Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1969. / Bibliography: leaves [195]-197. / xi, 197 l illus

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1991.

Thesis--Columbia University. / Vita. Bibliography: p. [49]-50.

No description available.

No description available.

There has been interest in developing a cashew industry in Maputaland, the far north-eastern corner of Natal/KwaZulu. Flowering and fruit development coincide with a rainy period, with accompanying serious flower diseases (Oidium anacardii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Glasshouse studies were carried out at Pietermaritzburg, concurrently with field trials in Maputaland, in an attempt to manipulate flowering and growth of cashew trees. Two glasshouse trial were carried out. A factorial design with treatments 0, 3, 6 and 9 weeks of low temperatures (24°C day/9°C nights)(factor A) and 0, 3, 6 and 9 weeks of water deficit (Factor B) was used, with both factors in all combinations. During the second season the durations were increased to 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks for both factors. No flowering occurred in this trial. Tree growth was not affected significantly by drought and/or cold duration. Temperature appeared to be the dominant factor at low temperatures, stomatal conductance and transpiration being suppressed by cold regardless of soil water potential. At more optimum temperatures for growth, stomatal conductance was dependent on soil water potential (r² = 0.756). Starch levels in the roots, dry matter production in the leaves, roots and stems, as well as leaf area were decreased significantly (P≤0.01) with increasing low temperature duration. Another glasshouse trial to test the effects of foliar urea at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 g urea 100 l⁻¹, applied once, twice or thrice at fortnightly intervals was undertaken. The treatments were applied in late autumn/early winter of 1990 and 1991. Tree growth and flowering were monitored, and starch and leaf NH₃/NH₄⁺ analyses carried out. The highest urea concentration (8%) resulted in leaf scorch and abscission, extremely low stem diameter growth rates, and was too high for glasshouse trees. The starch contents of the 8% urea treatment were depleted significantly (P≤0.01) more than the other concentrations. The other urea treatments resulted in vigorous growth and high dry matter production. There were no significant effects of the number of sprays on cashew growth. Only seven trees flowered, and therefore no definite conclusions could be drawn regarding urea effects on flowering. Most hermaphrodite flowers (max. 76.8% hermaphrodite) opened soon after first anthesis of a panicle, and all terminal flowers of panicle branches were hermaphrodite. Flowers generally opened basipetally in a panicle, starting with hermaphrodite flowers and with progressively more male flowers. Urea sprays resulted in NH₃/NH₄⁺ build-up in the leaves, concentrations in flowering trees ranging from 100 to 700 μg g⁻¹ DM for approximately a month. A field trial at was carried out at Makatini Research Station to determine the effects of timing of a two month winter drought period on flowering and growth. An observational trial to determine the effects of girdling on growth and flowering was incorporated in the border rows of the irrigation trial. The trial tested five treatments (no irrigation during May and June, June and July, July and August, August and September, and a control treatment which received irrigation throughout Winter). Mean monthly temperatures were below 20°C, and mean minimum temperatures below 15°C for the 5 winter months during treatment application. There were no significant differences in tree growth, flowering, flushing, or yields between drought stressed treatments and control, indicating that, under the conditions at Makatini, autumn and winter temperature was the overriding factor controlling initial flower induction. Flowering occurred from early October (when mean temperatures exceeded 23 to 24°C) to late April (7 months - a prolonged flowering period), when mean monthly temperatures dropped below 23 to 24°C. Girdling of cashew trees in March and May, using girdle widths of 1, 5 and 10 mm was not successful in improving flowering and yields under the conditions of the trial. A field trial was carried out at Mosi Estate in Maputaland to test the following chemicals as tree and/or flower manipulators: foliar applied ethephon (50,100,200,500,2000 mg l⁻¹), KNO₃ (1 %, 2%, 4%), urea (1 %, 2%, 4%) and paciobutrazol (500, 1000, 2000 mg l⁻¹). A phenological model for cashew in Maputaland showed a dormant period during winter, followed by a generative flush, from which panicles and flowers were produced (peak November-January). The harvest period peaked in February and March. A strong post-harvest flush preceded the winter dormant period. Trunk starch levels were at their highest after the dormant winter period, and at their lowest following the harvest. Ethephon at high concentrations (500 and 2000 mg l⁻¹) resulted in excessive leaf drop, disturbed the root shoot balance and normal phenological patterns, and gave poor yields. The best ethephon concentrations were 100 to 200 mg l⁻¹. KNO₃had no significant effect on tree growth, flushing, flowering or yields when compared to control trees. Urea at 2% concentration gave a significant increase (P≤0.05) in flushing and simultaneous decrease in flowering. Paclobutrazol at 500 to 2000 mg l⁻¹ resulted in significantly lower growth rates, and early panicle production. The mean yields of all paclobutrazol treated treatments were higher than controls, despite a hail storm which damaged the flowers. From results of this trial, the use of these chemicals to improve yields and manipulate flowering may not be economically justified. The most promising chemical for further research was paclobutrazol. