Après son installation à Chypre en 1192 en tant que suzerain de l’île, Guy de Lusignan centralise l’autorité militaire, afin d’instaurer la défense de sa nouvelle possession. En effet, l’île de Chypre a toujours fait l’objet de convoitises et de conquêtes. Poste avancé en Méditerranée, l’insularité de Chypre lui confère une protection naturelle face à ses voisins, ce qui ne l’empêche pas de subir des raids et des attaques de la part de ses voisins continentaux. Sous la souveraineté de l’Empire byzantin jusqu’au VIIe siècle, elle est conquise en 645 par les Arabes, puis récupérée en 965 par Nicéphore II Phocas. L’île accueille des guerres sur son sol au VIIe siècle, mais également des révoltes urbaines, notamment au XIe siècle. Ces révoltes isolées sont dues pour la plupart à l’éloignement de l’Empire. Les Chypriotes, Grecs pour la majorité d’entre eux, manifestent leur attachement à Byzance et rejettent de ce fait l’usurpation d’Isaac Comnène en 1184. Ce dernier est la cause de la guerre qui marque l’entrée de l’île de... / After settling on the island of Cyprus as the suzerain of the land in 1192, Guy de Lusignan first actions were to consolidate his authority and establish strong defences on his new holding. Cyprus has always been coveted and fought for: its geographical situation in the Mediterranean sea as well as its insularity provided a natural protection in front of its neighbours, but it never stopped the many attacks and raids. Ruling by the Byzantine empire until the VIIth century, the island is conquered by the Arabs in 645, and won back in 965 by Nicéphore II Bocas. Wars will be fought on the island during the VIIth century, but Cyprus will also be torn by revolts, particularly during the XIth century. Cypriots, Greeks for the most part, riot as a testimony of the bonds they feel for Byzantium and resent Isaac Comnène's usurpation in 1184. He will be the main cause of the war that will see Cyprus fall under Latin dominion in 1192. Even if the crusaders had already been using the island as a port of call since the XIth century, the island only became a part of the occidental ...

This dissertation focuses on the local defence-related industry as a beneficiary under the Department of Defence’s defence industrial participation (DIP) programme, managed by Armscor. Attention is given to the main construct of the development theory and how the DIP process in South Africa compares with the international reciprocal trade phenomena commonly referred to as ‘countertrade’. The author does an in-depth analysis of the Government’s policy regarding the defence-related industry (DRI) that forms part of the local defence industrial base (DIB), as well as the DIP policy, procedures and practices and their subsequent bearing on the local defence industry. The study is further substantiated with a comprehensive review of the consequences and outcomes resulting from the largest defence package deal (SDP), signed in December 1999, between the Department of Defence and several major foreign original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and subsequently benchmarked against academic discourse on the subjects of international countertrade and development theories.

In many jurisdictions, including England and Wales, psychopaths are unable to succeed with an insanity defence. This has been influenced by a legal view of psychopathy as a condition characterised by a reduced ability to comply with the law, which is otherwise fully understood. Evidence from cognitive neuroscience, however, may potentially challenge this traditional legal conception of psychopathy. In this regard it has already been suggested, based partly on scientific evidence, that it may be appropriate for at least some psychopaths to succeed with an insanity defence where they can be shown to lack moral competence. In this thesis, I critically examine this possibility. I first examine the insanity defence in English law, showing how psychopaths have effectively been excluded from the defence by judicial interpretation of the insanity defence criteria. Consequently, if psychopaths lacking moral competence were to be identified, reform (or reinterpretation) of the defence would be required. I then present philosophical arguments in favour of the case that some psychopaths should gain access to an insanity defence, before clarifying which psychopaths ought potentially to succeed, and which criminal offences ought potentially to be relevant, for the purposes of a reformed or reinterpreted defence. In order to clarify which psychopaths are relevant psychopaths (RPs), it is necessary to go beyond existing scientific evidence. It is argued, based on emerging neuroscientific findings and current research techniques, that while it is not currently possible to identify RPs, it may be possible in the future. Even if it this becomes possible, however, the philosophical case for access to an insanity defence remains deeply problematic. Although RPs may lack moral competence, for example, they may nevertheless possess other capacities relevant to criminal responsibility. After closer examination, it is argued that the case for access to an insanity defence may be best viewed as a case for mitigation rather than exculpation. I conclude by considering some of the implications of this analysis in an English legal context, should it become possible to identify RPs. Of particular relevance is the possibility that RPs may be at high risk of causing serious harm to others. This illuminates important possible relationships between responsibility and risk, and diagnostic advancements and risk assessment, in this area. There are also broader implications for the management of psychopaths in the future, given that greater scientific understanding may lead to enhanced predictive abilities that could tempt policymakers towards more radical strategies. This thesis contributes to an ongoing debate about the role that cognitive neuroscience may play in decisions about the criminal responsibility of psychopaths. My main contribution is to clarify how psychopaths lacking moral competence may be identified in the future, and relate this neuroscientific discourse to arguments for providing these persons with access to an insanity defence. It is argued, however, by reference to legal, policy, scientific and philosophical considerations, that the risk such persons would pose, rather than their capacity for criminal responsibility per se, may have significant legal and policy implications in England and Wales in the future.

