Thesis (Ed.D.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008. / "A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Directed by John Weaver. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-218) and appendices.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2005. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Richard Howard. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-143).

The 1858 Medical Act removed geographical boundary restrictions on medical qualifications conferred in the United Kingdom, yet historians have hitherto overlooked this aspect of the legislation. This thesis uses practitioners working in London who held a Scottish qualification between 1861 and 1921 as a case study to consider the implications of this feature of the Act. It uses a database constructed using the Medical Directory and follows a prosopographical approach to examine the careers of these practitioners and identifies several defining characteristics that were a consequence of their training and qualifications. The central argument is that Scottish degrees and licences conferred certain opportunities and restrictions on their holders, which could assist practitioners in their careers or limit the work they undertook in the capital. However, these characteristics were not uniform across the entire group. There were differences between those who held a corporation's licence and a university degree, and the increasing number of women in the medical profession revealed a gender divide that diminished the relevance of holding specific qualifications for women. Furthermore, the introduction of panel practice under the 1911 National Health Insurance Act added an extra dimension to these distinctions. Panel doctors could acquire a practice from the government regardless of their qualifications, meaning they were less reliant on their own connections and networks. Additionally, the ongoing tensions between panel and non-panel doctors introduced new divisions into the profession that, in some respects, overshadowed previous boundaries.

This thesis examines linguistic phenomena that implicate measurement in the nominal domain. The first is morphological number, as in one book vs. two books. Intuitively, the contrast between singular and plural forms of nouns finds its basis in whether or not some thing measures 1. Chapter 2 develops a formal account of morphological number centered around this measurement. Different classes of words and different languages employ different criteria to determine whether or not something measures 1 for the purpose of morphological singularity. The second component of the project takes a closer look at the semantics of quantizing nouns, or words that allow for the measurement or counting of individuals. Chapter 3 develops a typology of these quantizing nouns, identifying three classes of words: measure terms (e.g., kilo), container nouns (e.g., glass), and atomizers (e.g., grain), showing that each class yields a distinct interpretation on the basis of diverging structures and semantics. The third component of the project investigates our representations of measurement, modeled formally by degrees in the semantics. Chapter 4 accesses these representations of measurement through a case study of the word amount, which is shown to inhabit yet another class of quantizing noun: degree nouns. This case study motivates a new semantics for degrees. Formally, degrees are treated as kinds; both are nominalizations of properties. The properties that beget degrees are quantity-uniform, formed via a measure. Treating degrees as kinds ensures that they contain information about the objects that instantiate them. This new semantics for degrees highlights the four basic elements of the semantics of measurement. First, and perhaps most obviously, we have measure functions in our semantics. These measure functions translate objects onto a scale, allowing for the encoding of gradability. Scales are composed of the second element in our measurement semantics: numbers. Numbers, specifically non-negative real numbers, are taken as semantic primitives. The third element, kinds, often provides the objects of measurement. Kinds are abstract, intensional entities, so the fourth element in our measurement semantics, partitions, delivers maximal instances of the kind (i.e., real-world objects) to be measured. With measures, numbers, kinds, and partitions, we have a semantics of measurement. / Linguistics

abstract: Whilst linear mixed models offer a flexible approach to handle data with multiple sources of random variability, the related hypothesis testing for the fixed effects often encounters obstacles when the sample size is small and the underlying distribution for the test statistic is unknown. Consequently, five methods of denominator degrees of freedom approximations (residual, containment, between-within, Satterthwaite, Kenward-Roger) are developed to overcome this problem. This study aims to evaluate the performance of these five methods with a mixed model consisting of random intercept and random slope. Specifically, simulations are conducted to provide insights on the F-statistics, denominator degrees of freedom and p-values each method gives with respect to different settings of the sample structure, the fixed-effect slopes and the missing-data proportion. The simulation results show that the residual method performs the worst in terms of F-statistics and p-values. Also, Satterthwaite and Kenward-Roger methods tend to be more sensitive to the change of designs. The Kenward-Roger method performs the best in terms of F-statistics when the null hypothesis is true. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Statistics 2020

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