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Apresenta-se o desenho, construção e caracterização de uma plataforma experimental para a obtenção de imagens magnéticas bidimensionais (2D) geradas pela distribuição não uniforme em gel de vaselina de micro-partículas magnéticas (magnetita- Fe3O4), acomodadas em fantomas magnéticos de geometrias irregulares. A instrumentação é basicamente formada por um arranjo multicanal de 12-sensores magnetorresistivos de última geração (modelo HMC 1001/1002 da Honeywell), os quais convertem os sinais magnéticos, a serem medidas, em voltagens diferenciais, que posteriormente passam-se pela etapa de condicionamento analógico multisinais, e adquiridos por uma placa de aquisição PCI de 16 canais simples, e geradas pelas fontes magnéticas (fantomas) as quais eram posicionadas acima de uma tabua porta-fantoma a qual era acionada por um sistema de posicionamento x-y, utilizando-se dois motores de passo controlados via porta paralela. A obtenção e processamento das imagens de forma automática foi levado acabo por médio da ferramenta computacional SmaGimFM v1.0 (grupo de scripts escritos pelo autor, em LABVIEW v8.1 e Matlab v7.3). A montagem experimental foi desenhada para realizar o scan numa área de ate (20x18) cm2. O sistema consegue medir campos na ordem de poucos nano-teslas (10-9 T). Foi demostrado experimentalmente que: a detectibilidade do sistema está na ordem de 100 pT/?Hz; a resolução, o menor valor da indução magnética detectada e a resolução espacial dos sensores foi aproximadamente de (3±1) nT e (3.0± 0.1) mm, respectivamente, este último obtido para uma distancia sensor-fonte média de (6.0± 0.1) mm. O nível de ruído ambiental médio foi corroborado experimentalmente no valor de 10 nT. O fator de Calibração para todos os sensores alimentados com 8V, foi aproximadamente de 10-6 T/V, confirmando o valor da sensibilidade nominal oferecida pelo vendedor no data-sheet dos sensores. Os multisinais sempre foram pré-processadas para a remoção dos offset, e posteriormente era realizadas uma interpolação bi-cúbica, para gerar imagens magnéticas com uma alta resolução espacial da ordem de (256x256) pixels. A funções de transferência da modulação e espalhamento pontual do sistema foram estudados e os sensores foram espaçados e fixados de acordo com os resultados destes estudos. Nesta tese todas as imagens cruas foram geradas pelo mapeamento da resposta do sistema multicanal de magnetômetros a pequenas distancias e geradas pela presença de micropartículas de magnetita (Fe3O4) não tratada termicamente e dispersada em oitos fantomas planares com geometrias complexas e chamados como: PhMão; PhNum; PhLines; PhCinco; PhTrês; PhCircle; PhQuadSmall e PhQuadBig. As imagens magnéticas de cada um destes fantomas é apresentada. A cada experimento, estes fantomas eram magnetizados pela ação de um pulso magnético uniforme no volume dos fantomas, com um valor aproximadamente de 81.6 mT, e produzido por um sistema de bobinas par de Helmholtz. Para fazer o registro experimental das imagens magnéticas, os fantomas foram posicionados a uma altura fixa em relação aos sensores, e movidos numa direção de scan, assim nos detectores observávamos as voltagens gerados pela variação no campo remanente devido às diferentes concentrações de micro-partículas magnéticas magnetizadas foram medidos e controlados por um computador pessoal. Usando as imagens cruas (imagens ruidosas e borradas) e outras informações a priori, foram obtidas as imagens reconstruídas das fontes do campo magnético, tais como, a distribuição de partículas ferrimagnéticas no interior dos fantomas, a qual é relacionada com a susceptibilidade magnética das amostras. Encontrar as imagens das fontes magnéticas, é resolver o problema magnético associado, e nosso trabalho estas restaurações foram realizadas usando-se os seguintes algoritmos numéricos de deconvolução, filtragem espacial de Wiener e Fourier, o filtragem Pseudo-inversa, o método do gradiente conjugado e os procedimentos de regularização de Tikhonov e Decomposição