Background: Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been extensively investigated, but the impact of collateralization remains unclear. We investigated the predictive value of collateral activation for delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI)-related infarctions and functional outcome. Methods: Data from 43 patients with CVS (January 2014 to August 2021) were evaluated for the angiographic presence of leptomeningeal and ophthalmic collaterals (anterior falcine artery (AFA), supratrochlear artery (STA), dorsal nasal artery (DNA)) on internal carotid artery angiograms. Vasospasm-related infarction and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score after six months were chosen as the endpoints. Results: 77% of the patients suffered from DCI-related infarctions. In 233 angiograms (at hospitalization, before spasmolysis, after six months), positive vessel signs were observed in 31 patients for STA, 35 for DNA, and 31 for AFA. The STA sign had the highest positive (84.6%) and negative (85.7%) predictive value for unfavorable outcome (mRS 4–6) in patients aged 50 years. DNA and AFA signs were not meaningful predictors for either endpoint. Leptomeningeal collaterals showed a positive Pearson’s correlation with the STA sign in 87.5% (p = 0.038) without providing any prediction for either endpoint. Conclusions: The STA sign is associated with clinical outcome in patients with CVS after SAH aged 50 years, and was correlated with the occurrence of leptomeningeal collaterals.

Background: Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) continues to account for high morbidity and mortality in patients surviving the initial aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Nimodipine is the only drug known to reduce delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), but it is believed not to affect large vessel CVS. Milrinone has emerged as a promising option. Our retrospective study focused on the effectiveness of the intra-arterial application of both drugs in monotherapy and combined therapy. Methods: We searched for patients with aneurysmal SAH, angiographically confirmed CVS, and at least one intra-arterial pharmacological angioplasty. Ten defined vessel sections on angiograms were assessed before and after vasodilator infusion. The improvement in vessel diameters was compared to the frequency of DCI-related cerebral infarction before hospital discharge and functional outcome reported as the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score after 6 months. Results: Between 2014 and 2021, 132 intra-arterial interventions (144 vascular territories, 12 bilaterally) in 30 patients were analyzed for this study. The vasodilating effect of nimodipine was superior to milrinone in all intradural segments. There was no significant intergroup difference concerning outcome in mRS (p = 0.217). Only nimodipine or the combined approach could prevent DCI-related infarction (both 57.1%), not milrinone alone (87.5%). Both drugs induced a doubled vasopressor demand due to blood pressure decrease, but milrinone alone induced tachycardia. Conclusions: The monotherapy with intra-arterial nimodipine was superior to milrinone. Nimodipine and milrinone may be used complementary in an escalation scheme with the administration of nimodipine first, complemented by milrinone in cases of severe CVS. Milrinone monotherapy is not recommended.

L’hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne (HSA) est une pathologie redoutable résultant fréquemment de la rupture d’un anévrisme intracrânien. Elle est associée à une mortalité élevée et d’importants déficits neurologiques. Le saignement entraîne l’augmentation de la pression intracrânienne, la diminution du flux cérébral sanguin, l’apparition de l’inflammation cérébrale et la mort neuronale. Ces évènements de la phase d’insulte cérébrale précoce (72 premières heures) conditionnent le devenir du patient. Le vasospasme était initialement considéré comme la cause principale des ischémies cérébrales retardées (DCI), mais sa diminution pharmacologique n’a montré aucun bénéfice pour les patients. Cependant, l’infiltration rapide des leucocytes dans le SNC suivant le saignement semble impliquée dans le développement des DCI. Notre hypothèse est que l’activation précoce du système immunitaire à la suite de l’HSA est responsable de la mort neuronale retardée et de la survenue des déficits constatés chez les patients souffrant d’HSA. Nos buts étaient de caractériser la contribution des leucocytes dans l’inflammation cérébrale et la mort neuronale dans un modèle murin d’HSA, de moduler cette inflammation par l’utilisation de la protéine MFG-E8, une protéine anti-inflammatoire favorisant la clairance apoptotique, et de confirmer la présence d’une signature immunologique comparable chez les patients HSA. Notre modèle murin nous a permis d’induire chirurgicalement l’HSA et d’injecter par voie intrapéritonéale la protéine MFG-E8. La composition cellulaire du sang (humain et murin) et du cerveau des souris a été analysée par cytométrie en flux. Le plasma (humain et murin) et le liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR) des patients ont été analysés par dosage cytokinique. Certains cerveaux de souris étaient inclus en paraffine pour l’imagerie par microscopie confocale. La lignée cellulaire de microglie nous a permis d’étudier la modulation de la capacité de phagocytose et de production de ROS par l’exposition au sérum ou au LCR de patients HSA. Dans une première étude, nous avons démontré le rôle de l’inflammation cérébrale précoce dans le développement de la mort neuronale et des symptômes chez les souris HSA. Nous avons également caractérisé la présence de marqueurs inflammatoires systémiques chez les patients HSA. