The deformation behaviour of polycrystalline compacts of Mg(OH)₂ during dehydroxylation has been studied in an attempt to evaluate the nature of strain that can be introduced into the compact during the reaction. A study of neck-growth between tips of single crystals of Ca(OH)₂, and between two hemispherical tips of Mg(OH)₂, compacts showed both deformation and interaction at the contact point during the dehydroxylation reaction. Load-dependent deformation of the compacts gave a total strain proportional to the one-third power of the applied stress. The creep deformation of Mg(OH)₂ compacts during dehydroxylation was also studied under isothermal conditions. The overall creep behaviour can be divided into three stages. The initial stage is initiated by the dehydroxylation reaction. During the second or steady state creep stage the highest creep rate was obtained. The steady state creep rate was determined as a function of temperature pressure, and relative density of the green compact. The results are represented by: [formula omitted] Particle sliding was considered to be the most probable mechanism for creep during the second stage. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

In Europe, clay roof tiles are manufactured by pressing in 'open' moulds whereas in South East Asia 'closed' moulds are commonly used. The European products are more complex, having a greater degree of detail. Closed mould pressing could, however, be advantageous as it would minimise scrap recycling but the products would need to have equivalent or superior durability to existing tiles. The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using a closed mould for the manufacture of European tiles by examining the relationship between the type of pressing and subsequent durability, in terms of resistance to repetitive freeze-thaw cycles. One specific clay type, the Marseille rose blend, was investigated over a range of forming water contents. Preliminary data relating to plasticity and friction were obtained through an empirical (Pfefferkorn) plasticity test, uniaxial compression of cylinders and friction ring experiments. Clay cylinders containing 16-21 wt % water were deformed at a compression rate of 240 mm/min. The yield stress was found to increase with decreasing moisture content. The plastic ranges of the stress-strain curves were well represented by a plastic deformation equation of uniaxial compression under sticking friction conditions. A laboratory-scale pressing rig was designed to make profiled specimens which would reproduce the essential features of a European tile. Comparison of the microstructures of the laboratory and factory samples showed that there was sufficient resemblance to validate the replication of the Marseille products in the laboratory tests. Bats of three moisture contents of 16.4, 18.4 and 20.6 wt % and different geometries were pressed in open, partially closed and closed rubber lined resin moulds in a mechanical testing machine using a cross-head speed of 240 mm/min. This was lower than a typical pressing operation but the speed of pressing had been found to not be a significant variable over the range commonly encountered. Clay was trapped in the features as the mould closed and flowed mainly within the flat part of the samples during pressing. For the open and partially closed moulds excess material was extruded through the gaps at the sides, a process referred to as flashing. The shape of the load-displacement curves was characteristic of the stages of the pressing process. The stress-strain curves for the pressing in open moulds showed good qualitative agreement with the results from uniaxial compression of cylinders. The open porosity of the samples after firing was strongly related to the forming moisture content of the clay with the open porosity increasing with increasing water content. Comparison of extruded bats and pressed bars showed that the influence of the pressing processes was not significant. Likewise, in freeze-thaw testing, the effect of the moisture content was again the overriding parameter, with acceptable durability always being obtained from the lowest open porosity samples. Given the marginal differences, the pressing processes investigated in this study were assumed to be equivalent in terms of the quality of the samples produced. Thus, closed mould pressing is feasible but does not lead to product improvement and hence may not be economically viable.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009. / Title from title screen (site viewed July 8, 2010). PDF text: ix, 195 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 4 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3366273. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1994. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 95-98. Also available online.

Advanced engineering materials are designed to display tensile-compressive asymmetry (TCA) and anisotropy to provide unique attributes to critical components necessary in the hot section of turbines. The never-ending chase for higher efficiencies, and with them, higher temperature gradients, intrinsically leads to more and more of these complex materials, like single crystal turbine blades, embedded within the turbine environment. Mathematical models, known as yield criteria, allow engineers to visualize the mechanical behavior of these materials in various orientations under complex loading. Yield criteria are dependent on three key items in determination of their governing parameters: material test data, mathematical constraints, and knowledge about the examined materials microstructure in order to predict the materials attributes (Anisotropy, Tensile-Compressive Asymmetry). The optimization of the modeling parameters governing constitutive modeling of TCA and anisotropic material has been a semi- active area of research in the last decade. As such, there is a deficit of repeatable, robust, and more efficient techniques present within the literature surrounding determination of the yield criteria parameters surrounding nickel-base superalloys. Research is proposed to derive a novel way to identify yield surface parameters. Meshing proven algorithms with a vast material database, identifying the overall best modeling parameters, and reducing the required physical testing will be of fundamental concern. The inherent reduction of lab time, and accompanied cost of experimentation, will allow the user to make use of the test data more efficiently. Implementing the constant determination approach will be facilitated by developed MATLAB code, providing an easy and centralized environment for identifying and parameterizing a repeatable yield surface representing the user uploaded anisotropic and TCA material.