de Valores singulares truncados, dentre outros. Estes procedimentos foram implementados e testados. As imagens reconstruídas das fontes magnéticas de quatro fantomas são apresentadas. Estas técnicas foram programadas computacionalmente por médio de um conjunto de scripts chamados de SmaGimFM v1.0, estes foram escritos nos linguagens computacionais MATLAB® desde a MathWorks Inc.; e LABVIEW desde a National Instruments Inc. Estes resultados preliminares mostram que o sistema de imagens apresenta potencial para ser aplicada em estudos na área da Física Médica, onde imagens com moderada para alta resolução espacial e baixa amplitude da indução magnética são exigidas. Contudo, podemos afirmar que à distância sensor-fonte é crítica e afeta a resolução das imagens. O sistema é capaz de registrar imagens na ordem de 10-9 T, e sua elevada resolução espacial indica que pode ser testada como uma nova técnica biomagnética para gerar imagens em 2D de partículas magnéticas dentro de objetos, na região do campo próximo, para futuras aplicações médicas / We have designed and build a magnetic imaging system for obtaining experimental noisy and blurred magnetic images from distribution of ferromagnetic tracers (magnetite Fe3O4). The main part of the magnetic imaging system was formed by a linear array composed of 12-magnetoresistive sensors from Honeywell Inc. (HMC 1001). These sensors are microcircuits with a configuration of wheatstone-bridge and convert magnetic fields into differential voltage, which after pass for the multichannel signal stage can be to measure magnetic signals about of 10-9 T. The system is capable of scanning planar samples with dimensions up to (16x18) cm square. A full experimental characterization of the magnetic imaging system was carried out. The calibration factor for all sensor supplied by 8 V, was approximately 10-6 T/V, confirming the data sheet nominal properties from the vendor. The spatial resolution and the resolution of the magnetic imaging system were experimentally confirmed to be 3 mm and 3 nT, respectively. The spectral density noise was about , for the experimental conditions used in these studies. The signals were pre-processed for offset remove and the interpolation for spatial resolution improves and generates images of (256x256) pixels. The point spread and modulation transference functions of multi-sensor system were studied and the sensors were spaced accordingly. In this thesis, all raw images were generated by mapping the response of the magnetoresistive magnetometers multichannel array at short distances due to the presence of uncooked magnetite powder dispersed in eight planar phantoms with complex geometries and called as: PhMão; PhNum; PhLines; PhCinco; PhTrês; PhCircle; PhQuadSmall and PhQuadBig. These phantoms were magnetized by a uniform pulse field of approximately of 81.6 mT produced by a Helmholtz coil system. The samples were moved under the magnetoresistive sensors and the voltages generated by the variation in remanent magnetic field due to different magnetized ferromagnetic particles concentrations were recorded and controlled by a personal computer. Using the experimental noisy and blurred magnetic field images (raw images), and some another, a priori information\'s, the reconstruction of the magnetic field source images, such as, the distribution of ferromagnetic particles inner of the phantoms which are related with magnetic susceptibility, was obtained by various inverse problem solution algorithms\', such as, the spatial Wiener and Fourier filtering, the Pseudo-inverse filtering; the conjugated gradient and Tikhonov and Decomposition of Truncated Singular Values approaches and others. These procedures were implemented by mean of the scripts set called SmaGimFM v1.0, that we developed using the MATLAB® language from MathWorks Inc. A preliminary result shows that this magnetic imaging system join to some deconvolution technique can be considered efficient to be used in functional images of the gastrointestinal tract, where a moderate resolution is required. We can affirm that at a distance sensor-source choose is a critical parameter and affects the resolution of the images; and we can conclude that this magnetic images method can be successfully used to generate planar blurred magnetic images and magnetic field sources images in the near field region at macroscopic level generated by ferromagnetic materials.