A consistent feature of clinical depression emphasised in several theories is a pessimistic view of one's personal future. The literature divides future cognitions into positive versus negative with reduced positive future cognitions linked to depression and suicidal ideation. This reduction in future cognitions has been linked to impaired autobiographical memory and emotional avoidance. Specifically, a lack of willingness to access personal past experiences influences future cognitions and subsequently future behaviour. Attempted avoidance of painful past events can generalise to reduced contact with all past experiences, positive and negative. The current thesis had three main aims. First, it aimed to determine the differences, or as the emerging literature suggests, the similarities, in thinking about the future and the past in sub clinically depressed versus non-depressed individuals. Implicit future cognitions and past experiences were related to emotional avoidance in a sub clinical sample. The second aim of the current work was to offer an alternative to the use of self report measures in the future and past thinking literature. To that end, a robust and accurate implicit measure of positive future expectations in depression was tested in a sub clinical sample. This implicit methodology proved a better indicator of depression and hopelessness when compared to widely used explicit methodologies. Finally, the thesis aimed to provide analogue evidence of techniques for the remediation of pessimistic thinking as is characteristic in depression, namely mindfulness and values clarification. Mindfulness and values clarification were demonstrated to be useful techniques in the remediation of pessimistic cognitions with increased acceptance of re- or pre-living personally relevant negative experiences allowing for greater psychological flexibility. Taken together the experimental series reported herein suggests that implicit positive cognitions about the past and future are related to sub clinical depression. Additionally, mindfulness- and values-based skills can moderate the link between past and future cognitions and sub clinical depression.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 1998. / Spine title: Psychosocial development & depression. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-108). Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-91). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

At last, we found some basic characteristics in Chinese kinship. Couple and child-parent are still the pivots in present urban China. Filial piety is undergoing many changes. For adult children, parents are important in instrumental supports. And siblings are hardly regarded as expected supporters. / For urban Chinese, close-kin playa prominent role in all the support networks. Close-kin include adult children, parents, and siblings. Additionally, supportive roles of different kin are diffused. Spouse and adult children are the most prominent source of support for dealing with both instrumental and emotional problems. In particular, their emotional supports are more significantly beneficial to people's mental health. Parents are the important instrumental supporters, rather than in emotional aspects. Siblings are sitable for contact, but they are not the expected supporters. Extended kin relations are insignificant in any of support dimensions. / It is widely recognized that social relationships have powerful effects on mental health. This empirical study aims at examining this theory among urban Chinese. Based on the dataset of "social networks and mental health in Beijing in 2000", the focus of this research is how depression of the residents in Beijing is related to their kinship (especially, close-kin) networks and supports. The network structural characters include "network size", "frequency of contact", and "residence distance". The functional elements of support include instrumental support and emotional support. CES-D (The Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Depression scale) is used to measure depression. / The major findings in theoretical dimension are: (1) Social supports have main effects, namely social supports are helpful to mental health regardless of stressors people might experience. (2) Some kinds of kinship networks have direct and indirect effects (mediated by kinship supports) on depression. This result also partially confirms "the support argument", which suggests that the social networks enhance the likelihood of accessing support which in turn provides the protective function against distress. / 孫薇薇. / Adviser: Rance Pui Leng Lee. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-10, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-212). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Sun Weiwei.