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1994.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O emprego de tecnologias adequadas na atividade agrÃcola à essencial para o melhor aproveitamento do potencial produtivo das culturas. A cajucultura representa uma importante fonte de geraÃÃo de emprego e renda para o semi-Ãrido nordestino, em especial para o Estado do CearÃ. Entretanto, a exploraÃÃo da cultura nessa regiÃo ainda à realizada com o baixo emprego de tecnologias, com reflexos negativos sobre a produtividade e no aproveitamento da produÃÃo. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o processo de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica na cajucultura do CearÃ, mediante a anÃlise das condiÃÃes socioeconÃmicas dos produtores e do nÃvel tecnolÃgico empregado na cajucultura. Para tanto, foi realizada tabulaÃÃo das informaÃÃes relativas à condiÃÃo econÃmica e social dos produtores rurais, enquanto a adoÃÃo de tecnologia foi avaliada com base nos Ãndices IGM e IGMs . Em adiÃÃo, foram estimados os coeficientes das variÃveis de influÃncia sobre a probabilidade de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica por meio da regressÃo FunÃÃo DistribuiÃÃo Acumulada LogÃstica PadrÃo (Logit). Os Ãndices tecnolÃgicos ilustram como principal deficiÃncia do sistema de produÃÃo a inexistÃncia de mÃtodos de irrigaÃÃo e controles preventivos e/ou curativos de pragas e doenÃas, exibindo Ãndices considerados insuficientes para o desenvolvimento da cajucultura. As tecnologias com maior nÃvel de adoÃÃo foram: colheita e manejo no segmento do caju para suco, colheita e seleÃÃo de mudas no segmento caju de mesa, e cultivo e manejo na exploraÃÃo da castanha. O IGM apontou as propriedades ocupadas com o caju de mesa como as de melhor tecnologia de produÃÃo, utilizando 46,7% do recomendado, enquanto aquelas ocupadas com caju para suco e castanha utilizam apenas 36,4 e 30,1%, respectivamente, da tecnologia recomendada. Com base no s IGM o nÃvel tecnolÃgico da cajucultura empregado nos trÃs segmentos de mercado analisados (mesa, suco e castanha) foi de 35,4%, considerado regular para a atividade. O tamanho das Ãreas plantadas com caju gigante e precoce, o acesso ao crÃdito, a cajucultura como principal atividade, a existÃncia de associaÃÃes e o preÃo da castanha e do pedÃnculo foram os principais fatores de decisÃo para adoÃÃo de tecnologias na cajucultura no CearÃ. Destes fatores apenas a Ãrea plantada com caju gigante afeta negativamente a probabilidade de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica, enquanto os preÃos da castanha e do pedÃnculo foram definidos como aqueles de maior influÃncia positiva sobre a probabilidade de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica. / The use of appropriate technology in agricultural activity is essential for better utilization of the productive potential of crops. The cashew represents an important source of employment generation and income for the semi-arid northeastern especially for the Cearà state. However, the exploitation of this crop there is still performed with little technology, what causes a negative effect on productivity and the utilization of production. Thus, this study aimed to describe the process of technological adoption in crop cashew of CearÃ, by the analysis of the socioeconomic conditions of producers, and the technological level employee in cajucultura. To that, it was realized a tabulation of the information concerning the farmersâ economic and social conditions, while the adoption of technology was based on indexes IGM and IGMs. In addition, were estimated the coefficients of the variables of influence on the probability of the technological adoption by the regression function Combined Logistics Distribution Pattern (Logit). The results indicated as the main deficiency of the production system the lack of irrigation methods, as well preventives controls and treatments of pests and diseases, showing indices considered insufficient for the development of crop cashew. The technologies with the highest levels of adoption were: harvest and management in the segment cashew for juice, harvest and selection of seedlings in the segment in nature cashew, and management in the nut exploration. The IGM showed that the areas occupied by the in nature cashew has the best technology level, using the recommended 46.7%, while those occupied with cashew for nuts and juice use only 36.4% and 30.1%, respectively, of the technology recommended.Based on s IGM the technological level of crop cashew employee in the three segments analyzed (in nature, juice and nuts) was 35.4%, considered compatible to the activity. The size of the areas planted with giant and dwarf cashew, the access to credit, the crop cashew as the main activity, farmers associations and the price of nuts and the peduncle were the main factors decision of for adoption of technologies in crop cashew in CearÃ. Of these factors,only the area planted with giant cashew affects negatively the probability of technology adoption, while prices of nut and the peduncle were defined as those with greater influence on the probability of technology adoption.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Kenneth Roux, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Biological Science. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan 18,2005). Includes bibliographical references.

