Objectives: To compare and contrast the geographic and demographic distribution of bro β-lactamase and antibiotic MIC50/90 for 1440 global Moraxella catarrhalis isolates obtained from children and adults between 2001 and 2002. Methods: One thousand four hundred and forty M. catarrhalis isolates originating from seven world regions were investigated. The isolates were recovered from 411 children <5 years of age and 1029 adults >20 years of age. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed to determine bro prevalence and to distinguish between bro types. MIC values of 12 different antibiotics were determined using the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) broth microdilution method. Results: Of the 1440 isolates, 1313 (91%) possessed the bro-1 gene and 64 (4%) possessed the bro-2 gene. Additionally, the prevalence of bro positivity between the child and adult age groups was significantly different (P<0.0001), though bro-1 and bro-2 prevalences within age groups were not significantly different. Consistently higher β-lactam MICs were observed for M. catarrhalis isolates originating in the Far East. Significant correlations in MICs were observed for several antibiotic combinations, including all five β-lactams with each other, and among the two quinolones. Conclusions: The worldwide prevalence of bro gene carriage in clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis is now approaching 95%, with children significantly more likely to harbour bro-positive isolates than adults. Further, statistically significant differences in the distribution of β-lactam MICs were observed between different world regions, particularly with respect to the Far East.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Background: Despite modest improvements in child health outcomes during the 20th century, infant and child mortality rates remain unacceptably high in South Africa. South Africa, like many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, is challenged by high levels of under -five child mortality. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of under-five mortality in a selected village in Vhembe District, South Africa. Methodology: The study was conducted in Mhinga Village in Vhembe District, Limpopo province South Africa. A qualitative approach using a descriptive design was used for the study. A sample of 7 mothers who lost children under 5 years of age through death were selected from the target population by means of snowball sampling. Data was collected through a semi-structured interview. The data collected was analysed using the thematic analytical approach. Results: Four main themes emerged during data analysis namely, diseases and infections as causes of U5M in Mhinga, Maternal and perinatal health as determinants associated with U5M in Mhinga, Health care factors as determinants associated with U5M in Mhinga and cultural factors as determinants contributing to U5M in Mhinga, Conclusion and recommendation: The study recommends that a study be conducted on the factors that affect the utilisation of health and ANC services and strategies to promote the use of health and ANC services in Mhinga. The researcher further recommends that a study be conducted on strategies to reduce U5M in Mhinga. / NRF

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Education (Research Methodology) in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Zululand, 2017 / Given the need to employ effective reading strategies in the primary school, this article sets out to address the question of primary school educators’ experiences with the National Reading Strategy (NRS). The study focuses on six (6) primary schools in the Mbabane Circuit at Ingwavuma in UMkhanyakude District of South Africa. Forty (40) primary school educators from the selected schools within the circuit took part in a quantitative survey. Pearson’s chisquare was employed to explore the relative effects of teachers’ biographical data and their experiences with the NRS. The findings suggest that teachers’ gender, job title, teaching phase, experience in years and qualifications had an influence on their experiences with the NRS. On the other hand, teachers’ age was shown to have no relationship with their experiences with the NRS. The study confirms the appropriateness of understanding how teachers’ biographical data relate to and impact on reading intervention strategies.

A countywide survey in Uinta County, Wyoming, was conducted from December 1992 through March 1993. A stratified random sampling method was used in which 647 surveys were distributed with an overall response rate of 59.5%. This study employed analysis of variance (ANOVA) to address four research questions contending that the independent variables o f education, socioeconomic status, employment, and family stat us would differentially account for variation in the dependent variables, which were responses to survey items indicating the "appropriate age" to teach children about human reproduction, consequences of sexual activity, birth control methods, HIV/AIDS prevention, and sexually transmitted diseases. The data revealed small, but statistically significant relationships. A positive association existed between higher educational attainment and indication of older appropriate ages to teach children about the consequences of sexual activity and sexually transmitted diseases at school. Respondents with higher incomes specified younger ages to teach children about human reproduction at home than did respondents with medium incomes, and respondents with medium incomes indicated younger ages to teach about human reproduction at home than did lower income respondents. Two-parent families chose to teach their children about human reproduction at younger ages at school than did single-parent families. Single-parent families chose to teach about birth control methods at home at younger ages than did respondents from two-parent families. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research were discussed.

The purpose of this report is to describe (1) the demographic pattern of a black-tailed jackrabbit (Lopus californicus) population in 450-square-mile Curlow Valley, northern Utah and southern Idaho, during the period April, 1962 through March, 1965; and (2) the methodology developed to obtain the data on which the description is based. The research discussed here occupied the first 3 years of a projected, long-range study of the population ecology of the species in this area with special attention to the mechanics and causes of short-term fluctuations.

This research contributes to the field of land use planning by examining the effects of demographic trends--also known as demographic futures--on growth and development projections for seven communities in the Mojave Desert region of San Bernardino County, California. Demographic trends based on California Department of Finance projections and land development data supplied by the Southern California Association of Governments were obtained for each of the communities for the period between 1990 and 2001. By using a spatially explicit urban growth model, these trends and data were then used to allocate community-specific future growth for Adelanto, Apple Valley, Barstow, Hesperia, Twentynine Palms, Victorville, and Yucca Valley. The research compared three projected settlement densities for each community. These three densities were based on settlement trends between 1990 and 2001, on existing densities as of 2001, and on densities that had been derived from prior research in the Mojave Desert region as a whole. The overall effect of using demographic trends to estimate settlement densities results in less development of open space and undeveloped lands than under existing densities or densities derived from prior research. Indeed, using demographic trend-derived densities in place of existing densities resulted in nearly 3,900 more acres of vacant land in the seven communities remaining undeveloped by the year 2020. Similarly, using demographic trend-derived densities in place of densities developed by prior research resulted in nearly 22,000 more acres of vacant land in the seven communities remaining undeveloped by the year 2020. Differences in projected land use patterns based on demographic trends are a key point for land use planners to consider when determining future development in each of the communities. Accounting for these demographic trends provides a way of "fine tuning" projections to ensure that they are more representative of the needs and expectations of future populations.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第21033号 / 社医博第87号 / 新制||社医||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 木原 正博, 教授 西渕 光昭 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

This cross-sectional study focuses on attitudes in accordance with the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) in the adult population of Israel. Such attitudes are expressed by favoring an establishment of a family at older ages and favoring a small family size. Such attitudes are also expressed by supporting certain forms of living arrangements that are alternative to marriage. Based on results from Israel’s Social Survey (ISS), it seems that during 2009-2019, there was a nationwide rise in support of attitudes in accordance with the SDT. This trend is well apparent, despite a moderate decline in support of divorce as the best solution in insolvable relationships. In addition, it was found that the level of religiosity had a substantial and negative effect on the probability of supporting attitudes in accordance with the SDT. Furthermore, the type of residence (i.e., living in an urban environment) had no substantial effect on the probability of supporting these attitudes. Additionally, although differences in support of these attitudes were found between residents of Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv, they were less consistent and substantial after the effects of religious affiliation and religiosity were considered. However, residing in Tel-Aviv had substantial and positive effects on the probability of accepting unmarried couples’ parenthood and on the probability of preferring establishing a family for women aged 30 and above. This study also points out that certain attitudes are more supported by Jews, while others are more supported by Muslims.

No description available.

Research on bilingualism in a number of social science disciplines has reported an association between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes - causality has often been attributed to bilingualism. This research has been criticized on methodological grounds. There is a dearth of information concerning the relationship between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes in specific communities, regions, or societies since there have been very few studies of the social psychological aspects of bilingualism based on survey research methods. Yet another critique of previous research is that the theoretical framework in which reported findings have been couched has remained untested or that they have remained implicit. These theoretical underpinnings are explored and assessed. The data for the thesis came from a sample survey of greater Montreal conducted in 1973, from a survey of the Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area conducted by the York Survey Research Center in late 1974 and early 1975, and from a secondary analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study, carried out for the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1965. The analytic methods used are crosstabulation and partial correlation. It was found in the analysis of all three surveys, which were carried out at different points in time and which used slightly different measures of the independent and dependent variable, that the association between bilingualism and ethnic identity is not strong, and that it varies from one mother tongue group to the other. This indicates that causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. The analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study revealed that with intergroup contact and demographic context held constant, the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic identity is extremely weak. Bilinguals, it emerged, tend to identify with both language groups mainly where they are in contact with the other group and in contexts where the other group constitutes the demographic majority. With regard to the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic attitudes, it was found that there were weak associations between bilingualism and social distance, and bilingualism and ethnic prejudice. However, these all but disappeared when intergroup contact and demographic context were controlled. The theoretical debate, which has continued over the past several decades, concerning whether or not causality of these relationships can be attributed to bilingualism may still continue; however, the evidence presented in the dissertation indicates that' causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. Further, unicausal social psychological theories attributing such findings to the effects of the internalization of a second linguistic system would seem to be manifestly inadequate. Future theoretical efforts in this area of research ought to be of the kind which span disciplinary boundaries, assume multicausality, and lend themselves to operationalization. It ·is suggested that group membership theory may provide a fruitful point of departure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)