvre des remèdes préventifs. / The phenomenon of conflicting decisions is extremely hazardous. On the one hand, they represent a threat to the coherence of the legal systems. On the other hand, it places a burden on the parties, putting them in an inextricable situation. Being a jurisdictional dispute resolution method, international arbitration does not escape this phenomenon. On the contrary, the specificities of arbitration make it the territory of predilection for the appearance of conflicting decisions. In fact, conflicting decisions result from the conduction of parallel proceedings concerning identical issues, which receive a different analysis. International arbitration aggravates the classical causes resulting in conflicting decisions. These causes are the competition between jurisdictions and the incoherence of the solutions.The risk of the existence of conflicting decisions is frequent and it presents itself is several manners. It can oppose national courts’ decisions assisting and controlling the arbitration, an arbitral award and a national court’s decision or even two arbitral awards.Despite the gravity of the problem and the frequency of the risk of having conflicting decisions, international arbitration seems unarmed to deal with it. Firstly, it is confronted with the limited efficiency of the curative solutions, and secondly, with the difficulties of applying preventive solutions.

abstract: This study examines the contemporary school placement decisions of Navajo parents in the reservation community of Piñon, Arizona. School placement decisions are defined as the school where the parent chooses to enroll his/her child for schooling. Twelve Navajo parents participated in this qualitative study, which explored their past educational experiences in order to garner insight into the current school placement choices they have made for their children. Navajo parents who live within the community of Piñon, AZ who currently have school-aged children living in their household were recruited to participate in this study. Participants took part in 60- to 90-minute interviews that included questions related to their prior educational experiences and current school placement choices for their children. Parents were given an opportunity to reflect about the school placement decisions they have made for their children. The variety of schools Navajo parents are able to choose from were illuminated. These findings have implications for education decision makers by providing insight into which schools parents are choosing and why. The study will assist Navajo Nation policy makers in future educational planning, and may have more general implications for American Indian/Alaskan Native education. This may assist Navajo Education policy makers in making future decisions regarding the newly developed Navajo Department of Education and its education planning. Participants will also benefit from the study by being able to understand how the past has impacted the school placement choices they have made. In doing so parents may be better able to articulate the impetus behind the choices they make for their children, thereby becoming better advocates for themselves and their children. The results of this study impacts scholarly literature as a new viewpoint in the area of school choice. Navajo parents represent a distinct group who make educational choices within a specific context. This study is unique as the impact of historical Indian education policies is considered. Future studies can further expand on the topic creating a unique area of research in the field of Indian education. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Administration and Supervision 2011

There is still limited knowledge available on how SME and midcap firms perform financing decisions and on what such a decision is based on. The literature revealed that capital structure theories can only partly explain parameters that determine financing decisions, particularly in a bank dominated lending environment like in Germany. Academic research tried to expand towards a broader and more strategic approach regarding a financing strategy and towards behavioural bias of a company's management. Furthermore, existing research tried to identify an interaction between business strategy and financing strategy but failed to identify a causal direction so far. The present research provides a unique research approach to bridge this gap as it introduces a new aspect into the discussion on the decision for a financing instrument and whether a formulated financing strategy is followed. Based on a case study approach that combines manager interviews, document analysis and calculation of key financial ratios, the research explores the management's decision in a specific situation, the refinancing of standard mezzanine. Firms that used standard mezzanine had to perform a decent refinancing decision between the years 2011 and 2014 as there was no exact substitute instrument available in financing markets anymore. The results showed that a financing strategy exists in the cases explored, but elements and form varied across cases. In addition, the cases indicated that behavioural bias on management level might exist, based on identified inefficiencies and delays. However, these inefficiencies cannot be primarily assigned to owner-managers as done by previous research. Furthermore, a causal direction between business strategy and financing strategy could be indicated in the cases investigated. The results led to the development of a financing strategy typology, based on existing types of business strategies that might help to explain financing decisions. A template for a holistic financing strategy has been designed based on the investigations that allows midcap firms to establish and implement their own financing strategy (or adjust their existing strategy). The holistic framework provides core elements and financing principles as well as a prototype financing process that help to avoid the identified inefficiencies in their financing processes.