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental da distribuição da fuligem e de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (PAH) em chamas laminares não pré-misturadas de etileno e ar, mediante o uso de técnicas de diagnóstico espectroscópico, num queimador tipo co-flow. Para este fim são aplicadas as técnicas de fluorescência induzida por plano laser e incandescência induzida por plano laser, com excitação no espectro ultravioleta. Bandas espectrais de detecção centradas em 340, 400, 450, 500, 550 nm são empregadas para caracterizar diferentes PAH, aproveitado o fenômeno do deslocamento do espectros de fluorescência para o infravermelho, conforme se incrementa sua massa molecular. A técnica de extinção laser é utilizada para calibrar os resultados de incandescência e obter a fração volumétrica de fuligem. A radiação espontânea emitida pela fuligem é utilizada para medir a temperatura pela técnica de termometria em duas cores. A comparação dos resultados obtidos com uma detecção simultânea (0 ns) e atrasada (50 ns) com respeito ao pulso laser permite discriminar entre as regiões onde estão presentes PAHs e fuligem ou apenas fuligem. Os resultados mostram que na região mais fria, perto da entrada de combustível, apenas existem PAH. Seguindo esta região, numa zona de altura intermediária e mais quente, tanto a fuligem como o PAHs coexistem até a o ponto de máxima fração volumétrica integrada de fuligem. O deslocamento no sentido vertical da distribuição de fluorescência é observado com o aumento do comprimento de onda de detecção, o que é consistente com o crescimento do tamanho de PAH e sua progressiva transformação em fuligem. A distribuição de PAH e da fuligem é investigada como função da vazão de combustível. A fração volumétrica de fuligem apresenta uma distribuição clássica, cujo valor se incrementa com a vazão de combustível, enquanto que a temperatura medida diminui. / [en] This work presents an experimental study of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) distribution in axisymmetric ethylene-air non-premixe laminar flames using spectroscopic diagnostic in a co-flow target burner. For this purpose, are applied laser-induced fluorescence and laser-induced incandescence techniques with UV excitation. Spectral detection bands centered at 340, 400, 450, 500, 550 nm are employed to characterize PAH, using the infrared fluorescence spectra displacement phenomenon with the molecular mass increase. The incandescence is captured at 400 nm and the laser extinction technique is used to calibrate the signal, and, thus to obtain the soot volume fraction at the reaction zone. The soot spontaneous emitted radiation is used to measure the temperature by the two-color pyrometry technique. The comparison between results with prompt (0 ns) and delayed (50 ns) detection, with respect to the laser pulse, allows to discriminate the regions between soot precursors (PAH) and soot. The results show that, in the colder region, near the fuel inlet, PAH exist only. Following this region, in an intermediate warmer zone, both soot and PAH appear to coexist until the point of maximum integral soot volumetric fraction. A vertical displacement of the fluorescence distribution with increasing detection wavelength is observed, which is consistent with PAH size growth and with its progressive transformation into soot. PAH and soot distribution are investigated as a function of the fuel flow rate. The soot volumetric fraction exhibits a classical distribution, whose value increases with the fuel flow rate, whereas the measured temperature decreases, exhibiting a singular behavior in the region where the soot is formed.