A epidemia da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids) já atingiu aproximadamente 40 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo. O controle adequado da infecção pelo HIV através do tratamento anti-retroviral proporciona menor resistência viral, níveis mais baixos de carga viral, diminuindo, assim, a probabilidade da transmissão do HIV. A adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral é importante para o sucesso do tratamento. A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico com prevalência elevada na população geral e nos portadores do HIV/Aids. Sabe-se que a depressão é um fator limitante para boa adesão. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a associação entre a adesão e a depressão em 164 pacientes portadores do HIV/Aids, em acompanhamento médico num serviço especializado, no período de outubro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: SCID/DSM-IV (Strutured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination - Miniexame do Estado Mental), questionário sócio-demográfico, laboratorial, da doença e tratamento e questionário de adesão. A média de idade foi 39 anos, e 72% da amostra eram do sexo masculino. Mais de 85% dos pacientes se infectaram com o HIV através de relações sexuais. Apenas 7,9% eram usuários de drogas injetáveis. A média de CD4 foi 404,8 e carga viral 3,55 (log). A prevalência de depressão atual foi 17,7%, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os mais jovens. Setenta e cinco pacientes (45,73%) apresentaram episódio depressivo passado. Dos 164 pacientes, 137 faziam uso de anti-retrovirais. Pacientes que tomavam 95% dos anti-retrovirais foram considerados pacientes que aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi avaliada através de questionário e 79,56% dos pacientes aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi maior entre os homens e os mais velhos. A carga viral também apresentou associação com a adesão e com antecedente pessoal de depressão. A adesão não mostrou associação com depressão / Approximately 40 million individuals are infected by HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the word. The control of the HIV infection by the antiretroviral treatment provides lower viral resistance; lower viral load levels and diminishes the probability of the transmission of the HIV. The adherence to antiretroviral treatment is important for the success of the treatment. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with high prevalence in general population and in HIV/AIDS infected patients. Depression seems to be a limitation for good adherence. In this study, the association between adherence and depression was assessed in 164 HIV/AIDS infected patients in a specialized service, in the period of October of 2002 and October of 2003. The following instruments were applied: SCID/DSM-IV (Structured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Manual Statistical of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination), sociodemographic, laboratorial, disease and adherence questionnaires. The mean age was 39 years-old and 72% of the sample were men. More than 85% of the patients were infected by sexual contact and 7.9% were injecting drug users. The mean of CD4 was 404.8 and viral load 3.55 (log). The prevalence of current depression was 17.7%, with higher prevalence among youngest. Seventy five patients (45.73%) had a lifetime depressive episode. Of the 164 patients, 137 were treated with antiretroviral. Patients who took at least 95% of the antiretroviral medications had been considered adhered to treatment. The adherence was evaluated through questionnaire and was presented in 79.56% of the patients. The adherence was higher among men and oldest. The viral load also showed association with adherence and lifetime depression. The adherence was not associated to depression

A epidemia da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids) já atingiu aproximadamente 40 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo. O controle adequado da infecção pelo HIV através do tratamento anti-retroviral proporciona menor resistência viral, níveis mais baixos de carga viral, diminuindo, assim, a probabilidade da transmissão do HIV. A adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral é importante para o sucesso do tratamento. A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico com prevalência elevada na população geral e nos portadores do HIV/Aids. Sabe-se que a depressão é um fator limitante para boa adesão. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a associação entre a adesão e a depressão em 164 pacientes portadores do HIV/Aids, em acompanhamento médico num serviço especializado, no período de outubro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: SCID/DSM-IV (Strutured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination - Miniexame do Estado Mental), questionário sócio-demográfico, laboratorial, da doença e tratamento e questionário de adesão. A média de idade foi 39 anos, e 72% da amostra eram do sexo masculino. Mais de 85% dos pacientes se infectaram com o HIV através de relações sexuais. Apenas 7,9% eram usuários de drogas injetáveis. A média de CD4 foi 404,8 e carga viral 3,55 (log). A prevalência de depressão atual foi 17,7%, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os mais jovens. Setenta e cinco pacientes (45,73%) apresentaram episódio depressivo passado. Dos 164 pacientes, 137 faziam uso de anti-retrovirais. Pacientes que tomavam 95% dos anti-retrovirais foram considerados pacientes que aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi avaliada através de questionário e 79,56% dos pacientes aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi maior entre os homens e os mais velhos. A carga viral também apresentou associação com a adesão e com antecedente pessoal de depressão. A adesão não mostrou associação com depressão / Approximately 40 million individuals are infected by HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the word. The control of the HIV infection by the antiretroviral treatment provides lower viral resistance; lower viral load levels and diminishes the probability of the transmission of the HIV. The adherence to antiretroviral treatment is important for the success of the treatment. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with high prevalence in general population and in HIV/AIDS infected patients. Depression seems to be a limitation for good adherence. In this study, the association between adherence and depression was assessed in 164 HIV/AIDS infected patients in a specialized service, in the period of October of 2002 and October of 2003. The following instruments were applied: SCID/DSM-IV (Structured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Manual Statistical of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination), sociodemographic, laboratorial, disease and adherence questionnaires. The mean age was 39 years-old and 72% of the sample were men. More than 85% of the patients were infected by sexual contact and 7.9% were injecting drug users. The mean of CD4 was 404.8 and viral load 3.55 (log). The prevalence of current depression was 17.7%, with higher prevalence among youngest. Seventy five patients (45.73%) had a lifetime depressive episode. Of the 164 patients, 137 were treated with antiretroviral. Patients who took at least 95% of the antiretroviral medications had been considered adhered to treatment. The adherence was evaluated through questionnaire and was presented in 79.56% of the patients. The adherence was higher among men and oldest. The viral load also showed association with adherence and lifetime depression. The adherence was not associated to depression

