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Title: Phylogenetical consequenses of human locomotion realizated during the schoulder girdle Objectives: Description of phylogenetic context of human locomotion realized through the shoulder girdle Methods: Study and analysis of the available literature Analytic-synthetic comparison of the current knowledge of evolution Study of available sources of phylogeny of locomotion in terrestrial vertebrates Results: It was found similarity in the basic control of human bipedal locomotion to control of quadrupedal locomotion of other animals and similarity in the specific form of human locomotion to locomotion of non-human primates Keywords: Bipedal locomotion, quadrupedal locomotion, control of locomotion, interlimb coordination

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18946号 / 工博第3988号 / 新制||工||1614 / 31897 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 泉田 啓, 教授 藤本 健治, 教授 松野 文俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

La coordination des membres est un élément essentiel pour la marche terrestre chez les mammifères. Les mécanismes neuronaux et biomécaniques s'ajustent pour assurer le maintien d'un équilibre dynamique dans un environnement changeant. Lorsque le système est confronté à une perturbation persistante, la coordination des membres s'adapte. L'adaptation est définie comme un recalibrage du mouvement en réponse à une perturbation persistante ainsi que la présence d'après-effets une fois la perturbation disparue, ce qui indique que le nouveau patron a été entreposé dans le système nerveux central. Chez l'homme, le patron locomoteur s'adapte à une marche prolongée sur un tapis roulant partitionné, où l’une des jambes marche à une vitesse supérieure à l'autre, en rétablissant progressivement la symétrie des variables inter-jambes: périodes de double support et des longueurs des pas, ainsi qu’en réduisant l'amplitude de l'activité musculaire (EMG, électromyographie). L’objectif de notre étude était de déterminer si des chats intacts et des chats ayant subis une lésion complète de la moelle épinière (chat spinalisé) s’adaptent à la marche partitionnée prolongée. Pour caractériser l’adaptation locomotrice chez le chat intact et spinalisé, une prise de données cinématiques et électromyographiques des membres postérieurs a été effectuée chats intacts et les chats spinalisés, les longueurs de pas et les périodes de doubles supports étaient, en moyenne, symétriques, pendant la locomotion sur tapis roulant non-partitionné, et sont devenus asymétriques lors de la locomotion sur tapis roulant partitionné. Ces mesures inter-jambes sont demeurées asymétriques tout au long de la période de marche sur tapis roulant partitionné. Au retour à la marche sur tapis roulant non-partitionné, la symétrie a été immédiatement restaurée sans la présence d’après-effets. Chez les chats intacts, l'amplitude EMG moyenne des extenseurs a augmenté pendant la locomotion sur tapis roulant partitionné et elle est restée augmentée tout au long de cette période, alors que chez les chats spinalisés, l'amplitude EMG des membres postérieurs n'a pas changé. Ces résultats indiquent qu’il n’y a pas d’adaptation locomotrice chez le chat intact et spinalisé, ce qui suggère une importante différence physiologique dans le contrôle de la locomotion entre les chats et les humains lors d’une marche asymétrique prolongée. Par conséquent, nous proposons que la symétrie gauchedroite ne s’avère pas importante pour maintenir un équilibre dynamique pendant la locomotion asymétrique prolongée chez le chat, un quadrupède, comparé à l’humain adulte, un bipède. / Abstract : Coordination of the limbs is an essential component of terrestrial locomotion in mammals. When the system is confronted with persistent perturbations from the environment, the interlimb pattern learns to adapt. Adaptation is defined as a recalibration of the movement in response to a persistent perturbation as well as the presence of after-effects upon removal of the perturbation, indicating storage of the new pattern within the central nervous system. In humans, the pattern adapts to prolonged locomotion on a split-belt treadmill, where one leg steps faster than the other, by gradually restoring the symmetry of interlimb variables (double support periods, step lengths) and by reducing the amplitude of muscle activity (EMG, electromyography). The adaptation is also characterized by a reversal of the asymmetry of interlimb kinematic variables initially observed during the early split-belt period when returning to tied-belt locomotion (i.e. an after-effect). To assess the presence of locomotor adaptation, we measured intralimb (stance durations) and interlimb (double support periods, step lengths) variables bilaterally as well as EMG in the