<p>The purpose of this thesis is to find out when Research and Development (R&D) becomes a suitable attribute for a production company to outsource. In an environment where innovations are following up quickly up and uncertainty about the type of innovation and customer is a fact, external sourcing can bring a competitive advantage. The empirical evidence shows that when R&D is outsourced the total cost does not increase at a due cause of outsourcing in this given study.</p><p>Although a lot of theory explains outsourcing as a cost increasing factor, the internal experience and frequent relation between the technical production company Beta and its R&D vendor company Alfa can decrease costs considerably due to lower communication and governance costs. This was not explicitly expressed in related theory and is therefore a contribution to the academia as well as for managers who seek to find an answer to the question of when to outsource and when not to outsource.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to find out when Research and Development (R&amp;D) becomes a suitable attribute for a production company to outsource. In an environment where innovations are following up quickly up and uncertainty about the type of innovation and customer is a fact, external sourcing can bring a competitive advantage. The empirical evidence shows that when R&amp;D is outsourced the total cost does not increase at a due cause of outsourcing in this given study. Although a lot of theory explains outsourcing as a cost increasing factor, the internal experience and frequent relation between the technical production company Beta and its R&amp;D vendor company Alfa can decrease costs considerably due to lower communication and governance costs. This was not explicitly expressed in related theory and is therefore a contribution to the academia as well as for managers who seek to find an answer to the question of when to outsource and when not to outsource.

Purpose: Understand different needs for accountability and governance among financial firms,based on environmental and structural factors. Design/methodology/approach: By using disciplinary reports published by SFSA the interpretation of corporate governance regulation will be studied. Findings: The study identified important corporate governance factors which can be explained and understood by analyzing through the multiple-theory. Complex environmental aspects, such as regulations and multiple stakeholders, demands for extensive internal and external controls. However, the aspect of knowledge does not seem to be fully explained by previous studies. Originality/value: The result could be a contribution to further discussions on how regulations can develop. Moreover, the result can add empirical data to further develop the multiple-theory.

O presente trabalho busca, por meio de uma análise crítica da teoria da dependência, estabele-cer os princípios metodológicos e os elementos centrais para a aplicação do aludido referenci-al teórico ao caso concreto brasileiro das últimas duas décadas. Para tanto, resgata-se os de-senvolvimentos anteriores da teoria, buscando desde suas origens na escola estruturalista da CEPAL, com os trabalhos de Raúl Prebisch e Celso Furtado, até a sua consolidação nas duas vertentes marxistas da teoria da dependência, os neomarxistas, com as contribuições de Ruy Mauro Marini, e os cardosianos, a partir da análise das obras de Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Enzo Faletto. É realizada, então, uma crítica metodológica das referidas vertentes marxistas, com o intuito de extrair dos escritos precedentes aquilo que poderia servir de base para a construção de uma teoria adequada tanto à situação histórica atual quanto às interpretações contemporâneas da obra de Karl Marx. Por fim, com base nas críticas realizadas, busca-se construir uma nova proposta para a análise, em que a categoria da dependência se constrói como síntese das relações de exploração, subordinação e vinculação entre países centrais e periféricos. Para que a referida categoria e suas múltiplas determinações sejam compatíveis com a realidade brasileira contemporânea, utiliza-se para a sua construção de dados referentes às relações econômicas entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos nos últimos vinte anos. / Through a critical analysis of the dependency theory, the present work attempts to create the methodological principles and core elements for the usage of the aforementioned theoretical framework to the Brazilian case of the last two decades. To do that, the prior developments of the theory are rescued, since its origins in the structuralist school of ECLAC, with the work of Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado, until its consolidation in two different Marxists strands of dependency theory, the Neo-Marxists, with the contribution of Ruy Mauro Marini, and the Cardosians, through the work of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto. Then, a methodological critic of these Marxists strands is done, in order to extract what could be used as base for the construction of an adequate theory both to the present historical situation as to the contemporary interpretations of the work of Karl Marx. Finally, based on these critics, a proposal for a new framework is made, in which the dependency category is built as a synthesis of relations of exploitation, subordination and linking between central and peripheral countries. For this category and its multi-determinations to be compatible with contemporary Brazilian reality, data concerning about the relations between Brazil and United States in the last twenty years are used in its construction.