Die Proteinfaltung ist ein Prozess der molekularen Selbstorganisation, bei dem sich eine lineare Kette von Aminosäuren zu einer definierten, funktionellen dreidimensionalen Struktur zusammensetzt. Der Prozess der Faltung ist ein thermisch getriebener diffusiver Prozess durch eine Gibbs-Energie-Landschaft im Konformationsraum für die Struktur der minimalen Energie. Während dieses Prozesses zeigt die freie Enthalpie des Systems nicht immer eine monotone Abnahme; stattdessen führt eine suboptimale Kompensation der Enthalpie- und der Entropieänderung während jedes Faltungsschrittes zur Bildung von Freien-Enthalpie-Faltungsbarrieren. Diese Barrieren und damit verbundenen hochenergetischen Übergangszustände, die wichtige Informationen über Mechanismen der Proteinfaltung enthalten, sind jedoch kinetisch unzugänglich. Um den Prozess der Barrierebildung und die strukturellen Merkmale von Übergangszuständen aufzudecken, werden Proteine genutzt, die über barrierefreie Pfade falten – so genannte “downhill folder“. Aufgrund der geringen Faltungsbarrieren werden wichtige Interaktionen der Faltung zugänglich und erlauben Einblicke in die ratenbegrenzenden Faltungsvorgänge. In dieser Arbeit vergleichen wir die Faltungsdynamiken von drei verschiedenen Varianten eines Lambda-Repressor-Fragments, bestehend aus den Aminosäuren 6 bis 85: ein Zwei-Zustands-Falter λWT (Y22W) und zwei downhill-folder-artige Varianten, λYA (Y22W/Q33Y/ G46,48A) und λHA (Y22W/Q33H/G46,48A). Um auf die Kinetik und die strukturelle Dynamik zu greifen zu können, werden Einzelmolekülkraftspektroskopische Experimente mit optische Pinzetten mit Submillisekunden- und Nanometer-Auflösung verwendet. Ich fand, dass die niedrige denaturierende Kraft die Mikrosekunden Faltungskinetik von downhill foldern auf eine Millisekunden-Zeitskala verlangsamt, sodass das System für Einzelmolekülstudien gut zugänglich ist. Interessanterweise zeigten sich unter Krafteinwirkung die downhill-folder-artigen Varianten des Lambda-Repressors als kooperative Zwei-Zustands-Falter mit deutlich unterschiedlicher Faltungskinetik und Kraftabhängigkeit. Drei Varianten des Proteins zeigten ein hoch konformes Verhalten unter Last. Die modellfreie Rekonstruktion von Freien-Enthalpie-Landschaften ermöglichte es uns, die feinen Details der Transformation des Zwei-Zustands-Faltungspfad direkt in einen downhill-artigen Pfad aufzulösen. Die Auswirkungen von einzelnen Mutationen auf die Proteinstabilität, Bildung der Übergangszustände und die konformationelle Heterogenität der Faltungs- und Entfaltungszustände konnten beobachtet werden. Interessanterweise zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass sich die untersuchten Varianten trotz der ultraschnellen Faltungszeit im Bereich von 2 μs in einem kooperativen Prozess über verbleibende Energiebarrieren falten und entfalten, was darauf hindeutet, dass wesentlich schnellere Faltungsraten notwendig sind um ein downhill Limit vollständig zu erreichen. / Protein folding is a process of molecular self-assembly in which a linear chain of amino acids assembles into a defined, functional three-dimensional structure. The process of folding is a thermally driven diffusive search on a free-energy landscape in the conformational space for the minimal-energy structure. During that process, the free energy of the system does not always show a monotonic decrease; instead, sub-optimal compensation of enthalpy and entropy change during each folding step leads to formation of folding free-energy barriers. However, these barriers, and associated high-energy transition states, that contain key information about mechanisms of protein folding, are kinetically inaccessible. To reveal the barrier-formation process and structural characteristics of transition states, proteins are employed that fold via barrierless paths – so-called downhill folders. Due to the low folding barriers, the key folding interactions become accessible, yielding insights about the rate-limiting folding events. Here, I compared the folding dynamics of three different variants of a lambda repressor fragment, containing amino acids 6 to 85: a two-state folder λWT (Y22W) and two downhill-like folding variants, λYA (Y22W/Q33Y/G46,48A) and λHA (Y22W/Q33H/G46,48A). To access the kinetics and structural dynamics, single-molecule optical tweezers with submillisecond and nanometer resolution are used. I found that force perturbation slowed down the microsecond kinetics of downhill folders to a millisecond time-scale, making it accessible to single-molecule studies. Interestingly, under load, the downhill-like variants of lambda repressor appeared as cooperative two-state folders with significantly different folding kinetics and force dependence. The three protein variants displayed a highly compliant behaviour under load. Model-free reconstruction of free-energy landscapes allowed us to directly resolve the fine details of the transformation of the two-state folding path into a downhill-like path. The effect of single mutations on protein stability, transition state formation and conformational heterogeneity of folding and unfolding states was observed. Noteworthy, our results demonstrate, that despite the ultrafast folding time in a range of 2 µs, the studied variants fold and unfold in a cooperative process via residual barriers, suggesting that much faster folding rate constants are required to reach the full-downhill limit.