hindlimbs of intact and spinal-transected cats before, during and after 10 mins of split-belt locomotion. In both intact and spinal cats, step lengths and double support periods were, on average, symmetric, during tied-belt locomotion, and became asymmetric during split-belt locomotion. These interlimb variables remained asymmetrical throughout the split-belt period and upon returning to the tied-belt condition, left-right symmetry was immediately restored. In intact cats, the mean EMG amplitude of extensors increased during split-belt locomotion and remained increased throughout the split-belt period, while in spinal cats, hindlimb EMG amplitude did not change. The results indicate a lack of adaptation during prolonged split-belt locomotion in intact and spinal cats, suggesting an important physiological difference in the control of locomotion between cats and humans during prolonged asymmetric stepping. We propose that restoring left-right symmetry is not important to maintain dynamic balance during prolonged asymmetrical locomotion in the cat, a quadruped, as opposed to the adult human, a biped.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18946号 / 工博第3988号 / 新制||工||1614(附属図書館) / 31897 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 泉田 啓, 教授 藤本 健治, 教授 松野 文俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Résumé : Une coordination appropriée entre les pattes antérieures et postérieures chez les mammifères terrestres est essentielle pour maintenir une stabilité pendant la locomotion quadrupède. Il a été fortement suggéré que les voies propriospinales et le retour sensoriel pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la coordination antéropostérieure. Cependant, les mécanismes neurophysiologiques impliqués dans la coordination entre les membres antérieurs et les membres postérieurs pendant la marche demeurent méconnus. Suite à une lésion partielle de la moelle épinière, plusieurs déficits de la coordination antéropostérieure ont pu être dénotés chez l’animal non-humain et chez l’humain. Malgré tout, les effets d’une lésion partielle sur la coordination antéropostérieure n’ont pas encore été clairement caractérisés. Au regard du nombre considérable de blessés médullaires présentant des troubles de l’équilibre et de la coordination entre les bras et les jambes après avoir récupéré la marche, il semble essentiel de mieux comprendre ces mécanismes. L’objectif du projet était d’offrir une meilleure caractérisation de la coordination antéropostérieure chez le chat intact et suite à une hémisection latérale de la moelle épinière. Pour ce faire, un tapis roulant partitionné transverse permettant de dissocier les vitesses de locomotion entre les pattes antérieures et postérieures a été utilisé. Huit chats implantés chroniquement pour réaliser des enregistrements électromyographiques ont été entrainés dans diverses conditions de locomotion partitionnée et non-partitionnée. Parmi ces 8 chats, 6 ont subi une hémisection latérale du côté droit de la moelle épinière entre la 5ème et la 6ème vertèbre thoracique (T6). Des analyses cinématiques et électromyographiques ont été réalisées chez les chats intacts et 8 semaines après la lésion partielle de la moelle épinière. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la coordination antéropostérieure est contrôlée par des influences bidirectionnelles et asymétriques entre les pattes antérieures et postérieures. De plus, lorsque la vitesse de locomotion des pattes antérieures était plus élevée que celle des pattes postérieures, une dissociation du rythme était observée avec les pattes antérieures réalisant davantage de pas chez le chat intact. Suite à la lésion, cette dissociation était également observée lors de la locomotion non-partitionnée. Cependant, que ce soit avant ou après la lésion, quand une telle dissociation apparaissait, une nouvelle forme stable de coordination antéropostérieure apparaissait consistant à réaliser deux pas des pattes antérieures pendant un pas des pattes postérieures (coordination 2-1). Finalement, la coordination antéropostérieure pouvait être modulée par l’utilisation du tapis roulant partitionné et une coordination 1-1 pouvait être restaurée suite à la lésion en faisant marcher les pattes postérieures à une vitesse plus élevée. À partir de ces résultats, nous avons proposé un nouveau modèle théorique du contrôle neurophysiologique de la coordination antéropostérieure. Qui plus est, un raffinement des échelles d’évaluation de la récupération locomotrice suite à des lésions de la moelle épinière s’avère indispensable afin d’inclure une caractérisation détaillée de la coordination antéropostérieure. Finalement, d’un point de vue clinique, ces résultats suggèrent que de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques basées sur la coordination antéropostérieure pourraient être envisagées afin de renforcer la récupération locomotrice suite à des lésions de la moelle épinière. / Abstract : An appropriate coordination between the forelimbs and the hindlimbs in terrestrial mammals is essential to maintain stability during quadrupedal locomotion. It is thought that propriospinal pathways and sensory feedback contribute to the control of forelimbhindlimb coordination. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in this coordination during locomotion remain poorly defined. After a partial spinal cord injury, several impairments of interlimb coordination have been observed in non-human animal models and human patients. Despite this, the effects of a partial lesion on forelimb-hindlimb coordination have not been clearly characterised. Patients with spinal cord injury have pronounced deficits with their equilibrium and a deficient control of interlimb coordination could be a main contributor. The purpose of these studies was to better characterize forelimb-hindlimb coordination in intact cats and following a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord. A transverse split-belt treadmill was used to independently control the speed of the forelimbs and of the hindlimbs. Eight cats were chronically implanted for e;ectromyography and trained to perform various tied-belt and transverse split-belt locomotor conditions. Among these 8 cats, 6 were hemisected at the 6th thoracic segment of the spinal cord on the right side. Electromyographic and kinematic analyses were performed in the intact state and 8 weeks post-hemisection. The results demonstrate that interlimb coordination is controlled by bidirectional and asymmetrical influences between the forelimbs and the hindlimbs. Moreover, when the forelimbs stepped faster than the hindlimbs, dissociation of the forelimb and hindlimb rhythms occurred, with the forelimbs taking more steps. After the lesion, this dissociation was observed, even during tied-belt locomotion. However, in both intact and injured cats, when such dissociation occurred, a new stable form of forelimb-hindlimb coordination appeared, consisting of two forelimb steps for one hindlimb step (2-1 forelimb-hindlimb coordination). Finally, the transverse split-belt treadmill could modulate forelimb-hindlimb coordination and 1-1 coordination could be restored after the lesion during transverse split-belt locomotion with a faster hindlimb speed. From these results, we propose a theoretical model of the neurophysiological control of interlimb coordination. Moreover, a refinement of performance scales evaluating the locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury is necessary to include a detailed characterisation of interlimb coordination. Finally, from a clinical perspective, these results suggest that new therapeutic strategies based on interlimb coordination could be used to strengthen locomotor recovery after spinal cord injuries.

À ce jour, le rôle des oscillations bêta n’a pas encore été clairement établi. Des travaux récents ont montré que l’activité bêta pendant la préparation du mouvement et celle suivant son exécution sont différemment modulées par les erreurs de mouvements. L’objectif du présent travail a été double : premièrement, déterminer si les modulations de puissance bêta pré- et post-mouvement recrutent des substrats cérébraux différents, deuxièmement, mieux cerner la nature des processus neuronaux reflétés. Grâce à une approche par analyse en composantes indépendantes, nous suggérons fortement que les réponses oscillatoires, aux erreurs cinématiques, observées avant et après le mouvement sont sous-tendues par des structures distinctes, respectivement clairement latéralisées et médiales. De plus, en contrastant différentes tâches motrices, nous montrons que ni l’une ni l’autre des deux activités bêta ne reflètent des mécanismes en lien direct avec les sorties motrices. / The role of beta oscillations has not been clearly established yet. Recent work has shown that the beta activities observed during the preparation phase and after the movement are differently affected by movement errors. The aim of this thesis was twofold: first, to determine whether or not the pre- and post-movement beta power modulations recruit common neural substrates; second, to better understand the nature of the reflected neural processes. Using an independent component analysis approach, we strongly suggest that oscillatory responses to kinematic errors, observed before and after movement, are underpinned by distinct neural structures, respectively clearly lateralized and medial. Moreover, by contrasting different motor tasks, we show that neither of the two beta activities reflects mechanisms directly related to the output of the motor command.