Orientador: Sérgio Tonini Button / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_JoseAugustoCamargo_M.pdf: 12204746 bytes, checksum: 78b1a8db87093cdc58baaa854932096e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O processo sheet hydroform, ou hidroconformação de chapas, é realizado por meio de uma prensa composta por uma membrana de borracha, preenchido com um fluido hidráulico cuja função é atuar como uma matriz, exercendo esforços sobre uma chapa de metal (blank), que é então empurrada contra um punção rígido, fazendo-o adquirir o formato deste. Embora este processo seja amplamente utilizado para a produção de pequenos lotes de peças metálicas de formato complexo e de espessura reduzida, ele exige habilidades de quem o define, pois se por um lado pode ser visto como simples por empregar apenas um molde maciço, por outro, a ausência de um sistema macho-fêmea capaz de garantir um completo travamento do blank pode ser encarado como um problema por permitir movimentos indesejados do material, que muitas vezes resultam na formação de rugas ou outros defeitos. Baseando-se nesses conceitos, o propósito deste trabalho foi o de mapear, por meio de simulações e ensaios práticos, a conformabilidade de abas convexas da liga de alumínio AA2024-0 de quatro espessuras quando submetidas a diferentes combinações de raio de curvatura e comprimento de aba. Deste modo, foi possível definir quais combinações destes parâmetros possibilitam a obtenção de componentes conformados adequadamente, isentos de rugas e outros defeitos macroscópicos, e ainda, quais condições levam à formação de irregularidades na aba conformada acima do limite preestabelecido, exigindo o emprego de prensa-chapas especiais, também conhecidos como dams, capazes de evitar a ocorrência de tais desvios. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se constatar que a ocorrência de rugas está associada principalmente à altura da aba conformada e não se altera significativamente quando a espessura do blank é modificada. Além disso, foi possível notar que raios de curvaturas maiores proporcionam menores valores de deformação compressiva na região conformada, permitindo obter abas mais altas e sem rugas / Abstract: Hydroform, or sheet metal fluid forming, is performed using a fluid cell press, in which the hydraulic fluid acts on the metallic blank pushing it against the male tool, acquiring its geometry. It is widely employed to manufacture small batches of complex and low thick components. If by one point of view it can be seen as simple, involving just a single rigid block as tool, by the other hand the absence of a rigid punch in certain cases can be a limitation, since it may allow the blank to move incorrectly during the process, causing wrinkles or other macro defects. Based on this limitation, the aim of this study was to define, using computational simulations and practical tests, the shrink flange formability limit of four different thickness aluminum alloy sheets when submitted to different combinations of curvature radius and flange length. As result, it could be seen which combinations can lead the material to be formed properly and which may cause failures, requiring special blank holders, known as dams, to avoid this problems. Based on the results, it can be verified that wrinkles nucleation is mainly associated with flange height and it does not change significantly when using blanks with different thicknesses. Furthermore, it could be noted that bigger curvature radius implies in smaller compressive strain on formed region, allowing to obtain higher flanges without wrinkles in these conditions / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a flexible process where an indenter moves over the surface of a sheet of metal to form a 3D shell incrementally by a progression of localised deformation. Despite extensive research into the process, the deformation mechanics is not fully understood. This thesis presents new insights into the mechanics of ISF applied to two groups of materials: sheet metals and sandwich panels. A new system for measuring tool forces in ISF is commissioned. The system uses six loadcells to measure reaction forces on the workpiece frame. Each force signal has an uncertainty of ±15 N. This is likely to be small in comparison to tool forces measured in ISF. The mechanics of ISF of sheet metals is researched. Through-thickness deformation and strains of copper plates are measured for single-point incremental forming (SPIF) and two-point incremental forming (TPIF). It is shown that the deformation mechanisms of SPIF and TPIF are shear parallel to the tool direction, with both shear and stretching perpendicular to the tool direction. Tool forces are measured and compared throughout the two processes. Tool forces follow similar trends to strains, suggesting that shear parallel to the tool direction is a result of friction between the tool and workpiece. The mechanics of ISF of sandwich panels is investigated. The mechanical viability of applying ISF to various sandwich panel designs is evaluated by observing failure modes and damage under two simple tool paths. ISF is applicable to metal/polymer/metal sandwich panels. This is because the cores and faceplates are ductile and largely incompressible, and therefore survive local indentation during ISF without collapse. Through-thickness deformation, tool forces and applicability of the sine law for prediction of wall thickness are measured and compared for a metal/polymer/metal sandwich panel and a monolithic sheet metal. The mechanical results for ISF of sheet metals transfer closely to sandwich panels. Hence, established knowledge and process implementation procedures derived for ISF of monolithic sheet metals may be used in the future for ISF of sandwich panels.

