Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1987.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1987.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1987.

SOUSA, Sanyelle Lima. Aplicação do processo de secagem em leito de jorro para obtenção de suco de caju em pó. 2015. 104 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T23:34:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-04T23:35:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T23:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This study aimed to obtain cashew juice powder through drying process in a spouted bed, as well as to determine the physical-chemical characteristics, morphological and hygroscopic powder, investigating the stability of the packaged product stored in two types of packaging (plastic and laminated) vacuum for a period of 90 days and also determine the adsorption isotherms. It was used in this work cashew juice, such as maltodextrin glidant (≤20 DE) and used as the spouted bed dryer. Initially, one central composite design was carried rotational 23, which were considered as independent variables: temperature, drying air flow and concentration of maltodextrin and how response variables: moisture, yield, hygroscopic and ascorbic acid. The best experimental answer to drying cashew juice was 80 ° C, concentration of 12% maltodextrin and drying air flow 1.5 m3 / min. The powder cashew juice showed low pH and acidity, high soluble solids content and reducing and total sugars in relation to the whole juice. The product has high ascorbic acid content, however, low in carotenoids and phenolic compounds through electron microscopy analysis (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed amorphous aspect, by the fluorescence analysis X-ray (XRF) the compound with the highest concentration given in the cashew juice powder was 87.46% with K2O mass. For studying the stability of the powder cashew juice was found that the vacuum packaging laminate proved to be more efficient in preserving the powder to the vacuum packaging of plastic, ascorbic acid parameter did not vary significantly between the two packages until 30 days storage, the carotenoids content of not statistically varied until the period of 75 days in the vacuum packaging laminate. The humidity did not vary significantly between the packages, since the water activity showed statistical significance after 15 days of storage in which noted a rise in plastic packing due to a lower barrier capability. The adsorption isotherm, BET model showed a good fit for all studied isotherms, followed by GAB model. Thus, cashew juice powder stored in vacuum packaging laminate showed better stability with the maintenance of the physico-chemical characteristics and hygroscopic for a period of 90 days. / Este estudo objetivou a obtenção do suco de caju em pó por meio do processo de secagem em leito de jorro, assim como determinar as características físicas-químicas, higroscópicas e morfológicas do pó, estudar a estabilidade do produto acondicionado e armazenado em dois tipos de embalagens (plástica e laminada) a vácuo por um período de 90 dias e ainda determinar as isotermas de adsorção. Foi utilizado neste trabalho o suco de caju, como adjuvante de secagem a maltodextrina, (DE ≤20) e utilizado como secador o leito de jorro. Inicialmente, foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional 23, no qual foram consideradas como variáveis independentes: a temperatura, vazão de ar de secagem e concentração de maltodextrina e como variáveis respostas: a umidade, rendimento, higroscopicidade e ácido ascórbico. A melhor resposta experimental para a secagem do suco de caju foi a temperatura de 80 °C, concentração de maltodextrina de 12% e vazão de ar de secagem de 1,5 m3/min. O suco de caju em pó apresentou baixo pH e acidez, elevado conteúdo de sólidos solúveis e açúcares redutores e totais em relação ao suco integral. O produto apresentou elevado teor de ácido ascórbico, porém, baixo conteúdo de carotenoides e compostos fenólicos, por meio das análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Difração de Raios-X (DRX) apresentou aspecto amorfo, pela a análise de Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) o composto de maior concentração determinado no suco de caju em pó foi o K2O com 87,46% em massa. Por meio do estudo da estabilidade do suco de caju em pó foi constatado que a embalagem laminada a vácuo mostrou-se mais eficiente na preservação do pó do que a embalagem de plástica a vácuo, o parâmetro de ácido ascórbico não variou estatisticamente entre as duas embalagens até o período de 30 dias de armazenamento, o teor de carotenoides não variou estatisticamente até o período de 75 dias na embalagem laminada a vácuo. A umidade não variou estatisticamente entre as embalagens, já a atividade de água apresentou diferença estatística a partir dos 15 dias de armazenamento no qual foi notado uma elevação na embalagem plástica em decorrência da menor capacidade de barreira. Na isoterma de adsorção, modelo de BET apresentou um bom ajuste para todas as isotermas estudadas, seguido do modelo de GAB. Desta forma, o suco de caju em pó armazenado em embalagem laminada a vácuo apresentou melhor estabilidade com a manutenção das características físico-químicas e higroscópicas por um período de 90 dias.