Orientador: Ana Maria Pellegrini / Banca: Cynthia Yukiko Hiraga / Banca: José Angelo Barela / Resumo: A coordenação intermembros é exigida em inúmeras atividades motoras. Nestas atividades, os indivíduos precisam coordenar muitos componentes do corpo, mantendo relações entre eles e destes com o ambiente. Em um sistema dinâmico complexo, as relações entre as partes do sistema limitam ou influenciam o comportamento de outras partes, levando à emergência de padrões de coordenação. Crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC) têm sido caracterizadas por apresentarem dificuldade em coordenar ritmicamente as partes do corpo em padrões específicos de coordenação intermembros. O presente estudo investigou a emergência e a estabilidade de padrões motores de crianças com TDC em uma tarefa rítmica de coordenação intermembros, analisando suas capacidades de sincronizar os deslocamentos dos membros superiores e inferiores em diferentes superfícies de apoio. Doze crianças com Desenvolvimento Típico (DT) e 12 crianças com TDC realizaram a tarefa de saltar e bater palma, durante 15 segundos, em duas superfícies: rígida (chão) e elástica (mini-trampolim). Foi solicitado à criança saltar e bater palma em quatro condições de coordenação: (i) de livre escolha do participante - Livre; (ii) batendo palma toda vez que os pés tocavam a superfície de apoio - Palma em Baixo; (iii) batendo palma toda vez que o corpo alcançava a máxima altura do salto - Palma em Cima; e (iv) batendo palma toda vez que os pés tocavam a superfície de apoio e toda vez que o corpo alcançava a máxima altura do salto - Duas Palmas. Quando a tarefa foi executada na condição Livre, os resultados mostraram que o padrão emergente das crianças com TDC foi diferente e mais variável na superfície mini-trampolim comparado com o das crianças com DT e com o delas mesmas na superfície chão. Além disso, na condição Palma em Baixo e Palma em Cima, as crianças... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Interlimb coordination is required in many motor activities. To perform these activities, people have to coordinate all body segments at the same time, keeping a relationship between segments and with the environment. In a complex dynamic system, the relationships between its parts limit or influence the behavior of other parts, so coordination patterns emerge. Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have been characterized by showing difficulty in rhythmically coordinate body segments, in specific interlimb coordination patterns. The purpose of this study was to investigate the emergency and stability of coordination patterns in children with DCD when they perform a rhythmic interlimb coordination task, analyzing their abilities to synchronize the movements of upper and lower limbs in two different surfaces. Twelve children with Typical Development (TD) and 12 children with DCD performed a jumping and clapping task during 15 seconds in two surfaces: rigid (on the floor) and elastic (on the mini-tramp). Children were required to clap while jumping (i) in their chosen pattern - Free; (ii) when the feet touched on the surface - Clapping-surface; (iii) when the body reached the maximum jumping height - Clapping-jumping; and (iv) when the feet touched the surface and when the body reached the maximum jumping height - Clapping-both. For the Free condition, the results showed that the DCD children emergent pattern was different and more variable on the mini-tramp than on the floor as compared with TD children coordination pattern. Furthermore, children with DCD were more variable in Clapping-surface and Clapping-jumping conditions compared with TD children. Clapping-jumping condition, characterized by relative phase of 180°, was more difficult for both DCD and TD children to perform than Clapping-surface condition, characterized by relative phase... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4366.pdf: 1667152 bytes, checksum: e2c5f2da90a5571724bcc0550299f17d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Research has shown that bimanual actions are demonstrative of the functional brain development; thus it is relevant to investigate how interlimb coordination develops in typically-developing infants, as well as in infants with impaired brain organization, such as in the presence of Down syndrome (DS). Objectives: The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to study the development of interlimb coordination in typically-developing infants (TD) and in infants with DS while reaching and grasping objects with different sizes; and 2) to investigate changes in the interlimb relations during the stages after reaching emergence. Methods: Reaching movements performed by 8 TD infants and 7 infants with DS were monthly recorded between the ages of 4 and 8 months. The frequency of categories used during movement initiation, object touching and grasping; the frequency of reaching and the contribution of each arm were calculated. The effects of object size and of the time after reaching onset were analyzed in intra- and inter-group comparisons. Results: TD infants were able to change the configurations used in the movement initiation, object touching and grasping; their interlimb coordination changed from synchronic reaches to asynchrony or unimanual trajectories, based on object properties. Infants with DS only changed their grasping configurations; the strategies they used were not optimally adjusted to object properties; difficulties to grasp the objects were also evident. Conclusions: With the experience in reaching, interlimb coordination in TD infants is increasingly modulated by object properties in an anticipatory