A estampagem incremental é um processo de deformação incremental de chapa que pode ser classificado em três modos distintos: estampagem incremental sem matriz, estampagem incremental com matriz parcial e estampagem com matriz total. A deformação ocorre devido ao contato entre a ferramenta e a chapa, localmente e progressivamente, ao longo de uma trajetória pré-definida. A chapa permanece presa a suportes que fixam as suas extremidades de maneira a impedir os deslocamentos provocados pela passagem da ferramenta. A primeira parte deste trabalho compreende estudos em elementos finitos, usando o software LS-Dyna, sobre a trajetória das deformações na estampagem incremental para a fabricação de flanges em chapas previamente furadas de liga de alumínio AA1050. Foram realizados testes de contato e de linha que permitiram definir parâmetros da simulação. Os resultados para as deformações foram confrontados com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente por outros autores e permitiram verificar o comportamento das deformações nos flanges. As deformações crescem montonicamente até os valores máximos. Este resultado confirma a teoria de que na estampagem incremental de chapas a fratura ocorre sem o prévio aparecimento da estricção. A segunda parte deste trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um suporte modular aplicável a estampagem incremental, tanto na sua variante sem matriz quanto com matriz, com o intuito de aumentar a flexibilidade do processo com relação à geometria da peça a ser deformada. Foi empregada a técnica de análise de valor objetivando alcançar a melhor funcionalidade do sistema. Como resultado foi obtido um suporte modular que atende os requisitos de rigidez, flexibilidade, modularidade, agilidade na troca da chapa a ser deformada e simplicidade construtiva. / The sheet incremental forming can be classified into three basic configurations, depending on the number of contact points between the sheet, tool and die (when present). Single incremental forming (absence of specific dies) and two point incremental forming (presence of a partial or full die) can be distinguished. The process makes use of a simple, low-cost, hemispherical tipped tool to precisely and progressively shape a blank into a metal sheet along a predefined tool path. The sheet is fixed onto the rig to prevent lateral displacements caused by tool movement. The first part of this work includes studies about finite elements, using the LS-Dyna software, applied to deformation path in hole-flanging produced by incremental sheet forming. The investigation was carried out using aluminum alloy AA1050. Contact and line numerical results support simulation parameters choices. The results from the strains were compared with empirical ones obtained by other authors. The results showed the deformation mechanics behavior of the hole-flanging. The strain paths of hole-flanging produced by incremental sheet forming grew linearly and monotonically from the origin to the maximum achievable strains. This result confirms the absence of local necking along plane strain directions. The second part of this work deals with the development of a modular rig that can be applied to dieless, partial or total die single point incremental forming in order to increase the flexibility of the process concerning the geometry of the part to be deformed. The result was a modular rig with constructive simplicity and requirements of stiffness, flexibility and modularity when exchanging sheets.

A estampagem incremental é um processo de deformação incremental de chapa que pode ser classificado em três modos distintos: estampagem incremental sem matriz, estampagem incremental com matriz parcial e estampagem com matriz total. A deformação ocorre devido ao contato entre a ferramenta e a chapa, localmente e progressivamente, ao longo de uma trajetória pré-definida. A chapa permanece presa a suportes que fixam as suas extremidades de maneira a impedir os deslocamentos provocados pela passagem da ferramenta. A primeira parte deste trabalho compreende estudos em elementos finitos, usando o software LS-Dyna, sobre a trajetória das deformações na estampagem incremental para a fabricação de flanges em chapas previamente furadas de liga de alumínio AA1050. Foram realizados testes de contato e de linha que permitiram definir parâmetros da simulação. Os resultados para as deformações foram confrontados com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente por outros autores e permitiram verificar o comportamento das deformações nos flanges. As deformações crescem montonicamente até os valores máximos. Este resultado confirma a teoria de que na estampagem incremental de chapas a fratura ocorre sem o prévio aparecimento da estricção. A segunda parte deste trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um suporte modular aplicável a estampagem incremental, tanto na sua variante sem matriz quanto com matriz, com o intuito de aumentar a flexibilidade do processo com relação à geometria da peça a ser deformada. Foi empregada a técnica de análise de valor objetivando alcançar a melhor funcionalidade do sistema. Como resultado foi obtido um suporte modular que atende os requisitos de rigidez, flexibilidade, modularidade, agilidade na troca da chapa a ser deformada e simplicidade construtiva. / The sheet incremental forming can be classified into three basic configurations, depending on the number of contact points between the sheet, tool and die (when present). Single incremental forming (absence of specific dies) and two point incremental forming (presence of a partial or full die) can be distinguished. The process makes use of a simple, low-cost, hemispherical tipped tool to precisely and progressively shape a blank into a metal sheet along a predefined tool path. The sheet is fixed onto the rig to prevent lateral displacements caused by tool movement. The first part of this work includes studies about finite elements, using the LS-Dyna software, applied to deformation path in hole-flanging produced by incremental sheet forming. The investigation was carried out using aluminum alloy AA1050. Contact and line numerical results support simulation parameters choices. The results from the strains were compared with empirical ones obtained by other authors. The results showed the deformation mechanics behavior of the hole-flanging. The strain paths of hole-flanging produced by incremental sheet forming grew linearly and monotonically from the origin to the maximum achievable strains. This result confirms the absence of local necking along plane strain directions. The second part of this work deals with the development of a modular rig that can be applied to dieless, partial or total die single point incremental forming in order to increase the flexibility of the process concerning the geometry of the part to be deformed. The result was a modular rig with constructive simplicity and requirements of stiffness, flexibility and modularity when exchanging sheets.