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons montré que le traitement par la protéine MFG-E8 chez les souris HSA entraînait la diminution de l’inflammation périphérique ainsi que de la présence des marqueurs M1, de l’activation des astrocytes et de la mort neuronale dans le cerveau aboutissant à la diminution de la sévérité des symptômes. L’étude de l’activation immunitaire chez les patients HSA, nous a permis d’observer une signature immunologique similaire à notre modèle murin. Nous avons montré que les patients HSA présentaient une augmentation des cellules immunitaires innées et une immunodépression lymphocytaire en comparaison avec des donneurs sains. Nous avons également décrit l’importance du grade et du genre des patients par la caractérisation d’un profil inflammatoire plus sévère chez les patients hauts gradés et chez les hommes. Finalement, nos résultats confirment l’existence d’une signature immunologique similaire entre les patients HSA et notre modèle murin aboutissant, dans les deux cas, à l’augmentation de l’activation de l’inflammation systémique et cérébrale. Cette signature immunologique est dépendante du sexe et du grade des patients. La diminution de la gravité des symptômes par le traitement avec la protéine MFG-E8 dans notre modèle souris confirme l’implication incontestable de l’inflammation dans l’apparition des déficits moteurs secondaires à la mort neuronale, et le potentiel thérapeutique de cette protéine MFG-E8 dans le développement de nouvelles thérapies. / Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a redoubtable pathology resulting frequently from the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. It is associated to an important mortality and severe neurologic deficits. The bleeding leads to an increase in the intracranial pressure, to a decrease in cerebral blood flow, to the development of cerebral inflammation and to neuronal death. These events of early brain injury (first 72 hours) determine the patient’s prognosis. The vasospasm was first thought to be the main cause of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), but its pharmacological decrease was not being associated to any benefits for the patients. However, rapid leucocytic infiltration in the CNS secondary to the bleeding seems implicated in the development of DCI. Our hypothesis is that the early immune system activation in SAH is responsible for delayed neuronal death and for the onset of symptoms in SAH patients. Our goals were to characterize the contribution of leucocytes in cerebral inflammation and neuronal death in our SAH mice model, to modulate the inflammation by using MFG-E8 protein, an anti-inflammatory protein promoting the apoptotic clearance, and to confirm this similar immunologic signature in SAH patients. Our mouse model allows us to surgically induce SAH and to inject the MFG-E8 protein by intraperitoneal injection. The cellular composition of blood (human and mouse) and of mouse brains were analyzed by flow cytometry. The plasma (human and mouse) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed by cytokine assay. Some mice brains were paraffin-embedded for confocal microscopy imaging. Microglia cell lines allowed us to evaluate the modulation of phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production secondary to the exposition to SAH patients’ serum and CSF. In the first study, we have demonstrated the impact of early cerebral inflammation on neuronal death and the occurrence of symptoms in SAH mice. We also have characterized the presence of systemic inflammatory markers in SAH patients. In the second study, we have shown that MFG-E8 protein treatment in our SAH mice model is linked to a decrease in peripheric inflammation as well as to a decrease of M1 markers, astrocytic activation and neuronal death in the brain leading to a decrease of symptoms severity. iv The study of immune activation in SAH patients allowed us to observe an immune signature like in our mouse model. We have revealed that SAH patients have an increase in innate immune cells and in lymphocytic immunosuppression in comparison to healthy donors. We have also described the importance of gender and SAH grade by the characterization of a more severe inflammatory profile in high-grade and in male patients. To conclude, our results confirm the existence of a similar immune signature between SAH patients and our mouse model leading in both cases to an increase in systemic and cerebral inflammation. This immunologic signature depends on the patients’ gender and on the grade of SAH. The decrease of symptom severity with MFG-E8 protein treatment in our mice model confirms the unquestionable implication of inflammation in the occurrence of motor deficits secondary to neuronal death and the therapeutic potential of MFG-E8 for the development of new therapies.