O presente trabalho busca, por meio de uma análise crítica da teoria da dependência, estabele-cer os princípios metodológicos e os elementos centrais para a aplicação do aludido referenci-al teórico ao caso concreto brasileiro das últimas duas décadas. Para tanto, resgata-se os de-senvolvimentos anteriores da teoria, buscando desde suas origens na escola estruturalista da CEPAL, com os trabalhos de Raúl Prebisch e Celso Furtado, até a sua consolidação nas duas vertentes marxistas da teoria da dependência, os neomarxistas, com as contribuições de Ruy Mauro Marini, e os cardosianos, a partir da análise das obras de Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Enzo Faletto. É realizada, então, uma crítica metodológica das referidas vertentes marxistas, com o intuito de extrair dos escritos precedentes aquilo que poderia servir de base para a construção de uma teoria adequada tanto à situação histórica atual quanto às interpretações contemporâneas da obra de Karl Marx. Por fim, com base nas críticas realizadas, busca-se construir uma nova proposta para a análise, em que a categoria da dependência se constrói como síntese das relações de exploração, subordinação e vinculação entre países centrais e periféricos. Para que a referida categoria e suas múltiplas determinações sejam compatíveis com a realidade brasileira contemporânea, utiliza-se para a sua construção de dados referentes às relações econômicas entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos nos últimos vinte anos. / Through a critical analysis of the dependency theory, the present work attempts to create the methodological principles and core elements for the usage of the aforementioned theoretical framework to the Brazilian case of the last two decades. To do that, the prior developments of the theory are rescued, since its origins in the structuralist school of ECLAC, with the work of Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado, until its consolidation in two different Marxists strands of dependency theory, the Neo-Marxists, with the contribution of Ruy Mauro Marini, and the Cardosians, through the work of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto. Then, a methodological critic of these Marxists strands is done, in order to extract what could be used as base for the construction of an adequate theory both to the present historical situation as to the contemporary interpretations of the work of Karl Marx. Finally, based on these critics, a proposal for a new framework is made, in which the dependency category is built as a synthesis of relations of exploitation, subordination and linking between central and peripheral countries. For this category and its multi-determinations to be compatible with contemporary Brazilian reality, data concerning about the relations between Brazil and United States in the last twenty years are used in its construction.