The following study argues that existing historical interpretations of how and why the unification of British North America came about in 1867are flawed. It contends that rather than a movement propelled mainly by colonial politicians in response to domestic pressures - as generally portrayed in Canadian-centric histories of Confederation - the imperial government in Britain actually played a more active and dynamic role due to the strategic and political pressures arising from the American Civil War. Rather than this being a basic ‘withdrawal’, or ‘abandonment’ in the face of US power as is argued on the rare occasions diplomatic or strategic studies touch upon the British North American Act: this thesis argues that the imperial motivations were more far-reaching and complex. The British policy on union was bound up with the wish to make the provinces more responsible for defence, a need greatly intensified by the Civil War; however this imperative was meant to help preserve the North American colonies in the empire and even more vitally outside of the orbit of the United States. From the metropolitan government’s point of view Confederation had its genesis in the antebellum period and was a long-term aim - not only to secure the British North America - but even fact to counter United States hegemony in on the continent. Therefore rather than being conceived as a ‘retreat’, it was an overarching plan to challenge Federal preponderance in North America. Due to the security dilemmas arising from the Civil War the long-term nature of this scheme became unworkable and was therefore accelerated to become a short-term response to a strategic dilemma.

Defence sounds are widespread and diverse amongst insects. Despite their ubiquity and variability, hypotheses explaining their functions and evolutionary origins have been understudied. My thesis focused on these topics using silk and hawkmoth Bombycoidea caterpillars as a model system. In Chapter Two I investigated why defence sounds have evolved in some caterpillars but not others by testing the hypothesis that large body size is a factor in the evolution of defence sounds. To test this hypothesis, I followed the development of defence sounds in four Bombycoidea species from hatching to pupation. I predicted that early instars would not produce defence sounds, and that within sound producing instars defence sounds would be more likely to occur in larger caterpillars. Results showed that defence sounds were absent in the first and second instar, and that they developed in the third through to the fifth instar in all species. Moreover, the onset of sound production occurred when all species were the same relative size (~1.12 g, ~26.37 mm), despite the fact that the species differed in their final instar size. I concluded that early instar caterpillars do not make defence sounds, and that there is a critical size when defence sounds develop. I further tested the hypothesis that smaller caterpillars do not have enough energy to make defence sounds, by analyzing the relationship between size and several temporal characteristics of the sounds. I predicted that smaller caterpillars would signal less than larger caterpillars, and produce shorter signal units and trains, with lower duty cycles. Results partly supported the hypothesis, showing that in two species there was a positive relationship between size and the number of units produced within two seconds following an attack, the mean number of units per train, and the mean duration of the units in one species. I also tested the hypothesis that sounds of small caterpillars are not in the hearing range of predators. I predicted that there would be a relationship between caterpillar size, and the sound pressure levels and dominant frequencies of the sounds. Results showed no significant relationships with dominant frequencies or sound pressure levels and size. I concluded that the caterpillars made sounds that were within the hearing range of major predators from the onset of sound production. In Chapter Three I followed the other antipredator defences of the four species throughout development. I investigated whether the frequency of defences changed with instar. I found that the caterpillars employed up to seven different secondary defences throughout development. In one species the frequency of dropping and major thrashing increased in the late instars, and in a different species the frequency of regurgitation increased. I concluded that in some cases defence sound production accompanies other secondary defences that increase with the size of caterpillars during development. In Chapter Four I tested the hypothesis that the defensive whistle of the walnut sphinx caterpillar, Amorpha juglandis (Sphingidae: Sphinginae), functions to startle birds. I predicted that the birds would startle to the sounds, and habituate upon repeated exposure within a trial. Results showed that play-back recordings of the whistles elicited a startle response in captive red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and caused them to hesitate and/or flee from prey. I concluded that the whistles function as a startle display. Together, the experiments conducted within my thesis addressed important outstanding questions regarding the evolutionary origins of defence sounds in caterpillars, and their functions in predator-prey interactions.