Abstract Image acquisition devices are always subject to physical limitations that often manifest as distortions in the appearance of the captured image. The most common types of distortions can be divided into two categories: geometric and radiometric distortions. Examples of the latter ones are: changes in brightness, contrast, or illumination, sensor noise and blur. Since image blur can have many different causes, it is usually not convenient and also computationally expensive to develop ad hoc algorithms to correct each specific type of blur. Instead, it is often possible to extract a blur-invariant representation of the image, and utilize such information to make algorithms that are insensitive to blur. The work presented here mainly focuses on developing techniques for the extraction and the application of blur-invariant operators. This thesis contains several contributions. First, we propose a generalized framework based on group theory to constructively generate complete blur-invariants. We construct novel operators that are invariant to a large family of blurs occurring in real scenarios: namely, those blurs that can be modeled by a convolution with a point-spread function having rotational symmetry, or combined rotational and axial symmetry. A second important contribution is represented by the utilization of such operators to develop an algorithm for blur-invariant translational image registration. This algorithm is experimentally demonstrated to be more robust than other state-of-the-art registration techniques. The blur-invariant registration algorithm is then used as pre-processing steps to several restoration methods based on image fusion, like depth-of-field extension, and multi-channel blind deconvolution. All the described techniques are then re-interpreted as a particular instance of Wiener deconvolution filtering. Thus, the third main contribution is the generalization of the blur-invariants and the registration techniques to color images, by using respectively a representation of color images based on quaternions, and the quaternion Wiener filter. This leads to the development of a blur-and-noise-robust registration algorithm for color images. We observe experimentally a significant increase in performance in both color texture recognition, and in blurred color image registration. / Tiivistelmä Kuvauslaitteet ovat aina fyysisten olosuhteiden rajoittamia, mikä usein ilmenee tallennetun kuvan ilmiasun vääristyminä. Yleisimmät vääristymätyypit voidaan jakaa kahteen kategoriaan: geometrisiin ja radiometrisiin distortioihin. Jälkimmäisestä esimerkkejä ovat kirkkauden, kontrastin ja valon laadun muutokset sekä sensorin kohina ja kuvan sumeus. Koska kuvan sumeus voi johtua monista tekijöistä, yleensä ei ole tarkoitukseen sopivaa eikä laskennallisesti kannattavaa kehittää ad hoc algoritmeja erityyppisten sumeuksien korjaamiseen. Sitä vastoin on mahdollista erottaa kuvasta sumeuden invariantin edustuma ja käyttää tätä tietoa sumeudelle epäherkkien algoritmien tuottamiseen. Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään esittämään, millaisia eri tekniikoita voidaan käyttää sumeuden invarianttien operaattoreiden muodostamiseen ja sovellusten kehittämiseen. Tämä opinnäyte sisältää useammanlaista tieteellistä vaikuttavuutta. Ensiksi, väitöskirjassa esitellään ryhmäteoriaan perustuva yleinen viitekehys, jolla voidaan generoida sumeuden invariantteja. Konstruoimme uudentyyppisiä operaattoreita, jotka ovat monenlaiselle kuvaustilanteessa ilmenevälle sumeudelle invariantteja. Kyseessä ovat ne rotationaalisesti (ja/tai aksiaalisesti) symmetrisen sumeuden lajit, jotka voidaan mallintaa