This thesis is dealing with the corporation income tax base in picked countries of the European Union. Countinuous efforts by the European Union on the harmonization of direct taxation and efforts to unify the rules for determining the corporation income tax base fails. The purpose of this thesis is to show the extent to which the legislation of selected countries is similar and different. The main goal of this thesis it to compare the legislation of the corporation income tax base in Czech Republic, Cyprus and Austria. This thesis is composed of five chapters. First chapter contains definitions of terms used in this thesis. The second to the fourth chapter deals with the tax base legislation in selected countries. Every from these chapters describes legislation of the crucial components which effects the corporation tax base. Every chapter is subdivided into two subchapters. The first sub-chapter focuses on the tax payers.The second sub-chapter describes the corporation tax base and components affecting its structure. The second sub-chapter is devided into four parts. The first part describes legislation of corporation's income. There is mentioned taxable income, income tax excemptions and income which is not taxed within corporation income tax. The second part deals with expenses. There is...

This thesis provides an overview of accounting and tax implications of long-term intangible assets from the perspective of the Czech legislation and in terms of International Accounting Standards. The text is divided into theoretical and practical. The first part describes the intangible assets in five chapters. The first of these intangible assets is generally defined in terms of Czech and international law. Other chapters deal with valuation, depreciation and decommissioning of intangible assets. The last chapter deals with the deferred taxes that are due different concepts of accounting and tax regulations in the costs and revenues. Current legislation of intangible assets described in this work is compared with the previously applicable law. The practical part consists of a number of exercises that reflect the real situation of intangible assets in a Prague company.

The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part is focused on the impairment of assets according to czech law, the second part focuses on the impairment of assets under IFRS. In both parts there is short chapter about valuation, followed by chapters: depreciation, impairment of longlived tangible assets, longlived intangible assets, inventories, receivables and financial assets. In the IFRS part there is also described impairment of assets held for sale.

The thesis defines prudence principle in accounting as are impairment of assets, provisions, depreciation of assets and deferred tax. In the first part discourses about them in light of International Financial Reporting Standards and in the second part according to Czech legislation, where are also both approaches compared within the scope of the end of each chapter.

Capital improvement from the income tax viewpoint This work focuses on the analysis of the current legislation of capital improvement and it's interpretation by the professional public is presented, from both the view of the tax advisers and financial management. The legislation and its interpretation are evaluated and, if necessary, revisions are proposed. To attain this goal I had chosen the linguistic, historically teleological and comparative interpretation methods. At first, I focused on the definition of capital improvement and individual terms connected with it and their historical evolution. Also mentioned is the legislation tied to the accounting and here can be found the pitfalls, which the legal differences with the tax legislation can bring. Furthermore I examined depreciation of capital improvement using both linear and accelerated methods and I compared the processes with the situation without the capital improvement. Another field closely connected with depreciation and which I focused on next, was the capital improvement of foreign property. Here I outlined the latest progress by novelization of the legislation and by use of Coordination committees with the Chamber of tax Advisers. Using the comparative interpretation method I compared the Czech and Slovak legislation of the...

Este trabalho tem por finalidade indicar uma metodologia de avaliação das perdas progressivas de iluminâncias, de intensidades luminosas e de rendimentos que ocorrem nos conjuntos óticos com distintos tratamentos de superfícies dos alumínios, utilizados na produção de luminárias comerciais com lâmpadas fluorescentes tubulares. Alguns critérios foram relacionados como imprescindíveis para a obtenção de resultados representativos, sendo o parâmetro geográfico o primeiro deles. Para isso, foram indicadas três instalações onde o critério de escolha eram os agentes atmosféricos externos, de elevada, média ou menor poluição ambiental. O segundo foi a escolha de \"luminárias de ensaios\", com conjuntos óticos em alumínios especulares de diferentes características e propriedades de reflexão. O último critério foi o temporal, com medições fotométricas praticadas em laboratório e em campo. Foram adotadas para análise e comparação as medições fotométricas de três conjuntos óticos de referência (refletor e aleta), bem como luminárias de ensaio de campo em dois períodos para análise da depreciação dos conjuntos óticos, que totalizaram uma média de 2.700 h. Como resultado desta análise, foram feitas considerações que demonstram que padrões de alumínio de menor ou maior rendimento, com capacidade reflexiva entre 75% e 95%, apresentam perdas luminosas consideráveis, e que podem causar divergência entre o projetado pelos profissionais de iluminação e o executado. / This work aims to specify a methodology for evaluating the progressive loss of illuminance, luminous intensity and performance, which occur in the optical assemblies of commercial fixtures with fluorescent lamps, whose aluminium received different types of surface treatment. In order to obtain representative results, some criteria were listed as essential, being the geographic parameter the first one. For this, we chose three facilities using as a criterion of choice the external atmospheric agents of high, medium or low environmental pollution. The second was the choice of \"test fixtures\" with optical assemblies made of specular aluminium with different reflection characteristics and properties. The last criterion was the time lapse, with photometric measurements practiced in laboratory and in the field. For analysis and comparison, we took photometric measurements of three optical sets used as reference (reflector and fin) and field test fixtures in two different periods for depreciation analysis of their optical assemblies, which reached an average of 2700 hours. As a result, considerations have been made demonstrating that Aluminium patterns of higher or lower performance with reflective capacity between 75% and 95%, show considerable light loss, and that this can cause divergence between what is the projected by the lighting professionals and what is effectively executed.