xiv, 233 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / In general, postexercise hypotension is characterized by a sustained increase in systemic vascular conductance that is not completely offset by ongoing increases in cardiac output. These hemodynamic changes are present immediately after a single bout of moderate-intensity dynamic exercise in healthy (sedentary and endurance exercise-trained) and hypertensive humans. The mechanisms underlying this postexercise hypotension are currently under investigation; however, the overall hemodynamic response may be altered in response to different factors related to sex, training status, and fluid regulation. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the contribution of endogenous hormones associated with the normal menstrual cycle and training status and sex on postexercise hemodynamics and to better understand how fluid replacement and heat-stress affect postexercise hemodynamics in a group of highly trained men. In Chapter IV, the contribution of the menstrual cycle and sex to postexercise hemodynamics was investigated. The results showed that postexercise hemodynamics are largely unaffected by sex and factors associated with the menstrual cycle. In Chapter V, the role of heat-stress and fluid replacement on the postexercise cardiac hemodynamics in a group of endurance exercise-trained men was investigated. These data suggest that fluid replacement and heat-stress mitigate the previously observed fall in cardiac output during exercise recovery in trained men. In Chapter VI, the study investigated the hemodynamic profile in well-hydrated sedentary and trained men and women during recovery from exercise. In contrast to previous research, the results showed a lack of variation in the postexercise hemodynamic response across categories of subjects as there was no evidence of a sex and training interaction. Thus, it appears that factors such as heat-stress and fluid replacement can alter postexercise hemodynamics in trained men; however, factors such as menstrual cycle, sex, and training status do not seem to influence the hemodynamic recovery profile. Yet substantial variation in the postexercise response across individuals remains unexplained. This dissertation contains my previously published and my co-authored material. / Adviser: John R. Halliwill

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000791737.pdf: 2225876 bytes, checksum: d7754020654aa075af49efafeb06a356 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A região Oeste da Bahia é uma das maiores produtoras agrícolas do Brasil, com aproximadamente 2,3 milhões de hectares (ha) cultivados, principalmente com as culturas da soja, milho e algodão e Luís Eduardo Magalhães é uma das cidades de maior destaque produtivo. Com isso, é crescente o interesse dos produtores em cultivar eucalipto devido à crescente demanda de madeira pelas empresas de fertilizantes, beneficiadora de grãos e produtores locais para geração de energia, bem como para construção civil e rural. No entanto, ainda não existem clones de boa adaptação definidos para região, bem como uma adubação calibrada para obtenção de alta produtividade de madeira. Sabe-se que através do melhoramento genético obtem-se clones adaptáveis a regiões com déficit hídrico e épocas bem definidas de seca, como é o caso da região em estudo, e que o manejo do K também interfere neste aspecto, pois regula a abertura e o fechamento dos estômatos, impedindo que a planta perca água desnecessariamente. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a adaptação de clones de eucalipto e doses de potássio para as condições do local. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Foram testados seis clones (Cl) de eucalipto (AEC-056, AEC-144, AEC-220, AEC-224, AEC-103 e AEC-1528), e quatro doses de K2O (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1). Foram avaliados o crescimento inicial dos clones, as características químicas de solo e plantas e características fisiológicas das plantas. Aos dois anos após o plantio o Cl 1528 foi o que apresentou maior crescimento e o Cl 056 o menor. A análise química de solo mostrou que o teor de K refletiu as doses testadas sem influenciar no crescimento dos clones. A análise química das plantas mostrou que os clones absorvem teores diferentes de nutrientes do solo. As doses ou clones testados ... / The Western Bahia region is one of the largest agricultural producers in Brazil, with approximately 2.3 million hectares (ha) cultivated mainly with crops of soybeans, corn and cotton, and Luís Eduardo