SOUSA, Sanyelle Lima. Aplicação do processo de secagem em leito de jorro para obtenção de suco de caju em pó. 2015. 104 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T23:34:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-04T23:35:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T23:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_slsousa.pdf: 2195323 bytes, checksum: 99feed69a19284e25c30beacfc0480d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This study aimed to obtain cashew juice powder through drying process in a spouted bed, as well as to determine the physical-chemical characteristics, morphological and hygroscopic powder, investigating the stability of the packaged product stored in two types of packaging (plastic and laminated) vacuum for a period of 90 days and also determine the adsorption isotherms. It was used in this work cashew juice, such as maltodextrin glidant (≤20 DE) and used as the spouted bed dryer. Initially, one central composite design was carried rotational 23, which were considered as independent variables: temperature, drying air flow and concentration of maltodextrin and how response variables: moisture, yield, hygroscopic and ascorbic acid. The best experimental answer to drying cashew juice was 80 ° C, concentration of 12% maltodextrin and drying air flow 1.5 m3 / min. The powder cashew juice showed low pH and acidity, high soluble solids content and reducing and total sugars in relation to the whole juice. The product has high ascorbic acid content, however, low in carotenoids and phenolic compounds through electron microscopy analysis (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed amorphous aspect, by the fluorescence analysis X-ray (XRF) the compound with the highest concentration given in the cashew juice powder was 87.46% with K2O mass. For studying the stability of the powder cashew juice was found that the vacuum packaging laminate proved to be more efficient in preserving the powder to the vacuum packaging of plastic, ascorbic acid parameter did not vary significantly between the two packages until 30 days storage, the carotenoids content of not statistically varied until the period of 75 days in the vacuum packaging laminate. The humidity did not vary significantly between the packages, since the water activity showed statistical significance after 15 days of storage in which noted a rise in plastic packing due to a lower barrier capability. The adsorption isotherm, BET model showed a good fit for all studied isotherms, followed by GAB model. Thus, cashew juice powder stored in vacuum packaging laminate showed better stability with the maintenance of the physico-chemical characteristics and hygroscopic for a period of 90 days. / Este estudo objetivou a obtenção do suco de caju em pó por meio do processo de secagem em leito de jorro, assim como determinar as características físicas-químicas, higroscópicas e morfológicas do pó, estudar a estabilidade do produto acondicionado e armazenado em dois tipos de embalagens (plástica e laminada) a vácuo por um período de 90 dias e ainda determinar as isotermas de adsorção. Foi utilizado neste trabalho o suco de caju, como adjuvante de secagem a maltodextrina, (DE ≤20) e utilizado como secador o leito de jorro. Inicialmente, foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional 23, no qual foram consideradas como variáveis independentes: a temperatura, vazão de ar de secagem e concentração de maltodextrina e como variáveis respostas: a umidade, rendimento, higroscopicidade e ácido ascórbico. A melhor resposta experimental para a secagem do suco de caju foi a temperatura de 80 °C, concentração de maltodextrina de 12% e vazão de ar de secagem de 1,5 m3/min. O suco de caju em pó apresentou baixo pH e acidez, elevado conteúdo de sólidos solúveis e açúcares redutores e totais em relação ao suco integral. O produto apresentou elevado teor de ácido ascórbico, porém, baixo conteúdo de carotenoides e compostos fenólicos, por meio das análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Difração de Raios-X (DRX) apresentou aspecto amorfo, pela a análise de Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) o composto de maior concentração determinado no suco de caju em pó foi o K2O com 87,46% em massa. Por meio do estudo da estabilidade do suco de caju em pó foi constatado que a embalagem laminada a vácuo mostrou-se mais eficiente na preservação do pó do que a embalagem de plástica a vácuo, o parâmetro de ácido ascórbico não variou estatisticamente entre as duas embalagens até o período de 30 dias de armazenamento, o teor de carotenoides não variou estatisticamente até o período de 75 dias na embalagem laminada a vácuo. A umidade não variou estatisticamente entre as embalagens, já a atividade de água apresentou diferença estatística a partir dos 15 dias de armazenamento no qual foi notado uma elevação na embalagem plástica em decorrência da menor capacidade de barreira. Na isoterma de adsorção, modelo de BET apresentou um bom ajuste para todas as isotermas estudadas, seguido do modelo de GAB. Desta forma, o suco de caju em pó armazenado em embalagem laminada a vácuo apresentou melhor estabilidade com a manutenção das características físico-químicas e higroscópicas por um período de 90 dias.