Este trabalho tem por finalidade indicar uma metodologia de avaliação das perdas progressivas de iluminâncias, de intensidades luminosas e de rendimentos que ocorrem nos conjuntos óticos com distintos tratamentos de superfícies dos alumínios, utilizados na produção de luminárias comerciais com lâmpadas fluorescentes tubulares. Alguns critérios foram relacionados como imprescindíveis para a obtenção de resultados representativos, sendo o parâmetro geográfico o primeiro deles. Para isso, foram indicadas três instalações onde o critério de escolha eram os agentes atmosféricos externos, de elevada, média ou menor poluição ambiental. O segundo foi a escolha de \"luminárias de ensaios\", com conjuntos óticos em alumínios especulares de diferentes características e propriedades de reflexão. O último critério foi o temporal, com medições fotométricas praticadas em laboratório e em campo. Foram adotadas para análise e comparação as medições fotométricas de três conjuntos óticos de referência (refletor e aleta), bem como luminárias de ensaio de campo em dois períodos para análise da depreciação dos conjuntos óticos, que totalizaram uma média de 2.700 h. Como resultado desta análise, foram feitas considerações que demonstram que padrões de alumínio de menor ou maior rendimento, com capacidade reflexiva entre 75% e 95%, apresentam perdas luminosas consideráveis, e que podem causar divergência entre o projetado pelos profissionais de iluminação e o executado. / This work aims to specify a methodology for evaluating the progressive loss of illuminance, luminous intensity and performance, which occur in the optical assemblies of commercial fixtures with fluorescent lamps, whose aluminium received different types of surface treatment. In order to obtain representative results, some criteria were listed as essential, being the geographic parameter the first one. For this, we chose three facilities using as a criterion of choice the external atmospheric agents of high, medium or low environmental pollution. The second was the choice of \"test fixtures\" with optical assemblies made of specular aluminium with different reflection characteristics and properties. The last criterion was the time lapse, with photometric measurements practiced in laboratory and in the field. For analysis and comparison, we took photometric measurements of three optical sets used as reference (reflector and fin) and field test fixtures in two different periods for depreciation analysis of their optical assemblies, which reached an average of 2700 hours. As a result, considerations have been made demonstrating that Aluminium patterns of higher or lower performance with reflective capacity between 75% and 95%, show considerable light loss, and that this can cause divergence between what is the projected by the lighting professionals and what is effectively executed.

<p>Background: The basis for a price valuation of a company is dependent on both its assets net worth and earnings calculations. While the assets are an important part of the valuation of a company, it is important that the valuation is reliable and resource usage can be measured and allocated to each time period. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the difficulties when valuating and allocating own produced fixed assets. </p><p>Accomplishment: We have chosen a case study where the aims are to understand and explain the difficulties with valuating and allocating own produced fixed assets. The research is based on nine personal interviews. </p><p>Result: To obtain a reliable value on own produced fixed asset it requires an accurate project record and a well functioning time management system. The systematic allocation should reflect the actual usage period. An incorrect valuation or systematic allocation of usage can imply that the accounting loses its information value.</p>

Background: The basis for a price valuation of a company is dependent on both its assets net worth and earnings calculations. While the assets are an important part of the valuation of a company, it is important that the valuation is reliable and resource usage can be measured and allocated to each time period. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the difficulties when valuating and allocating own produced fixed assets. Accomplishment: We have chosen a case study where the aims are to understand and explain the difficulties with valuating and allocating own produced fixed assets. The research is based on nine personal interviews. Result: To obtain a reliable value on own produced fixed asset it requires an accurate project record and a well functioning time management system. The systematic allocation should reflect the actual usage period. An incorrect valuation or systematic allocation of usage can imply that the accounting loses its information value.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how a depreciation in the exchange rate affects the trade balance in an economy over time. The outcomes of a depreciation are possible to analyze through the J-curve phenomenon that shows the relation between the exchange rate and the trade balance both in the short-run and the long-run. The data used in this thesis cover 39 countries and their quarterly changes in exchange rate between 1982 and 2005. The largest depreciation for each country during these years was detected and is the base for this research. In this thesis, focus is on the trade ratio rather than the trade balance for empirical purposes. The relation between the largest depreciations and its effect on the trade ratio are examined in two sets of regressions. The results show no evidence of a J-curve in neither one of the sets of regressions, even though the trade ratio is positively affected by the depreciation. When testing only for significantly large depreciations in the exchange rate the affect on the trade ratio is stronger, all else equal. According to the findings in this thesis, a depreciation in the real effective exchange rate causes the trade ratio to increase immediately and then decrease over time. The conclusion is that the findings are not in line with the J-curve phenomenon tested for; however, they support standard trade theory with the Marshall-Lerner condition being met i.e. a depreciation in the exchange rate will affect the trade balance positively.