Magalhães is one of the cities most prominent productive this region. Thus, there is growing interest from producers in cultivating eucalyptus due to increasing demand for wood by fertilizer companies, Beneficiadora grain and local producers for power generation as well as for civil and rural construction. However, there are still no clones of good adaptation set to region, as well as a calibrated fertilizer to obtain high productivity timber. It is known that developed through plant breeding is adapted to drought and regions with well-defined periods of drought clones, as is the case in the study area, and the management of K also affects this aspect, it regulates the opening and closing of the stomata, preventing the plant to lose water unnecessarily. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the adaptation of eucalyptus clones and potassium levels for the conditions of western Bahia. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a split plot design. The six clones (Cl) eucalyptus (AEC-056, AEC-144, AEC-220, AEC-224, AEC-103 and AEC-1528) and four doses of K2O (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) were tested. The initial growth of the clones, the chemical characteristics of soil and plants and physiological characteristics of the plants were evaluated. Two years after planting Cl 1528 showed the largest growth and the lowest Cl 056. Chemical analysis of soil showed that the content of K in the soil reflected doses tested without influencing the growth of clones. The chemical analysis of the plants demonstrated that clones absorb different amounts of nutrients (N, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, and Zn) in the soil. Regarding physiological analyzes there was no effect of dose or tested clones

Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Coorientador: Edson Seizo Mori / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Boas / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Leo Zimback / Banca: Jacob Silva Souto / Resumo : A região Oeste da Bahia é uma das maiores produtoras agrícolas do Brasil, com aproximadamente 2,3 milhões de hectares (ha) cultivados, principalmente com as culturas da soja, milho e algodão e Luís Eduardo Magalhães é uma das cidades de maior destaque produtivo. Com isso, é crescente o interesse dos produtores em cultivar eucalipto devido à crescente demanda de madeira pelas empresas de fertilizantes, beneficiadora de grãos e produtores locais para geração de energia, bem como para construção civil e rural. No entanto, ainda não existem clones de boa adaptação definidos para região, bem como uma adubação calibrada para obtenção de alta produtividade de madeira. Sabe-se que através do melhoramento genético obtem-se clones adaptáveis a regiões com déficit hídrico e épocas bem definidas de seca, como é o caso da região em estudo, e que o manejo do K também interfere neste aspecto, pois regula a abertura e o fechamento dos estômatos, impedindo que a planta perca água desnecessariamente. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a adaptação de clones de eucalipto e doses de potássio para as condições do local. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Foram testados seis clones (Cl) de eucalipto (AEC-056, AEC-144, AEC-220, AEC-224, AEC-103 e AEC-1528), e quatro doses de K2O (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1). Foram avaliados o crescimento inicial dos clones, as características químicas de solo e plantas e características fisiológicas das plantas. Aos dois anos após o plantio o Cl 1528 foi o que apresentou maior crescimento e o Cl 056 o menor. A análise química de solo mostrou que o teor de K refletiu as doses testadas sem influenciar no crescimento dos clones. A análise química das plantas mostrou que os clones absorvem teores diferentes de nutrientes do solo. As doses ou clones testados ... / Abstract: The Western Bahia region is one of the largest agricultural producers in Brazil, with approximately 2.3 million hectares (ha) cultivated mainly with crops of soybeans, corn and cotton, and Luís Eduardo Magalhães is one of the cities most prominent productive this region. Thus, there is growing interest from producers in cultivating eucalyptus due to increasing demand for wood by fertilizer companies, Beneficiadora grain and local producers for power generation as well as for civil and rural construction. However, there are still no clones of good adaptation set to region, as well as a calibrated fertilizer to obtain high productivity timber. It is known that developed through plant breeding is adapted to drought and regions with well-defined periods of drought clones, as is the case in the study area, and the management of K also affects this aspect, it regulates the opening and closing of the stomata, preventing the plant to lose water unnecessarily. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the adaptation of eucalyptus clones and potassium levels for the conditions of western Bahia. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a split plot design. The six clones (Cl) eucalyptus (AEC-056, AEC-144, AEC-220, AEC-224, AEC-103 and AEC-1528) and four doses of K2O (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) were tested. The initial growth of the clones, the chemical characteristics of soil and plants and physiological characteristics of the plants were evaluated. Two years after planting Cl 1528 showed the largest growth and the lowest Cl 056. Chemical analysis of soil showed that the content of K in the soil reflected doses tested without influencing the growth of clones. The chemical analysis of the plants demonstrated that clones absorb different amounts of nutrients (N, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, and Zn) in the soil. Regarding physiological analyzes there was no effect of dose or tested clones / Doutor

Exercise and/or heat-induced dehydration is associated with decreases in plasma volume (hypovolemia) and increases in plasma osmolality (hyperosmolality), which are thought to stimulate peripheral baroreceptors and central osmoreceptors respectively. Independently, plasma hyperosmolality and baroreceptor unloading have been shown to attenuate sweating and cutaneous vasodilation during heat stress, and therefore, negatively impact body temperature regulation. However, to date little is known regarding the combined influence of plasma hyperosmolality and baroreceptor unloading on thermoefferent activity. Therefore, we evaluated the separate and combined effects of baroreceptor unloading (via lower body negative pressure, LBNP) and plasma hyperosmolality (via infusion of 3% NaCl saline) on heat loss responses of sweating and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) during progressive whole-body heating. We show that the combined nonthermal influences of plasma hyperosmolality and baroreceptor unloading additively delay the onset threshold for CVC, relative to their independent effects. In contrast, baroreceptor unloading has no influence on the sweating response regardless of osmotic state. These divergent roles of plasma hyperosmolality and the baroreflex on heat loss responses might serve to enhance blood pressure and body core temperature regulation during dehydration and heat stress.

Extensive consumption of carbon resources has led to decreasing reserves of fossil fuels and growing concern about global warming. This dilemma has promoted a shift in the economy to develop new long-term, environmentally friendly, and sustainable sources for fuels and chemicals to replace fossil fuel-based sources. Renewable biomass is an ideal alternative, as it is abundant, and relatively cheap. Among current biofuel resources, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a versatile intermediate between biomass-based carbohydrate chemistry and fossil fuel-based industrial organic chemistry, which can be used to synthesize a broad range of chemicals that are currently derived from fossil fuel-based resources. Carbohydrates became the preferred feedstock for high yield production of 5-HMF, and the most convenient route for the synthesis of 5-HMF is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of hexose. Within this context, a variety of processes were developed for the synthesis of 5-HMF from dehydration of fructose involving various solvents, including water, organic solvents, and biphasic systems. Likewise, a range of catalysts were employed, such as homogeneous acid catalysts and metal chlorides, which showed high catalytic activity. Heterogeneous catalysts have also been receiving attention due to their advantages such as easy recovery and recyclability. In the current research, microwave-assisted synthesis of 5-HMF by dehydration of fructose over various acidic porous catalysts, such as periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO), carbon materials, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), was investigated. The results showed that the obtained 5-HMF yields were satisfactory, and more importantly highlighted some of the properties of porous heterogeneous catalysts that may improve the production of 5-HMF.

