Orientador : Arnaldo Yoshiteru Kuaye / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T09:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Okazaki_MargareteMidori_M.pdf: 3301882 bytes, checksum: 0aec297ce29595ad1319a5f12e0100ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Desinfetantes com ação bactericida podem ser avaliados através de vários métodos. No Brasil, são considerados como oficiais para a determinação da eficácia bactericida desses produtos, o método de diluição de uso e o método de suspensão da Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Embora o método de suspensão (AOAC 960.09) apresente algumas vantagens sobre o método de diluição de uso (Use Dilution Method AOAC 955.14 e 955.15), quanto ao custo e simplicidade, sua aplicação ainda é limitada a testes com compostos de amônio quaternário em concentrações de até 200 mg/L. No Brasil, as concentrações recomendadas pelos fabricantes de desinfetantes a base de compostos de amônio quaternário variam de 200 a 10.000 mg/L, o que inviabiliza a utilização do método de suspensão para a avaliação da eficácia bactericida desses produtos. Para tanto, é necessária uma padronização para concentrações acima de 200 mg/L, permitindo sua adoção pelos laboratórios de controle de qualidade de desinfetantes, no monitoramento da qualidade dos produtos colocados no mercado ou durante o processo de fabricação. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a) adequar o método de suspensão da AOAC para análise da eficácia bactericida de desinfetantes a base de cloreto de benzalcônio, em concentrações acima de 200 mg/L e b) realizar uma avaliação comparativa entre o método de suspensão modificado e o método de diluição de uso da AOAC, na suspensão foi modificado pela substituição da etapa de neutralização química pela introdução de uma etapa de neutralização física, ou seja, filtração com membrana (0.45 mm) seguida de lavagem das células com tampão fosfato. Os resultados dos testes confirmaram a eficiência do procedimento de filtração e lavagem das células, não sendo detectado resíduo de desinfetante nas membranas ou efeito bactericida da membrana sobre os microrganismos, validando assim a adaptação proposta neste trabalho. A comparação entre o método de suspensão modificado e o método de diluição de uso mostrou que, de 108 testes realizados em concentrações ³200 mg/L, os dois métodos concordaram em 77,8% dos casos, ambos aprovando ou reprovando o desinfetante, na condição testada. Esse resultado pode ser considerado bom, uma vez que o método modificado apresentou taxa de discordância de apenas 17,3% entre as repetições, valor este bem menor que no método de diluição de uso, com taxa de discordância de 43,1% / Abstract: Bactericidal disinfectants can be evaluated through several methods. In Brazil, the AOAC dilution method and the AOAC suspension method are considered as the official methods to determine bactericidal efficacy of disinfectants. Although the AOAC 960.09 suspension method has some advantages over the AOAC dilution method (Use dilution method AOAC 955.14 and 955.15), such as lower cost and simplicity, its usage is still restricted to ammonium quaternary compounds tests, in concentration lower than 200 mg/L. In Brazil, the recommended concentration of ammonium quaternary disinfectant by the manufacturers varies from 200 to 10,000 mg/L, thus making suspension method impractical to the bactericidal efficacy evaluation of those products. So, it is essential to standardize the suspension method above 200 mg/L concentration, allowing its adoption by disinfectant quality control laboratories, in the quality monitoring of those products in the market or during manufacturing process. The purposes of this research were: a) to adequate AOAC suspension method for the evaluation of benzalkonium chloride bactericidal activity in concentration above 200 mg/L, and b) to make a comparative evaluation between modified suspension method and AOAC use dilution method, determining bactericidal efficacy of several benzalkonium chloride disinfectants against Staphylococcus aureus A TCC 6538, Salmonella choleraesuis A TCC 10708 and Escherichia colí A TCC 11229. The suspension method was modified through the substitution of chemical neutralization by using the filtration process in membrane (0,45 mm) followed by washing the cells with phosphate buffer solution. Results of the tests confirmed the filtration and washing efficacy, since no residual disinfectant on the membranes or bactericidal effect of the membrane over the of them approving or rejecting the disinfectant, in tested condition. This result can be considered good, since the modified method presented only 17,3% discordance rate among repetitions, this value was smaller than the use dilution method which, in this case, was 43,1% / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

No description available.