Esta dissertação visa estudar a indústria do gás natural da Venezuela a partir da Teoria Marxista da Dependência (TMD). Mudanças estruturais acontecem nesse país desde o início do século XXI, e esse processo não pode ser entendido sem se observar o papel fundamental da energia. O termo energia refere-se, neste trabalho, ao petróleo e gás natural. O primeiro tem sido o responsável pela penetração do capital estrangeiro no país e o segundo foi historicamente tratado como subproduto da indústria petroleira. A principal mudança nessa perspectiva foi introduzida pelo atual processo político, que usa ambos os recursos como instrumento para superar a relação de subordinação aos países industrializados. Portanto, objetiva-se analisar, com base na TMD, se, dada uma ampliação da indústria do gás natural da Venezuela estarão presentes os elementos capazes de promover uma ruptura com a forma subordinada em que se inseriu o país na economia mundial. Entende-se essa ampliação como um projeto nacional que procura a diversificação da economia e a conquista do desenvolvimento, entendido nos termos expostos pela TMD. Para facilitar o uso da TMD, foram selecionados três de seus expoentes, a saber: Vânia Bambirra, Theotônio dos Santos, e Ruy Mauro Marini. No que concerne à indústria do gás natural, a mesma foi avaliada seguindo parâmetros estabelecidos no Programa de Massificação do Uso do Gás Natural da Petrobras (2004). Por fim, foram contrastados os segmentos da cadeia produtiva do gás avaliados com os parâmetros da TMD, permitindo, por um lado, elucidar o processo que contribuiu para o subdesenvolvimento no país, e, por outro, avaliar o potencial dos atuais planos da IGN para estimular a industrialização nacional e a integração regional. / This document aims to study the Venezuelan natural gas industry using the Marxist Dependency Theory (MDT). Structural changes have been occurring in this country since the early twenty-first century, and those transitions cannot be understood without observing the fundamental energys role. The term \"energy\" refers, in this research, to oil and natural gas. The first one has been responsible for the foreign capital penetration in the country and, the second has been historically treated only as an oil industry derivate. The main change in this perspective was motivated by the current political process, which uses both resources as a tool for overcoming the subordinated relationship with the industrialized countries. Therefore, the objective is to analyze, based on MDT, if an expansion of Venezuela\'s natural gas industry will change the subordinated Venezuelan role in the global economy. This expansion is understood as a \"national project\", which looks for economic diversification and achievement of development, understood in the MDTs terms. To make easier to use the MDT, three exponents was selected: Vania Bambirra, Theotônio dos Santos, and Ruy Mauro Marini. The assessing for the natural gas industry expansion follows the parameters stablished in the National Gasification Program of Petrobras (2004). Finally, the segments of the productive gas chain was contrasted with the MDT parameters, allowing to understand the process that contributed to the country underdevelopment and, evaluating the potential of current plans in natural gas industry for stimulating national industrialization and regional integration.

O presente trabalho busca, por meio de uma análise crítica da teoria da dependência, estabele-cer os princípios metodológicos e os elementos centrais para a aplicação do aludido referenci-al teórico ao caso concreto brasileiro das últimas duas décadas. Para tanto, resgata-se os de-senvolvimentos anteriores da teoria, buscando desde suas origens na escola estruturalista da CEPAL, com os trabalhos de Raúl Prebisch e Celso Furtado, até a sua consolidação nas duas vertentes marxistas da teoria da dependência, os neomarxistas, com as contribuições de Ruy Mauro Marini, e os cardosianos, a partir da análise das obras de Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Enzo Faletto. É realizada, então, uma crítica metodológica das referidas vertentes marxistas, com o intuito de extrair dos escritos precedentes aquilo que poderia servir de base para a construção de uma teoria adequada tanto à situação histórica atual quanto às interpretações contemporâneas da obra de Karl Marx. Por fim, com base nas críticas realizadas, busca-se construir uma nova proposta para a análise, em que a categoria da dependência se constrói como síntese das relações de exploração, subordinação e vinculação entre países centrais e periféricos. Para que a referida categoria e suas múltiplas determinações sejam compatíveis com a realidade brasileira contemporânea, utiliza-se para a sua construção de dados referentes às relações econômicas entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos nos últimos vinte anos. / Through a critical analysis of the dependency theory, the present work attempts to create the methodological principles and core elements for the usage of the aforementioned theoretical framework to the Brazilian case of the last two decades. To do that, the prior developments of the theory are rescued, since its origins in the structuralist school of ECLAC, with the work of Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado, until its consolidation in two different Marxists strands of dependency theory, the Neo-Marxists, with the contribution of Ruy Mauro Marini, and the Cardosians, through the work of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto. Then, a methodological critic of these Marxists strands is done, in order to extract what could be used as base for the construction of an adequate theory both to the present historical situation as to the contemporary interpretations of the work of Karl Marx. Finally, based on these critics, a proposal for a new framework is made, in which the dependency category is built as a synthesis of relations of exploitation, subordination and linking between central and peripheral countries. For this category and its multi-determinations to be compatible with contemporary Brazilian reality, data concerning about the relations between Brazil and United States in the last twenty years are used in its construction.

