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<p> Geophysical studies of the northwest trending Sudbury olivine diabase dikes, to the south of Coniston, Ontario establish a deformation zone, within the Southern province up to 10 km from the Grenville Front. Paleomagnetics reveal two directional groups within the dikes; those with a NRM direction of 300°/32° representing the primary magnetization of the dikes and those dikes with a Grenville overprint direction of 116°/56°. The deviation in direction of the two groups, in relation to previous studies (Palmer et al., 1977) is interpreted to be due to fault block movement. Aeromagnetics reveal extensive ductile and brittle deformation in the dikes as they approach the front. The general orientation of deformation is to the northeast. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

We present the results of our study of the shear deformation zone in free-standing thin polymer films as a probe of entanglement in confined systems. A stretching system was used to uniaxially strain thin polystyrene (PS) films. Atomic force microscopy was used to measure the thicknesses of the shear deformation zone (SDZ), hc, and the film thicknesses h. The maximum extension ratio 2 - h/hc, was measured as a function of film thickness. The results show that A increases with the decreasing film thickness which implies an increase in the entanglement molecular weight in confinement. The same experiments were carried out for thin PS film with different molecular weights. A tentative model was developed to explain the experimental results and found to be in good agreement with the data. More exciting is the fact that the model predicts a scaling dependence on the polymer molecular weight which was also observed. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The goal of this study was to identify and describe different microstructures observed in samples from two major shear zones in the Gällivare area, namely the Nautanen Deformation Zone (NDZ), and the Fjällåsen deformation zone (FDZ). Thirteen samples were examined during this study. The samples represent metavolcanic sedimentary rocks with felsic composition containing mostly quartz, K-feldspars and plagioclase with some accessory minerals such as allanite, monazite, biotite, muscovite, calcite, chlorite etc. and these rocks preserve in some cases mylonitic textures. Two metamorphic events (M1 and M2) and four deformation phases (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were identified. Beginning with the regional metamorphic event M1, which also is peak metamorphism (greenschist to amphibolite facies), resulting in D1, a compressional deformation creating the penetrative foliation S1 from a N-S to NNW-SSE shortening direction. A tectonic pause is followed by M2 synchronous with intrusions of Lina granites resulting in widespread contact metamorphism and reactivation of the shear zones. This new compression has tilted the foliations with a dip of ~60°W of FDZ and ~60°E of NDZ. This also created a SC-fabric, a related S2 foliation which shows a slight WSW tilting, and records reverse dip-slip, ENE dextral movement. A last compressional deformation, D3, generated brittle-plastic deformations observed W of FDZ as a reverse thrust of the Gällivare block upon the W block. The last deformation described, D4, has resulted in a set of fractures, some of which have been quartz filled. These are only observed E of NDZ and were interpreted as post metamorphic brittle deformation in a normal fault motion.

Second phase particles play an important role in the recrystallization of aluminium alloys. They give rise to high level of local lattice misorientation around the particle, in particle deformation zone (PDZ) during processing. These can act as potent nucleation sites for new recrystallized grains in a process known as particle stimulated nucleation (PSN). This mechanism is essential to produce material with a more random texture and small grain size, which helps e.g. ductility and formability. A new HRDIC technique is used here in combination with EBSD to investigate the evolution of deformation structures by linking the local deformation (by Digital Image Correlation, DIC) to the lattice orientation before and after deformation by EBSD measurements and compared with the CPFEM predictions. The results show that strain is very heterogeneous during deformation and concentrates mainly in slip bands. The spacing between these bands is affected by several factors: applied strain, crystallographic orientation and the existence of small dispersoids. Thus, the relationship between the strain, particle size and rotation in the deformation zone is much more complex than predicted by existing models.

Estimation of elastic anisotropy, which is usually caused by rock fabrics and mineral orientation, has an important role in exploration seismology and better understanding of crustal seismic reflections. If not properly taken care of during processing steps, it may lead to wrong interpretation or distorted seismic image. In this thesis, a state-of-the-art under the development Laser Doppler Interferometer (LDI) device is used to measure phase velocities on the surface of rock samples from a major deformation zone (Österbybruk Deformation Zone) in the Bergslagen region of eastern Sweden. Then, a general inversion code is deployed to invert measured phase velocities to obtain full elastic stiffness tensors of two samples from the major deformation zone in the study area. At the end, results are used to correct for the anisotropy effects using three dimensionless Tsvankin's parameters and a non-hyperbolic moveout equation. The resulting stacked section shows partial reflection improvement of the deformation zone compared with the isotropic processing section. This suggests that rock anisotropy may also contribute to the generation of reflections from the deformation zones in the study area but requires further investigations.