La Cilicie – improprement appelée «Petite Arménie » - est un État, qui a eu une histoire riche mais relativement courte (fin XIe - fin XIVe siècle). La principauté roubênienne de Cilicie (à partir de 1198 – un royaume) se trouve dans le sud-est de l'Asie Mineure.Disposée à la croisée des voies commerciales et stratégiques, la Cilicie est la zone charnière et pratiquement incontournable entre l'Europe méditerranéenne et le Proche-Orient. La Cilicie arménienne - un État plus ou moins de issu de migrations forcées – affronta tout au long de son existence des attaques, voire des invasions innombrables.Au long de son histoire trois fois séculaire, elle fut exposée aux attaques venant de divers côtés: Europe, Byzance, sultanat de Roûm, émirats syriens et Égypte ayyoûbide, puis, surtout, mameloûke. Pendant toute son existence, la Cilicie essaie de maintenir son indépendance et de défendre son territoire contre les envahisseurs. Ainsi, l'Art militaire (stratégie, tactique, armement, composition de l'armée etc.) des Arméniens de Cilicie, ainsi que leur idée national se développe avec l'esprit de défense.La défense, ou stratégie défensive, constitue, avec l'offensive, l'une des deux formes principales de la stratégie opérationnelle. Elle implique une posture de résistance utilisant l'ensemble des moyens d'interdiction de l'action adverse. Bien qu'elle ait recours à l'ensemble des fonctions tactiques nécessaires à la réalisation des opérations militaires (contre-attaque, raid, offensive), c'est à la protection qu'elle confère le rôle majeur. Le choix stratégique d'une posture défensive détermine les modalités d'engagement pour chacune des dimensions : opérations, bataille, combat et chacun des éléments de la guerre.L'étude de la défense de l'Arménie cilicienne est un sujet novateur. Avec le plan de la recherche bien développé, nous avons tenté d'étudier non seulement l'histoire militaire de la Cilicie, mais aussi son contexte sociale et politique, les détailles techniques et le rôle de l'église dans l'affaire militaire.Pour notre recherche nous avons exploité de nombreuses sources d'origines diverses. En effet, outre les sources arméniennes, nous avons examiné les sources latines, grecques, arabes, syriaques (pour les deux dernières en traduction). Seule, la méthode de croisement des sources et de comparaison des traditions militaires nous a permis de compléter les lacunes de l'information nous fait espérer que nous sommes parvenue à des conclusions novatrices.Le dépouillement des sources nous a permis de commencer à traiter certains points jamais étudiés, par exemple le costume et l'armement d'un combattant arméno-cilicien (y compris l'utilisation et la typologie des armes blanches), la stratégie et la tactique dans l'armée cilicienne, la poliorcétique et les machines de siège. D'autres thèmes (comme pendant la période de la Reconquête byzantine), peu étudiés jusqu'ici, ont également été traités, comme l'espionnage en Cilicie, ou encore la guerre navale conduite par les Arméniens ciliciens. Parmi les autres questions, le rôle de l'Eglise dans l'armée arménienne est également abordé.La nouveauté de notre thèse consiste peut-être dans la méthode appliquée. Dans notre recherche, nous avons essayé non seulement de déterminer les éléments historiques (les rencontres et les batailles) mais aussi de développer la problématique qui existe autour de ces conflits, en cherchant à trouver leurs racines. En nous posant les questions comment ? et pour quel but ?, nous pouvons livrer beaucoup plus d'informations et, ainsi, nous arrivons à expliquer les événements historiques du point de vue militaire. / Cilicia - also known as the Cilician Armenia, Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, Kingdom of Cilicia or New Armenia - was a medieval State, which had a rich, but relatively short history (from the end of XI till late fourteenth century). The principality of Armenian princes' roubênienne of Cilicia (from 1198 - a kingdom) was located in the southeast of Asia Minor.Placed at the intersection of commercial and strategic roads, Cilicia was an unavoidable area between Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East. Throughout its existence Armenian Cilicia - a state formed more or less from forced migration - faced attacks or numerous invasions.Throughout a history spanning across three centuries, Cilicia was exposed to attacks from various sides: Europe, Byzantium, Sultanate of Rum, Ayyubid emirates, Egypt and Syria, and, above all, Mamluk. In the period of three centuries Cilicia tries to maintain its independence and defend its own territory against invaders. Thus, the Military Art of the Armenians of Cilicia (tactical strategy, weaponry, composition of the army etc.), and their national idea develops with spirit of defense.Defense, or defensive strategy, along with the offensive, is one of the two main forms of military strategy. It involves a posture of resistance using all the means for preventing the opposing action. Event that the defensive strategy uses all tactical functions necessary to achieve the military conflict (against attack, raid, offensive), that is the defense it gives the major role. The strategic choice of a defensive posture determines all dimensions or military Art of Cilicians: operations, battle and each element of the war.The study of the defense of Cilician Armenia is an innovative topic. We tried to study not only the military history of Cilicia, but also its social and political context, the technical details as and the role of the church in the military case.For our research we used many different original sources. In fact, besides the Armenian sources, we examined the Latin, Greek, Arabic, Syriac (the last two in translation) texts. Only the method of crossing of sources and comparing military traditions gave us hope that we have succeeded in innovative conclusions.This method has allowed us to instigate some issues never discussed, for example the armor and weapons of Cilician Armenian fighter (including the use and types of knives), strategy and tactics in the Cilician army, siege warfare and siege machines. We also treated other topics such as espionage in Cilicia, or naval warfare conducted by the Cilician Armenians. Among other questions, the role of the Church in the Armenian army is also discussed.The method applied in our research is perhaps the novelty of this work. In our investigation, we tried not only to determine the historical events (encounters and battles) but also to develop the problem that exists around these conflicts, trying to find their origins. By asking the questions how? and for what?, we can deliver a lot more information, and thus we can explain the historical events from a military point of view.