O presente trabalho busca contribuir na discussão do tema do desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento da América Latina, a partir de duas das mais importantes elaborações teóricas já feitas sobre o assunto, o estruturalismo da Cepal e a teoria da dependência. Busca-se fazer uma revisão crítica e sistemática sobre o surgimento, a evolução, e os desdobramentos analíticos e normativos dessas duas grandes escolas do pensamento latino-americano. Em especial, visa explorar as continuidades e rupturas teóricas e metodológicas, em primeiro lugar, entre as interpretações estruturalistas e as interpretações da escola da dependência, e em segundo lugar, entre as distintas vertentes desta última. Argumenta-se que, em ambos os casos, o padrão de continuidade é muito mais proeminente do que se supôs no debate inicial ou de que presume boa parte da literatura especializada, tanto em relação às virtudes, isto é, pensar o desenvolvimento periférico de acordo com suas especificidades histórico-estruturais, quanto, sobretudo, em relação às suas insuficiências, vale dizer, a determinação econômica dos fenômenos políticos e sociais. / This study aims to contribute to the discussion on the issue of the Latin America development and underdevelopment, from two of the most important theoretical frameworks ever made on the subject, the Eclac\'s structuralism and the dependency theory. We seek to perform a critical and systematic review of the emergence, evolution, and the analytical and normative ramifications of these two major schools of Latin American thought. In particular, it´s intended to explore the theoretical and methodological continuities and discontinuities, firstly, between the structuralist interpretations and interpretations of the dependency school, and secondly, between the different approaches of the last one. It is argued that, in both cases, the pattern of continuity is much more relevant than it was assumed in the original debate and even by much of the specialized literature, whether concerning its virtues, that is, to think the peripheral development according its historical-structural specificities, and, above all, in relation to its shortcomings, i.e., the economic determination of political and social phenomena.

Background: Females are underrepresented in Swedish boards, and in 2016 females represented 29 % of all board members. Many researchers have studied the relationship between the gender composition of company boards and company performance, but they have not managed to reach consensus in explaining the relationship. Pure shareholder theory suggests that the company philosophy is to focus on profitability and shareholder maximization. If the gender distribution in the board affects the performance of the company, some companies may underperform because of their board composition. If so, this is an issue that should be solved according to the shareholder theory and some adjustments to the composition should be done.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not companies with female directors on their boards perform better than companies without female directors on their boards. The target group of the study is Swedish listed companies with a statutory domicile in Sweden.   Method: For conducting this research, data for a period of three years (2013-2015) are collected from a sample of 94 Swedish listed companies. The performance measurements investigated are the ratios; ROE, profit margin, ROCE, EBIT margin and EPS. As for control variables, the board size and company size are used. An independent samples t-test is conducted, as well as a correlation matrix analysis and a regression analysis, to fulfil the purpose of this study.   Conclusion: The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between female representation in the boardroom and the ratio EBIT margin. However, the correlation strength is so weak that it is not fair to draw the conclusion that female representation has a positive effect on the financial performance of the companies. Also, the regression analysis shows no relationship between the two variables. However, this study contributes by showing that there is no negative correlation between the presence of females on boards and the financial performance of the companies.

Supply chains are considered the foundation of the global economy, and businesses with global supply chains usually encounter at least 1 disruption annually. Mitigating the negative impact of disruptions is critical to supply chain managers, as disruptions can negatively impact organizational profitability and performance. Grounded in the resource dependence theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies organizational and supply chain managers use to mitigate negative results from supply chain disruption. Participants were 4 supply chain managers working in 2 different international organizations located in Jordan, who used effective strategies to mitigate supply chain disruptions. Data collection involved semistructured interviews and a review of organizational documents. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, and 2 main themes emerged: Developing relationships and collaboration and strategy to identify supply chain disruption. The implications for positive social change include the potential for organizational and supply chain managers to mitigate negative results of supply chain disruptions and improve organizational performance. Sustaining organizational performance promotes the well-being of employees, families, communities, and the economy, which can result in customer satisfaction, business growth, and stable employment.