An investigation into the prevalence and causative factors of adolescent depression in the greater Johannesburg area was undertaken. Present-day South African socio-economic pressures together with the normal demands and difficulties of adolescence, led to an investigation into which factors were having a bearing on adolescent depression and whether more male than female adolescents were depressed. A literature study was done and major factors, which could potentially influence the development of depression, were identified. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that negative family relations and negative peer relations play a significant role in the development of adolescent depression. Other identified factors did not appear to have a statistically significant bearing on adolescent depression. No significant statistical difference was found between the prevalence or severity of male and female adolescent depression. Educational implications of the findings are discussed and guidelines are given to teachers and parents. / Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

An investigation into the prevalence and causative factors of adolescent depression in the greater Johannesburg area was undertaken. Present-day South African socio-economic pressures together with the normal demands and difficulties of adolescence, led to an investigation into which factors were having a bearing on adolescent depression and whether more male than female adolescents were depressed. A literature study was done and major factors, which could potentially influence the development of depression, were identified. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that negative family relations and negative peer relations play a significant role in the development of adolescent depression. Other identified factors did not appear to have a statistically significant bearing on adolescent depression. No significant statistical difference was found between the prevalence or severity of male and female adolescent depression. Educational implications of the findings are discussed and guidelines are given to teachers and parents. / Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Esse estudo propôs-se avaliar presença de transtornos de eixo I, personalidade e caracterizar demograficamente 33 transexuais (masculinos e femininos). Outros objetivos foram comparar Depressão e Transtornos de Personalidade após dois anos de psicoterapia grupal e estruturar um temário específico para ela. Foram aplicados: SCID-I/P, Beck, Hamilton e Entrevista Estruturada para Distúrbios da Personalidade pelo DSM-III-R. As características demográficas gerais não variaram nos grupos. Não houve nenhum diagnóstico psiquiátrico prevalente. Houve predomínio de sintomas depressivos e não de quadros clínicos de depressão. Quanto aos transtornos e traços de personalidade, nenhum dado estatisticamente significativo foi encontrado. Temas para psicoterapia foram estabelecidos. / This study aimed to evaluate the presence of personality disorders of axis I as well as to characterize demographically 33 transsexuals (male and female). Other objectives were to compare depression and personality disorders after two years of group therapy and structure a specific theme list to it. SCID-I/P, Beck, Hamilton and Structured Interview for Personality disorders by the DMS-III-R were applied. General demographic characteristics did not vary among the groups. There was no prevailing psychiatric diagnosis. As for disorders and personality traits, no statistically significant data was found. Psychotherapy themes were established.

Esse estudo propôs-se avaliar presença de transtornos de eixo I, personalidade e caracterizar demograficamente 33 transexuais (masculinos e femininos). Outros objetivos foram comparar Depressão e Transtornos de Personalidade após dois anos de psicoterapia grupal e estruturar um temário específico para ela. Foram aplicados: SCID-I/P, Beck, Hamilton e Entrevista Estruturada para Distúrbios da Personalidade pelo DSM-III-R. As características demográficas gerais não variaram nos grupos. Não houve nenhum diagnóstico psiquiátrico prevalente. Houve predomínio de sintomas depressivos e não de quadros clínicos de depressão. Quanto aos transtornos e traços de personalidade, nenhum dado estatisticamente significativo foi encontrado. Temas para psicoterapia foram estabelecidos. / This study aimed to evaluate the presence of personality disorders of axis I as well as to characterize demographically 33 transsexuals (male and female). Other objectives were to compare depression and personality disorders after two years of group therapy and structure a specific theme list to it. SCID-I/P, Beck, Hamilton and Structured Interview for Personality disorders by the DMS-III-R were applied. General demographic characteristics did not vary among the groups. There was no prevailing psychiatric diagnosis. As for disorders and personality traits, no statistically significant data was found. Psychotherapy themes were established.