It was long believed that humans were unable to utilise the odours of conspecifics to co-ordinate social interactions in ways in which other species appear to be capable. However, a surge in interest in human social olfaction has recently challenged this view. The numerous studies conducted in this area have found that multiple state and trait related cues can be detected in body odour. Furthermore, many studies indicate that women are often more sensitive to these cues, and that sensitivity can be associated with fertility, findings that are consistent with sex differences in reproductive effort and benefits of choosiness in mate-searching. Since previous studies in this area have usually addressed the potential for humans to use olfactory communication in a comparable manner to other mammals, they typically involve collection and assessment of ‘natural’ odour. That is, they explicitly exclude the possibility of ‘contamination’ of odour samples by artificial fragrances. However, humans have used artificial fragrances for millennia, across many different cultures. This raises the question of whether widespread fragrance use may affect or disrupt the detection of this information in modern humans. The first aim of this thesis was to address this question by investigating how fragrance use may mediate the detection of olfactory information in humans. As well as providing further evidence for sex differences in the assessment of olfactory cues, and for the role of olfaction in real world partner choice, the findings herein suggest that fragrance may act differently on different information being assessed, potentially masking accurate assessment of certain traits (such as masculinity), while fragrance choice and preferences may be important in complementing other olfactory information (such as the general distinguishability of an individuals’ odour profile). A second aim of the thesis was to develop a scale in order to more accurately describe the varying perceptual qualities of human body odour – in other words to map human body odours. This work was conducted alongside perfumers in order to benefit from their expertise in olfactory perception and semantic labelling of odours. The development of such a scale could enable improved understanding of the perceptual qualities of human odour, making it possible to link specific perceptual qualities to specific cues (e.g. symmetry, masculinity, sex) or to manipulate odours based on perceptual qualities in experimental settings, and has direct practical implications for fragrance designers and for improving the ability of individuals to choose fragrance products that suit their odour profile. The second section of the thesis focuses on the effects of odours on the individual wearer as well as on perceivers in the environment. One study is presented which investigates the role of malodour reduction compared to the addition of fragrances in perceptions of confidence and attractiveness, finding that both the reduction of malodour and the addition of fragrance appear to be important for confidence as rated by others in the environment. The final study presented in the thesis examines a hitherto un-investigated role of olfaction during human pregnancy. The rationale for the study is based on evidence suggesting that in certain non-human species, which also show bi-parental care of offspring, there may be a role for chemical, or odour based, communication which underpins behavioural and endocrinological changes related to infant care behaviours in males. The study found little evidence to support the presence of analogous olfactory signalling during human pregnancy, though the findings are discussed in light of methodological changes which, if made in future studies, may result in different outcomes. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the importance of continuing to investigate various forms of olfactory communication, as well as improving our understanding of odours through the mapping of their perceptual qualities, and finally further examining the ways in which various fragranced products, which are widely used in society, may affect all of this. Future directions for this area of research are discussed. This line of investigation will, I argue, enable us to finally establish the true role of olfaction in contemporary social environments.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-23T15:35:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 erikayokosuzuki.pdf: 1480848 bytes, checksum: 4b319cc240f8cc66bfe8acfff3553a99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:33:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 erikayokosuzuki.pdf: 1480848 bytes, checksum: 4b319cc240f8cc66bfe8acfff3553a99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 erikayokosuzuki.pdf: 1480848 bytes, checksum: 4b319cc240f8cc66bfe8acfff3553a99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso de produtos de higiene pessoal tornou-se preocupação diária na vida das pessoas. No entanto, devido aos comprovados efeitos toxicológicos de alguns compostos sintéticos, os consumidores estão cada vez mais interessados na utilização de ativos naturais. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o potencial antimicrobiano do óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare Linnaeus frente às principais bactérias responsáveis pelo mau odor axilar (Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 7468 e Corynebacterium xerosis IAL 105) e desenvolver um desodorante antitranspirante que contenha o óleo essencial de O. vulgare como agente antimicrobiano. Foi avaliado o perfil químico do óleo essencial por cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução (CG-AR) e o componente majoritário identificado foi o γ-terpineno (30,5%). O óleo essencial apresentou atividade bactericida frente ao P. vulgaris ATCC 13315, M. luteus ATCC 7468 e C. xerosis IAL 105 com valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM)=1400; 2800 e 1400 μg/mL, respectivamente. Apresentou também atividade bacteriostática com valores de CIM=2800 μg/mL para S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 e de CIM=700 μg/mL para as demais. O desodorante antitranspirante contendo 2% de óleo de O. vulgare demonstrou atividade bactericida frente a todas bactérias testadas. As eletromicrografias das linhagens bacterianas expostas aos tratamentos propostos demostraram alterações na estrutura das bactérias. O desenvolvimento do desodorante antitranspirante contendo o óleo essencial de O. vulgare como ativo natural antimicrobiano, confere uma alternativa ao uso do triclosan. / The use of personal care products became a daily concern in the life of ordinary people. However, due to the toxicological effects of some synthetic compounds, consumers are increasingly interested in the use of natural actives. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. against the main bacterial strains responsible for bad perspiration odor (Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 7468 and Corynebacterium xerosis IAL 105) and to develop an antiperspirant deodorant containing only the essential oil of O. vulgare as an antimicrobial agent. The chemical profile of the essential oil was evaluated by high-resolution gas chromatography and the major component was identified γ-terpinene. Bactericidal activity was observed against P. vulgaris ATCC 13315, M. luteus ATCC 7468 and C. xerosis IAL 105, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1400, 2800 and 1400 μg/mL, respectively and bacteriostatic activity against all of them (MIC=700 μg/mL) and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 (MIC=2800 μg/mL). The antiperspirant deodorant containing 2% essential oil presented bactericidal activity against all tested bacteria. Electron microscopy images confirmed the physical damage and morphological alteration in the structure of bacteria exposed to the treatments. The development of antiperspirant deodorant formulation containing the essential oil of O. vulgare can be a natural antimicrobial alternative to the use of triclosan.