The Forsmark area, the main study area in this thesis, is located about 140 km north of Stockholm, central Sweden. It belongs to the Paleoproterozoic Svecokarelian orogen and contains several major ductile and brittle deformation zones including the Forsmark, Eckarfjärden and Singö zones. The bedrock between these zones, in general is less deformed and considered suitable for a nuclear waste repository. While several site investigations have already been carried out in the area, this thesis focuses primarily on (i) re-processing some of the existing reflection seismic lines to improve imaging of deeper structures, (ii) acquiring and processing high-resolution reflection and refraction data for better characterization of the near surface geology for the planning of a new access ramp, (iii) studying possible seismic anisotropy from active sources recorded onto sparse three-component receivers and multi-offset-azimuth vertical seismic profiling data (VSP). Reflection seismic surveys are an important component of these investigations. The re-processing helped in improving the deeper parts (1-5 km) of the seismic images and allowing three major deeper reflections to be better characterized, one of which is sub-horizontal while the other two are dipping moderately. These reflections were attributed to originate from either dolerite sills or brittle fault systems. First break traveltime tomography allowed delineating an undulating bedrock-surface topography, which is typical in the Forsmark area. Shallow reflections imaged in 3D, thanks to the acquisition design were compared with existing borehole data and explained by fractured or weak zones in the bedrock. The analysis of seismic anisotropy indicates the presence of shear-wave splitting due to transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis in the uppermost hundreds of meters of crust. Open fractures and joints were interpreted to be responsible for the large delays observed between the transverse and radial components of the shear-wave arrivals, both on surface and VSP data.

The main purpose of this diploma thesis was to determine whether the deformation zone, which arises above intact mining workings in soils, has a measurable gravity effect and influences the interpretation of gravity measurements. The railway tunnel in Březno u Chomutova has been chosen as a test site. We have progressed so that the geotechnical model of the geological environment above the tunnel was calculated first. The model was constructed on the base of two core wells, which were drilled near the tunnel especially for this purpose. The geotechnical model of deformation zone was converted into a density model and its gravity response was calculated. This model was compared with the gravity effect of the tunnel in rock environment without any deformation zone. The difference between effects of these two models gives the gravity response of the deformation zone. We found out that the gravity effect of the deformation zone is insignificant and does not affect the gravity interpretation in the environment of stiff tertiary clays, where the Březno tunnel is excavated. We compared the results of our modeling with the field gravimetric measurements results above the tunnel in Březno. The measurement was realized on three parallel profiles, which reach the tunnel in various depths. The results of...

The diploma thesis deals with crash tests. Many international organizations specialize directly in conducting crash tests. Impact test simulates vehicle collision. The three most common test are front, side, and backstreets. The diploma thesis focuses on side conflicts. Side clashes are characterized by the fact that the first vehicle is damaged at the front and the second in the side. The measured data from these tests was evaluated to obtain the deformation energy consumed for permanent damage to vehicles. Deformation energy was calculated as equivalent to the individual speed of individual vehicles. EES values have been evaluated by various methods used in expert practice and compared. The impact tests were simulated to clarify assistance to experts in the analysis of traffic accidents.

The presented work analyses the methodology and approach of the legislation. It presents in the press presented results of numerical modelling of the impact of vehicles crashed into barriers that are being solved in the Czech Republic and worldwide. It presents a recommendation of a methodology for assessing crash barriers. The methodology follows the basic principles used in the TP 101 and EN 1991-1-1. The kinetic energy of the vehicle at the moment of impact is replaced with substitute static force, whose effects are comparable with those of a vehicle collision. The supporting structure of crash barriers is implemented in compliance with means of statics. The calculation includes the vehicle deformation, which represents the real distribution of the energy absorbed by the deformation of the vehicle and the energy that crash barriers need to absorb. The proposed methods allow to take into account non-linear behaviour of the structure both in terms of geometry and in terms of material nonlinearity. The work also deals with the interpretation of various types of support structures in the computational model. A specific case is used for a demonstration of a way of modelling the elastic supporting column of crash barriers in the soil, or modelling the friction of a loose concrete block over the surface. To ensure the proper position of interconnected loose blocks corresponding to the reality, a method of modelling the place of a possible contact of the breakthrough is drafted. A significant contribution to the more accurate calculation is achieved by sequential increase of the load on the construction by using load increment and measurement of energy increases absorbed by the deformation in each step. The presented methodology is an effective tool to assess crash barriers. For the application of this tool, using common resources and facilities available to almost every designer dealing with statics of structures is sufficient. In conclusion, the knowledge obtained fr