Orientadores: Adriane Elisabete Antunes de Moraes, Fúlvia de Barros Manchado-Gobatto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:21:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pegoretti_Cassia_M.pdf: 1459426 bytes, checksum: 272fa8eaec90582f07c033e08c8ab27b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O leite desnatado (LD) apresenta potencial para hidratação no pós exercício mas seu consumo com esta finalidade pode resultar no aporte muito elevado de nutrientes e mesmo causar desconforto intestinal, devido à alta concentração de lactose. Foi realizado ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado, cross over e longitudinal com participação de 9 adultos de ambos os gêneros. Empregou-se exercício em bicicleta estacionária, com razão esforço/pausa 2:1 e variações de intensidade compreendidas entre 80 a 110% da frequência cardíaca do limiar anaeróbio, até os participantes atingirem a perda de massa corporal equivalente à 1,5% massa corporal inicial. Foi avaliado o potencial de reidratação através do consumo de diferentes doses de água mineral (AM) e LD, sendo os grupos assim constituídos: grupo água (AM-AM-AM = 5 pessoas); grupo leite (LD-LD-LD = 5 pessoas); grupo leite-leite-água (LD-LD-AM = 4 pessoas); grupo água, leite e leite (AM-LD-LD = 4 pessoas); grupo água, leite e água (AM-LD-AM = 9 pessoas) e grupo água, água e leite (AM-AM-LD= 9 pessoas). Os participantes foram instruídos a realizarem um registro alimentar de três dias para avaliação dos seus padrões alimentares e preencherem questionário subjetivo sobre a percepção em relação ao consumo de cada uma das bebidas e potenciais desconfortos. Foi analisada a ingestão de proteínas, cálcio, fósforo, vitaminas D e B2 e o valor energético total (VET) resultante do consumo de leite para hidratação. O poder hidratante das proporções ofertadas foi avaliado através de análises de urina, antes do exercício e ao final do período de recuperação; quais sejam: osmolalidade e densidade urinárias; volume total de urina produzida e retenção hídrica. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo que consumiu apenas LD produziu menor quantidade de urina durante o período de recuperação e através dos dados de osmolalidade e densidade urinários esse consumo proporcionou melhor hidratação comparado ao grupo que consumiu apenas uma dose de LD para hidratar. Porém, o consumo de duas ou três doses de LD desencadeou diarreia na maioria dos participantes. Ao diminuir o consumo de LD para apenas uma dose, os episódios de diarreia cessaram para a maioria dos participantes. Os dados de osmolalidade e densidade urinários demonstraram ainda, que uma dose de LD não representa melhor hidratação que AM somente. O aporte de cálcio, vitaminas D e B2 aumentou significativamente com o consumo de uma dose de LD bem como observou-se aumento significativo do VET. Em conjunto, nossos resultados, apontam que o consumo somente de AM pareceu ser melhor que o consumo de LD, seja ele através de três, duas ou uma dose, para repor os líquidos perdidos durante exercício em cicloergômetro / Abstract: Skimmed milk (SM) has the potential for post exercise hydration but its use for this purpose may result in a very high nutrient input and even cause intestinal discomfort due to the high lactose concentration. A controlled clinical trial was carried out as a randomized, crossover, longitudinal study with 9 adults of both genders. A stationary exercise bike was used with 2:1 stress / break and intensity variations between 80 and 110% of the anaerobic heart rate threshold, until the participants reached a loss of body mass equivalent to 1.5% of the initial body mass. The potential for rehydration using different doses of mineral water (MW) and SM was evaluated, the groups being constituted as follows: water group (MW-MW-MW = 5 people); milk group (SM-SM-SM= 5 people); milk-milk-water group (SM-SM-MW = 4); water, milk and milk group (MW- SM-SM= 4); water, milk and water group (MW- MW- SM= 9 people) and water, water and milk group (MW- MW- SM= 9 people). The participants were instructed to carry out a three day food record to assess their eating patterns and fill in a subjective questionnaire about their perception of the consumption of each beverage and potential discomfort. The intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and B2 were analyzed and the total energy value (TEV) resulting from the consumption of milk for hydration calculated. The hydrating power of the different ratios of water and milk offered was evaluated by way of urine tests carried out before the exercise and at the end of the recovery period. The tests were osmolality and urinary density; total volume of urine produced and water retention. The results showed that the group that only consumed SM presented the lowest amount of urine during the recovery period and the data for urinary osmolality and density showed better hydration for this group as compared to the group that consumed only one dose of SM. However, the use of two or three doses of SM triggered diarrhea in most participants. By decreasing the consumption to a single dose of SM, the episodes of diarrhea ceased for most participants. The data for osmolality and urinary density also showed that a single dose of SM did not show better hydration than MW only. The amount of calcium, vitamin D and B2 increased significantly with the consumption of a single dose of SM, and there was also a significant increase in TEV. Together, the present results suggest that the consumption of MW alone was better than that of SM, be it with three, two or one dose, to replace fluids lost during exercise on a bicycle ergometer / Mestrado / Nutrição / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo