Problema: O emprego do titânio e ligas de titânio para aplicações médicas e odontológicas tem aumentado nas últimas décadas, porém, o alto custo do material desestimula o seu uso rotineiro. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito da pureza do argônio nas propriedades mecânicas, microestrutura e modo de fratura do titânio comercialmente puro (Grau I) e da liga Ti-6Al-4V. Material e Métodos: As fundições para cada liga foram realizadas em uma máquina de indução eletromagnética com um argônio de alta pureza (99,999%) e um argônio conhecido como industrial (99,98%). Os testes de resistência à tração, limite de proporcionalidade e alongamento foram realizados em máquina de ensaio universal sob velocidade de 1 mm/min. Os espécimes fraturados foram embutidos em resina fenólica (baquelite) e polidas para a realização da microdureza Vickers (100g/15s), a a 25, 50, 100, 200 e 500?m da borda do corpo-de-prova. A microestrutura das ligas também foi analisada em alguns espécimes, com o objetivo de avaliar a superfície fraturada dos espécimes alguns foram submetidos à microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Análise estatística: Os dados provenientes de cada teste mecânico foram submetidos a uma análise de variância (tipo de titânio vs. pureza do argônio) e teste de Tukey (? = 0,05). Os dados de microdureza Vickers foram submetidos a uma análise de variância de medidas repetidas (fatores principais: liga e argônio) e medida repetida: distância e teste de Tukey para o contraste entre médias (? = 0,05). Resultados: O grau de pureza do gás não influenciou os valores do limite de proporcionalidade, da resistência à tração e alongamento, assim como a microdureza Vickers, microestrutura e padrão de fratura. A liga Ti-6Al-4V apresentou alto valores de resistência à tração, limite de proporcionalidade e microdureza Vickers, e baixo alongamento. A microdureza dos materiais foi alta nas proximidades da borda, mas a pureza do argônio não teve influência alguma. Conclusões: O argônio industrial pode ser utilizado para realizar as fundições do Ti CP e Ti-6Al-4V sem prejuízos nas suas propriedades. / Background: Although CP titanium and titanium alloys have been used for medical and dental applications, their high cost has not stimulated their current use. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of argon purity on the mechanical properties, microstructure and fractography of CP Ti (Grade I) and Ti-6Al- 4V cast alloys. Material and Methods: The castings for each alloy were made in a centrifugal casting machine using either a high-purity (99.999%) and or an industrial argon gas (99.98%). The ultimate tensile strength (UTS), proportional limit (PL) and elongation (EL) were evaluated in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The fractured specimens were embedded in phenolic resin and polished down for Vicker\'s microhardness (VHN) measurement (100g, 15s) from 25 ?m below the cast surface, then at 50?m, 100?m, 200?m and 500?m. The microstructures of the alloys were also revealed. Scanning electron microscopy fractography was undertaken for the fractured surfaces after tensile testing. The data from the mechanical tests and hardness were subjected to a two-way ANOVA and Tukey\'s test (? = 0.05). Results: The mean values of UTS, PL, EL and VHN were not affected by the argon gas purity. Higher UTS, PL and VHN and lower EL was observed for Ti-6Al-4V. The microhardness values of both alloys were higher at the surface layers and it was not influenced by the argon gas purity. Conclusions: It was concluded that the industrial argon gas can be safely used to cast CP Ti and Ti-6Al- 4V, since it does not alter the mechanical properties of the studied alloys.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Predictability of tooth displacement in response to specific orthodontic load system directly links to the quality and effectiveness of the treatment. The key questions are how the tooth’s environment changes in response to the orthodontic load and how the biological tissues respond clinically. The objectives of this study are to determine the mechanical environment (ME) changes and to quantify the biological tissues’ response. Eighteen (18) patients who needed maxillary bilateral canine retractions were involved in the study. A method was developed to quantify the 3D load systems on the canine, which allowed the treatment strategies to be customized in terms of orthodontic loading systems to meet either translation (TR) or controlled tipping (CT) requirement. Dental casts were made before and after each treatment interval, and the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans were taken prior to and following the entire treatment for control of treatment strategy and post treatment evaluations. Finite element method (FEM) was applied to calculate the location of center of resistance (CRes) for tooth movement control. The location and variation of CRes were recorded and compared with previous studies. A quick CRes assessment method that locates CRes by calculating the centroid of the contact surface (CCS) and the centroid of the projection of root surface (CPCS) in certain direction was also tested and compared with the results from FEM. Customized T-loop spring, a kind of orthodontic appliance, was designed, fabricated, and calibrated on a load measuring system to ensure that the load met the clinician’s prescription. The treatment outcomes in terms of tooth displacement and root resorption characterized by the changes of tooth length and volume as well as the bone mineral density (BMD) represented by the Hounsfield units (HU) change were recorded and analyzed. The ME in terms of stress were also calculated by using FEM. Paired t-test and mixed model ANOVA methods were used to analyze the relationships between the mechanical inputs (quantified and customized load, and corresponding stress) and clinical outcomes (root resorption and BMD change). It was found that the overall root resorption is not significant for canine retraction, but apical root resorption does occur, meaning that orthodontic load is not a sufficient factor. Also, it was observed that HU distribution changed significantly in both root and alveolar bone. The maximum reduction was on the coronal level in the direction perpendicular to the direction of movement in root, and in the direction of the tooth movement at the coronal level in bone. In addition, it was determined that the locations of the CRes in the MD and BL directions were significantly different. The locations of the CRes of a human canine in MD and BL directions can be estimated by finding the CPCSs in the two directions. Finally, it was shown that the stress invariants can be used to characterize how the osteocytes feel when ME changes. The stress invariants in the alveolar bone are not significantly affected by different M/F. The higher bone modeling/remodeling activities along the direction of tooth movement may be related to the initial volumetric increase and decrease in the alveolar bone.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alonso_aa_me_sjc.pdf: 816482 bytes, checksum: 5e7f9255e591189fa6c1f9a1470015f7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho avaliou a influência de três diferentes métodos de fundição (maçarico e centrífuga elétrica - G1, indução eletromagnética - G2 e plasma - G3), sobre a interface de uma liga metálica de Pd-Ag-Sn e uma cerâmica odontológica de cobertura. Foram encerados para cada método de fundição 30 padrões em cera. Os padrões em cera foram incluídos e fundidos de acordo com as especificações de cada fabricante de equipamentos de fundição. Após o processo de sinterização da cerâmica, os corpos de prova (CP) foram divididos em dois subgrupos. Um subgrupo foi submetido diretamente ao ensaio mecânico de cisalhamento, e o outro recebeu ciclagem térmica e mecânica, seguido do ensaio mecânico de cisalhamento. Então, para cada método de fundição (n=24), metade dos CP receberam ciclagem térmica e mecânica (n=12), e a outra metade os CP não foram ciclados. Após o cisalhamento, os CP foram examinados em estereomicroscópio, para verificação do padrão de fratura. Os valores coletados durante o ensaio de cisalhamento receberam análise estatística, (ANOVA e teste de Tukey), com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram os seguintes valores (média l desvio padrão), para os subgrupos sem ciclagem: 108,35 l 22,97 MPa para o maçarico; 103,64 l 28,28 MPa para a indução; 93,79 l 11,07 MPa para o plasma; para o sub grupo com ciclagens: 97,96 l 18,30 MPa para o maçarico; 62,34 l 11,26 MPa para a indução; e 58,10 l 10,66 MPa para o plasma. Conclui-se que os grupos Plasma com ciclagem e Indução com ciclagem apresentam médias dos resultados semelhantes e menores que os demais. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the three differents methods of melting (gas oxygen torch and eletrical centrifuge G1, Induction electrical centrifuge G2 e automated casting machine with gas argon - G3), between the interface of the Pd-Ag-Sn alloy, and a dental ceramic. Thirty standardized specimens were waxed for each method of melting. The specimens were included and melted in agreement with each manufacturer's melting equipments specifications. Following a feldspatic ceramic was applied over the metal copping, according to the manufacturers' instructions The specimens were divided in two subgroups. One subgroup was directly submitted to the shear bond strength test; and the other subgroup was thermo-cycled, mechanic-cycled, followed by the shear bond strength test. The fractured specimens were evaluated under a stereoscopic loup (20 X magnification), and the type of fracture recorded. The data collected during the shear bond strength test were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test statistical analysis with 5% level of significantly. The results showed the following values (mean l S.D.), for the sub groups without cycling: 108,35 l 22,97 MPa by gas oxygen torch and eletrical centrifuge, 103,64 l 28,28 MPa by Induction electrical centrifuge, 93,79 l 11,07 MPa by automated casting machine with gas argon and for the sub group with cycling 97,96 l 18,30 MPa by gas oxygen torch and electrical centrifuge, 62,34 l 11,26 MPa by Induction electrical centrifuge, and 58,10 l 10,66 MPa by automated casting machine with gas argon. Considering this study we can conclude that the automated casting machine with gas argon with cycling and Induction electrical centrifuge with cycling presents similar averages and lower than the others groups.