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This dissertation examines the nature of states' choice of AFDC benefit levels in order to determine the sources of interstate variations in AFDC benefits. Like previous studies, a state's financial and demographic characteristics are modeled as playing a significant role in the benefit choice. This study extends the literature by also formally modeling the role of the financial and demographic characteristics of a neighboring, or rival, state. The characteristics of another state are expected to influence the state's benefit choice for the following reason. Each state wishes to provide some minimum living standard for its citizens (the AFDC benefit level). The provision of this minimum living standard costs the state not only in terms of the dollar value of the offered benefit, but also in terms of increased total financial obligations if the chosen benefit level attracts recipients from the rival state. Each state, therefore, accounts for this "caseload" price of the benefit level by incorporating the level of interstate migration induced by any feasible benefit level, taking that of the rival as given, into its benefit decision. This interstate AFDC benefit-setting competition is modeled as a two state generalized game. The model's implication are derived and empirically testeµ. The results of the empirical tests support the game theoretic model; The observed pattern of interstate variations in the AFDC benefit level is consistent with the model's implications. The data further suggest that the degree of competitiveness, as indicated by the significance of the rival's characteristics in a state's benefit decision, varies inversely with the distance between the competing states. The model is then used to simulate the impact of the "New Federalism" proposal on the AFDC benefit level. These simulations indicate that, if enacted, the proposed "New Federalism" changes will significantly lower the average per recipient AFDC benefit level. The simulations also indicate that the greater the degree of competition between the states, the larger will be the magnitude of the decline in the benefit level. / Ph. D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-149). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-149). Also available on the Internet.

The main objective of this thesis is to compare the standard of living in the Czech Republic and France in regards to state-provided assistance to achieve this level of living standard. The work is focused mainly on familial social policy of both countries, and therefore the examined group of citizens is mainly families with dependent children. The work is divided into two parts. The first part is establishing the legislative framework for state social benefits and definitions of important terms. The second part describes in detail the various Czech and French benefits, as well as examples of the economic situation of selected families and their entitlement to state benefits. The conclusion is devoted to the comparison of these findings.

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After many years of equal opportunities legislation, motherhood still limits womens' career progress even in a feminized occupation such as nursing. While the effect of motherhood, working hours, career breaks and school aged children upon career progression has been discussed widely, its actual scale and magnitude has received less research attention. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of these factors individually and cumulatively. Design/methodology/approach: This paper considers the impact of the above through a longitudinal analysis of a demographically unique national database, comprising the 46,565 registered nursing workforces in NHS Scotland from 2000-2008. The variables examined include gender, employment grades, number and length of career breaks, lengths of service, age, working patterns, the number and age of dependent children. Findings: The results indicate: motherhood has a regressively detrimental effect on women's career progression. However, this is a simplistic term which covers a more complex process related to the age of dependent children, working hours and career breaks. The degree of women's restricted career progression is directly related to the school age of the dependent children: the younger the child the greater the detrimental impact. Women who take a career break of greater than two years see their careers depressed and restricted. The results confirm that whilst gender has a relatively positive effect on male career progression; a women's career progression is reduced incrementally as she has more children, and part-time workers have reduced career progression regardless of maternal or paternal circumstances. Originality/value: This paper is the only example internationally, of a national workforce being examined on this scale and therefore its findings are significant. For the first time the impact of motherhood upon a women's career progression and the related factors; dependent children, career breaks and part-time working are quantified. These findings are relevant across many areas of employment and they are significant in relation to broadening the debate around equal opportunities for women. Purpose - After many years of equal opportunities legislation, motherhood still limits womens' career progress even in a feminized occupation such as nursing. While the effect of motherhood, working hours, career breaks and school aged children upon career progression has been discussed widely, its actual scale and magnitude has received less research attention. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of these factors individually and cumulatively. Design/methodology/approach - This paper considers the impact of the above through a longitudinal analysis of a demographically unique national database, comprising the 46,565 registered nursing workforces in NHS Scotland from 2000-2008. The variables examined include gender, employment grades, number and length of career breaks, lengths of service, age, working patterns, the number and age of dependent children. Findings - The results indicate: motherhood has a regressively detrimental effect on women's career progression. However, this is a simplistic term which covers a more complex process related to the age of dependent children, working hours and career breaks. The degree of women's restricted career progression is directly related to the school age of the dependent children: the younger the child the greater the detrimental impact. Women who take a career break of greater than two years see their careers depressed and restricted. The results confirm that whilst gender has a relatively positive effect on male career progression; a women's career progression is reduced incrementally as she has more children, and part-time workers have reduced career progression regardless of maternal or paternal circumstances. Originality/value - This paper is the only example internationally, of a national workforce being examined on this scale and therefore its findings are significant. For the firs time the impact of motherhood upon a women's career progression and the related factors - dependent children, career breaks and part-time working are quantified. These findings are relevant across many areas of employment and they are significant in relation to broadening the debate around equal opportunities for women.

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No description available.