International studies concerning the implementation of ethical and anti-corruption agenda suggest, that defence companies from Czech Republic do not live up to same standards as a global ones. Goal of the thesis is to verify, whether This hypothesis is true for other Czech Defence companies too. The theoretical part summarises the modern historical period of the evolution of the defence industry in the Czech Republic and analyse main anti-corruption institutions and legal documents. The last two chapters carry out analysis of a state of anti-corruption agenda implemented in a group of Czech defence companies and a practical examples of its importance in a four case studies about main corruption cases in the Czech Republic. The result shows, that Czech companies are at the same level as a global average, but there are serious deficiencies in mechanisms concerning anti-corruption measures.

The master thesis is devoted to a nontraditional, however, in the todays world to a very current topic, arms industry and its support. The thesis connects the theoretical concept of the strategic trade policy (defined by P. Krugman or J. Brander) to its practical interpretation and application in the defence and security industry. The first chapter explains the strategic trade policy using the Brander Spencer analysis. The topic of the second chapter is strategic industries and this chapter answers the question whether the defence and security industry is a strategic industry or not. The third chapter analyses the possibilities of the support of DSI and compares approaches of different EU member states. The last chapter is devoted to the solution of this problem. The main contribution of this thesis is a new interpretation of the strategic trade policy, analysis of the importance of the defence and security industry and its support and suggestion of practical measures for Czech companies and for the Czech Ministry of Defence.

Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNNS,) of which the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the United States is the most widely used, is increasingly being used by the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) for navigation and positional data. However, the SANDF can only use civilian type GPS receivers, which make use of the Standard Positioning Serves (SPS) and not the encrypted Precise Positioning Service (PPS), which is only available to the United States military forces and its allies. The aim of this work is to understand the influences that impact on the use of a GPS and specifically the capabilities of civilian type GPS receivers. The first objective will be to propose and motivate the use of a standardised reference frame that can be used by the SANDF for positional data in general and for GPS measurements specifically. In this regard it is proposed that the SANDF standardises on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) as the standard ellipsoid and also use it as a universal horizontal datum for mapping projects. For survey tasks WGS 84 can be used in combination with a selected International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) epoch for reference stations. The International GNNS Service (IGS) stations can be used as such reference stations; the geometric distribution can be improved as the African Reference Frame (AFREF) add more stations to the existing IGS network. In the absence of a common vertical datum it is suggested that the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM 2008) be used. Secondly, the use of GPS for positional data should be aligned with the required positional accuracy requirements and standards of the SANDF. In this regard it is suggested that international positional accuracy standards are accepted and implemented to ensure interoperability. The third objective is to describe and understand how to mitigate influences that impact on the reliability of GPS. This is specifically important with the use of low accuracy civilian type GPS receivers for navigation and the collection of ground control for mapping projects. The fourth objective will be to establish with practical field trials the effect of these influences on GPS measurements and device appropriate data collection strategies. One serious impact is the susceptibility of civilian GPS receivers to jamming. This is addressed but not sufficiently to formulate policy and would require further investigation. There is a worldwide drive to make GPS reliable for safety of life applications such as air and rail transport which also benefits its use for military applications. It is therefore important for the SANDF users to know and understand these influences on GPS in order to optimise its use for operations. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

No abstract available / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Business Management / unrestricted