pistelähteen hajaantumisen funktion (PSF) konvoluutiolla. Toinen tämän väitöskirjan tärkeä tutkimuksellinen anti on esitettyjen sumeuden invarianttien operaattoreiden hyödyntäminen algoritmin kehittelyssä, joka on käytössä translatorisen kuvan rekisteröinnissä. Tällainen algoritmi on tässä tutkimuksessa osoitettu kokeellisesti johtavia kuvien rekisteröintitekniikoita robustimmaksi. Sumeuden invariantin rekisteröinnin algoritmia on käytetty esiprosessointina tässä tutkimuksessa useissa kuvien restaurointimenetelmissä, jotka perustuvat kuvan fuusioon, kuten syväterävyysaluelaajennus ja monikanavainen dekonvoluutio. Kaikki kuvatut tekniikat ovat lopulta uudelleen tulkittu erityistapauksena Wienerin dekonvoluution suodattimesta. Näin ollen tutkimuksen kolmas saavutus on sumeuden invarianttien ja rekisteröintiteknikoiden yleistäminen värikuviin käyttämällä värikuvien kvaternion edustumaa sekä Wienerin kvaternion suodatinta. Havaitsemme kokeellisesti merkittävän parannuksen sekä väritekstuurin tunnistuksessa että sumean kuvan rekisteröinnissä.

High quality image /video has become an integral part in our day-to-day life ranging from many areas of science, engineering and medical diagnosis. All these imaging applications call for high resolution, properly focused and crisp images. However, in real situations obtaining such a high quality image is expensive, and in some cases it is not practical. In imaging systems such as digital camera, blur and noise degrade the image quality. The recorded images look blurred, noisy and unable to resolve the finer details of the scene, which are clearly notable under zoomed conditions. The post processing techniques based on computational methods extract the hidden information and thereby improve the quality of the captured images. The study in this thesis focuses on deconvolution and eventually blind de-convolution problem of a single frame captured at low light imaging conditions arising from digital photography/surveillance imaging applications. Our intention is to restore a sharp image from its blurred and noisy observation, when the blur is completely known/unknown and such inverse problems are ill-posed/twice ill-posed. This thesis consists of two major parts. The first part addresses deconvolution/blind deconvolution problem using Bayesian approach with fuzzy logic based gradient potential as a prior functional. In comparison with analog cameras, artifacts are visible in digital cameras when the images are enlarged and there is a demand to enhance the resolution. The increased resolution can be in spatial, temporal or even in both the dimensions. Super resolution reconstruction methods reconstruct images/video containing spectral information beyond that is available in the captured low resolution images. The second part of the thesis addresses resolution enhancement of observed monochromatic/color images using multiple frames of the same scene. This reconstruction problem is formulated in Bayesian domain with an aspiration of reducing blur, noise, aliasing and increasing the spatial resolution. The image is modeled as Markov random field and a fuzzy logic filter based gradient potential is used to differentiate between edge and noisy pixels. Suitable priors are adaptively applied to obtain artifact free/reduced images. In this work, all our approaches are experimentally validated using standard test images. The Matlab based programming tools are used for carrying out the validation. The performance of the approaches are qualitatively compared with results of recently proposed methods. Our results turn out to be visually pleasing and quantitatively competitive.

