Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Rwandan local government system is currently making an important turning point with the introduction of democratic decentralisation. This study was carried out in order to find out the prospects and challenges of democratic decentralisation in Rwandan context. From Rwanda's independence in 1962 up to the 1999 administrative reforms, local governments, namely communes, have largely failed in their mission of being basic development units. Democratic decentralisation was then introduced to bridge gaps and correct weaknesses that undemined local governance in the past. There are some challenges like generalised poverty in the country, the nonparticipation, and dependence syndrome among citizens that need to be overcome. However, there are also opportunities that ought to be taken advantage if democratic decentralisation is to really take root in Rwanda. The main opportunity is commitment to to democracy and decentralisation by all stakeholders, the national leadership, local authorities and citizens in general. However, democratic decentralisation cannot be attained quickly. It is achieved gradually depending on citizens' understanding and to the availability of the resources. authorities and citizens in general

Le logement est l’un des besoins fondamentaux de l’homme, comme la nourriture et le vêtement. Or, les régions métropolitaines de Jakarta et de Surabaya font face à une crise du logement. La pénurie de logements a atteint 1, 02 million dans le « Grand Jakarta » et 46 058 dans le « Grand Surabaya » en 2015. Cette étude décrit le déséquilibre entre la demande et l’offre de logements dans ces deux régions métropolitaines, et les efforts des différents acteurs (publics et privés) à trois époques différentes : « l’Ordre Ancien », « l’Ordre Nouveau », et « la Réforme/ Démocratie décentralisée » pour résoudre ce problème. Cette étude cherche en outre à lister les difficultés rencontrées par tous les acteurs dans la construction de logements décents et abordables depuis l’ère de « la démocratie décentralisée ». Enfin, cette étude examine la stratégie de coopération multi-acteurs qui a été adoptée pour réduire la pénurie de logements depuis « la Réforme ». Cette stratégie semble prometteuse car les acteurs partagent leurs rôles de sorte que la mise en œuvre des projets de construction de logements bon marché devient plus réalisable, notamment dans les grandes régions urbaines. / Housing is one of the basic needs, like food and clothing. However, the metropolitan areas of Jakarta (Jabodetabek) and Surabaya (Gerbangkertosusila) are dealing with a huge housing shortage. In 2015, the number of housing needs has reached 1, 02 million in the "Greater Jakarta" and 46.058 in the "Greater Surabaya". Due to this issue, the study firstly describes the imbalance between supply and demand of low-cost housing in these two metropolitan areas, and then the attempts of the various actors involved (public and private) to solve this problem since the nation’s independence era until the presents days (“Old Order”, “New Order”, and the “Reform/ Democratic decentralisation”). Secondly, this study explores different factors that interfere the supply of affordable housing during the era of "democratic decentralisation”. Finally, this study examines several multi-actors cooperation strategies that were adopted lately to reduce the housing shortage. These strategies seem promising because each actor are capable of sharing their roles so that the implementation of low-cost housing development projects can become more feasible, especially if they will be implemented in the large urban areas.

No / The article aims to provide a synthesis of key discussions within scholarship that is critical of Mainstream Institutionalism. It adopts a thematic approach to chart debate and areas of convergence about key issues. The first section of the article briefly charts the rise to prominence of the mainstream 'collective action' school. Each of the themes identified as central to the alternative critical approach is then examined in turn. These are the 'homogenous community' critique, the avoidance of politics critique (further divided into ideational politics and politics of local empowerment) and the sociological critique. The article concludes by reflecting on the challenge of 'making complexity legible' that faces the nascent critical tradition in institutional analysis.