way. Infants with DS seem to need a longer time to use sensory information and to modulate reaching and grasping configurations. / Ações bimanuais refletem o desenvolvimento funcional de áreas cerebrais, assim, é necessário compreender o desenvolvimento da coordenação intermembros em lactentes típicos (LT) e com alterações na organização cerebral, como na síndrome de Down (SD). OBJETIVO: Estudar o desenvolvimento da coordenação intermembros em LT e com SD ao alcançar e apreender objetos distintos e identificar se há mudanças nas relações intermembros nos períodos após a aquisição do alcance. MÉTODOS: Oito LT e sete lactentes com SD com idade de 4 a 8 meses foram posicionados em uma cadeira infantil e objetos grandes e pequenos foram apresentados por 1 minuto cada. Foi calculada a frequência das variáveis categoriais adotadas no início e trajetória, toque e apreensão do objeto. O efeito do tamanho dos objetos e do tempo após a aquisição do alcance foi analisado nas comparações intra e entre grupos. RESULTADOS: LT mudaram as configurações de início, toque e apreensão do objeto nos períodos após a aquisição do alcance, evoluindo de movimentos sincrônicos para trajetórias assincrônicas ou unimanuais, atendendo às propriedades dos objetos. Lactentes com SD mudaram apenas as configurações de apreensão, apresentando estratégias menos ajustadas aos objetos e dificuldades para apreender os mesmos. CONCLUSÃO: Ao longo da experiência de alcançar, a coordenação intermembros em LT é modificada e progressivamente modulada pelas propriedades dos objetos de maneira antecipatória. Lactentes com SD parecem necessitar de mais tempo para utilizar informações sensoriais e modificar configurações do alcance e apreensão.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferracioli_mc_me_rcla.pdf: 395950 bytes, checksum: 238b3a5cfad916ec4fe2d5b841ccbae2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A coordenação intermembros é exigida em inúmeras atividades motoras. Nestas atividades, os indivíduos precisam coordenar muitos componentes do corpo, mantendo relações entre eles e destes com o ambiente. Em um sistema dinâmico complexo, as relações entre as partes do sistema limitam ou influenciam o comportamento de outras partes, levando à emergência de padrões de coordenação. Crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC) têm sido caracterizadas por apresentarem dificuldade em coordenar ritmicamente as partes do corpo em padrões específicos de coordenação intermembros. O presente estudo investigou a emergência e a estabilidade de padrões motores de crianças com TDC em uma tarefa rítmica de coordenação intermembros, analisando suas capacidades de sincronizar os deslocamentos dos membros superiores e inferiores em diferentes superfícies de apoio. Doze crianças com Desenvolvimento Típico (DT) e 12 crianças com TDC realizaram a tarefa de saltar e bater palma, durante 15 segundos, em duas superfícies: rígida (chão) e elástica (mini-trampolim). Foi solicitado à criança saltar e bater palma em quatro condições de coordenação: (i) de livre escolha do participante – Livre; (ii) batendo palma toda vez que os pés tocavam a superfície de apoio – Palma em Baixo; (iii) batendo palma toda vez que o corpo alcançava a máxima altura do salto – Palma em Cima; e (iv) batendo palma toda vez que os pés tocavam a superfície de apoio e toda vez que o corpo alcançava a máxima altura do salto – Duas Palmas. Quando a tarefa foi executada na condição Livre, os resultados mostraram que o padrão emergente das crianças com TDC foi diferente e mais variável na superfície mini-trampolim comparado com o das crianças com DT e com o delas mesmas na superfície chão. Além disso, na condição Palma em Baixo e Palma em Cima, as crianças... / Interlimb coordination is required in many motor activities. To perform these activities, people have to coordinate all body segments at the same time, keeping a relationship between segments and with the environment. In a complex dynamic system, the relationships between its parts limit or influence the behavior of other parts, so coordination patterns emerge. Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have been characterized by showing difficulty in rhythmically coordinate body segments, in specific interlimb coordination patterns. The purpose of this study was to investigate the emergency and stability of coordination patterns in children with DCD when they perform a rhythmic interlimb coordination task, analyzing their abilities to synchronize the movements of upper and lower limbs in two different surfaces. Twelve children with Typical Development (TD) and 12 children with DCD performed a jumping and clapping task during 15 seconds in two surfaces: rigid (on the floor) and elastic (on the mini-tramp). Children were required to clap while jumping (i) in their chosen pattern - Free; (ii) when the feet touched on the surface - Clapping-surface; (iii) when the body reached the maximum jumping height - Clapping-jumping; and (iv) when the feet touched the surface and when the body reached the maximum jumping height - Clapping-both. For the Free condition, the results showed that the DCD children emergent pattern was different and more variable on the mini-tramp than on the floor as compared with TD children coordination pattern. Furthermore, children with DCD were more variable in Clapping-surface and Clapping-jumping conditions compared with TD children. Clapping-jumping condition, characterized by relative phase of 180°, was more difficult for both DCD and TD children to perform than Clapping-surface condition, characterized by relative phase... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)