Cette thèse (i) décrit une procédure automatique pour estimer la condition d'arrêt des méthodes de déconvolution itératives basées sur un critère d'orthogonalité du signal estimé et de son gradient à une itération donnée; (ii) présente une méthode qui décompose l'image en une partie géométrique (ou "cartoon") et une partie "texture" en utilisation une estimation de paramètre et une condition d'arrêt basées sur la diffusion anisotropique avec orthogonalité, en utilisant le fait que ces deux composantes. "cartoon" et "texture", doivent être indépendantes; (iii) décrit une méthode pour extraire d'une séquence vidéo obtenue à partir de caméra portable les objets de premier plan en mouvement. Cette méthode augmente la compensation de mouvement de la caméra par une nouvelle estimation basée noyau de la fonction de probabilité de densité des pixels d'arrière-plan. Les méthodes présentées ont été testées et comparées aux algorithmes de l'état de l'art. / This dissertation (i) describes an automatic procedure for estimating the stopping condition of non-regularized iterative deconvolution methods based on an orthogonality criterion of the estimated signal and its gradient at a given iteration; (ii) presents a decomposition method that splits the image into geometric (or cartoon) and texture parts using anisotropic diffusion with orthogonality based parameter estimation and stopping condition, utilizing the theory that the cartoon and the texture components of an image should be independent of each other; (iii) describes a method for moving foreground object extraction in sequences taken by wearable camera, with strong motion, where the camera motion compensated frame differencing is enhanced with a novel kernel-based estimation of the probability density function of the background pixels. The presented methods have been thoroughly tested and compared to other similar algorithms from the state-of-the-art.

Slepá dekonvoluce je metoda, při které je rozptylová funkce a skutečný obraz rekonstruován zároveň. Cílem této práce je představit různé metody slepé dekonvoluce a najít optimální metodu rekonstrukce původního obrazu a rozptylové funkce. Jako nejvhodnější metoda slepé dekonvoluce byl zvolen algoritmus střídavé minimalizace, který byl upraven a testován. Vlastnosti navrženého algoritmu byly testovány na uměle degradovaných datech a na reálných datech pořízených skenovacím transmisním elektronovým mikroskopem. Účinnost algoritmu byla hodnocena hned několika hodnotícími kritérii. Byla zjištěna omezení algoritmu a tím specifikováno jeho využití.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá modelováním bodové rozptylové funkce (point spread function, PSF) u skenovacího transmisního elektronového mikroskopu (STEM). Nejprve je provedena teoretická rešerše, kde jsou popsány všechny důležitě aspekty, potřebné k následnému modelování. Je tedy proveden základní popis konstrukce přístroje a určeny jeho klíčové komponenty, které mají hlavní vliv na tvar výsledné PSF. Následně jsou popsány hlavní zobrazovací vady, které ovlivňují výslednou PSF. Ty jsou popsány z hlediska vlnové optiky. Na základě toho je pak navržen a zrealizován poměrně přesný model PSF u mikroskopu STEM. Poté je vytvořeno GUI, které umožňuje plné využití daného vytvořeného modelu. Na závěr je získaný model otestován na modelových a reálných datech, pomocí metody Lucy-Richardson.

This dissertation deals with quantitative perfusion analysis of MRI contrast-enhanced image time sequences. It focuses on two so far separately used methods -- Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (DSC-MRI). The common problem of such perfusion analyses is the unreliability of perfusion parameters estimation. This penalizes usage of these unique techniques on a regular basis. The presented methods are intended to improve these drawbacks, especially the problems with quantification in DSC in case of contrast agent extravasation and instability of the deconvolution process in DCE using advanced pharmacokinetic models. There are a few approaches in literature combining DCE and DSC to estimate new parameters of the examined tissue, namely the relaxivity of the vascular and of the interstitial space. Originally, in this scheme, the 2CXM DCE model was used. Here various models for DCE analysis are tested keeping in mind the DCE-DSC combination. The ATH model was found to perform better in this setting compared to 2CXM. Finally, the ATH model was used in alternating DCE-DSC optimization algorithm and then in a truly fully simultaneous DCE-DSC. The processing was tested using simulated and in-vivo data. According to the results, the proposed simultaneous algorithm performs better in comparison with sequential DCE-DSC, unleashing full potential of perfusion analysis using MRI.