This dissertation is based on the Kida-Smith (1995) model of "The encoding and retrievability of numerical data." It is concerned with the variable conditions under which a positive affective response (i.e., a decision or opinion that results in a positive valence) on previously viewed accounting information may and may not influence current decision-making. An affective response to accounting numbers may adversely influence decisions made based on those numbers. Prior research has found that individuals recall information that is consistent with prior decisions more readily than they recall inconsistent information. Research has also shown that current judgements are biased toward prior decisions or judgements. These biases may cause current decisions to be suboptimal or dysfunctional. Two 2x2 experiments were conducted to examine four hypotheses. These hypotheses concerned (1) the influence of an affective response on an investment decision when the differences between two sets of accounting numbers are small and when the differences are large, (2) the influence of an affective response on the recall of numerical data, (3) the influence of time on the recall of numerical data given an affective response, and (4) the influence of an affective response on an investment decision when the level of cognitive processing at the time the affective response is produced is low and when the level of processing is high. The first experiment used graduate students in an accounting course to investigate the influence of differences between numerical amounts on decision making. It also investigated the influence of time between the encoding and retrieval on recall of numerical amounts. The second experiment used accounting practitioners to investigate the influence of differences between numerical amounts on decision making, and to examine the influence of different levels of cognitive processing at the time of encoding on decision making. Results indicate that an affective response does produce suboptimal decisions. In the case of accounting practitioners, however, the influence of the affective response is mitigated when the magnitude of the difference between the accounting numbers previously viewed and those undergoing current examination is large rather than small. The affective response did not significantly influence the recall of numerical amounts. There was no significant change in the influence of the affective response on recalled amounts with increased time between encoding and retrieval. Also, there were no significant changes in decision-making with increased processing at the time of encoding. / Ph. D.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of cognitive and emotional processes during the three reflective stages of the experiential learning cycle of experiential activities using written debriefings. The study examined three written debriefings from five senior-level undergraduate management students enrolled in a business management course. The debriefings consisted of four to five free-response questions modeled after Kolb’s experiential learning cycle: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The study triangulated results using two qualitative methods, a grounded theory analysis and a content analysis. In the grounded theory analysis, two process maps were developed from the debriefings. A learning process map identified four stages of learning: introduction, mental rehearsal, abstraction, and priming. A group process map identified four stages of group experiential activities: problem-solving, consensus building, reactions, and resolution. The group decision-making process was seen to follow four paths: agreement, teamwork, conflict or confusion. A possible moderating variable, prior group affiliation, affected the persistence of the groups in finding satisfactory solutions when encountering conflict, or confusion. Six themes emerged from the grounded analysis: iterative reflection, richness of connections, attachment of personal reactions, role of writing in debriefings, fluid group development, and the role of affiliation. In the content analysis, three raters coded the debriefings using seven variables: content, process, connections, context, affect, relevance, and intent. Growth was seen between the first half and second half of debriefings for all variables, and the presence and intensity of variables was highest for all variables except content during the last stage of the experiential learning cycle, active experimentation. The amount of content present in debriefings was highest during the third stage, abstract conceptualization. The results of this study may provide insight into the mental processes that occur in written reflection and help instructors design experiential learning debriefings.

Le vieillissement de la population est un phénomène mondial qui s'accompagne d'une augmentation du nombre de patients atteints de maladies chroniques, ce qui oblige à repenser le système de santé en amenant le suivi de santé et les soins au domicile et dans la cité.En considérant que l'activité est un signe visible de l'état de santé, cette thèse cherche à proposer un moyen technologique pour le suivi des activités de plusieurs personnes dans un living lab composé d'un appartement et de la cité qui l'entoure.En effet, le maintien d'une activité physique soutenue, et en particulier d'une activité sociale fait partie intégrante de la bonne santé d'une personne, il doit donc être étudié au même titre que les capacités à effectuer les activités de la vie quotidienne.Cette étude a permis la mise en place d'une plateforme de conception collaborative et de test grandeur nature autour de la santé à domicile et dans la cité : le living lab de l'INL.Ce dernier a été le théâtre de premières expérimentations permettant de valider la capacité du living lab à la fois de fusionner des données d'activité venant d'un ensemble de capteurs hétérogènes, mais également d'évoluer en intégrant des nouvelles technologies et services.Les scénarios collaboratifs étudiés permettent une première approche de l'analyse de la collaboration par la détection des présences simultanées de plusieurs personnes dans la même pièce. Ces résultats préliminaires sont encourageants et seront complétés lors de captures d'activité plus fines et incluant plus de capteurs dans les mois à venir / The ageing of the population is a global phenomenon which comes with an increase of the amount of patients suffering from chronic diseases. It forces to rethink the healthcare by bringing health monitoring and care at home and in the city.Considering the activity as a visible indication of the health status, this thesis seeks to provide technological means to monitor several people's activities in a living lab composed of an apartment and the city around.Indeed, maintaining substantial physical activity, in particular social activity accounts fo an important part of a person's good health status. Hence, it must be studied as well as the ability to perform the activities of daily living.This study enabled the implementation of a platform for collaborative design and full-scale experimentation concerning healthcare at home and in the city: the INL living lab.The latest was the theatre of some first experimentations which highlighted the living lab ability to perform activity data fusion from a set of heterogeneous sensors, and also to evolve by integrating new technologies and services.The studied collaborative scenarios enable a first approach of the collaboration analysis by detecting the simultaneous presence of several people in the same room. These preliminary results are encouraging and will be completed by more precise measurements which will include more sensors in the coming months

L’effet des émotions sur la mémoire (EEM) est un effet largement documenté dans la littérature, en ce qui concerne les participants sains jeunes et âgés. Cette mise en évidence de meilleures performances mnésiques à partir de stimuli émotionnels par rapport à des stimuli neutres semblerait reposer sur l’existence de relations étroites entre les régions cérébrales primordiales dans les processus mnésiques et émotionnels ; soit respectivement l’hippocampe et l’amygdale. Ces deux structures étant parmi les premières touchées au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA), leur altération pourrait sous-tendre la défaillance de l’EEM chez ces patients. Toutefois, les résultats des études ayant exploré l’EEM chez les patients MA sont assez contradictoires. Cette divergence entre les résultats concernerait notamment les études ayant exploré l’EEM avec des intervalles courts entre l’encodage et la récupération. L’objectif de cette thèse est ainsi d’étudier les facteurs susceptibles d’être responsables de ces résultats hétérogènes. L’analyse de la littérature a suggéré que l’un de ces facteurs pourrait être lié aux conditions très variables d’encodage utilisées dans différentes recherches. Ainsi, notre première étude comportementale a apporté des arguments robustes quant à la dépendance de l’EEM, et en particulier de l’effet de positivité en mémoire, de l’intentionnalité et de la quantité de ressources cognitives allouées à l’encodage ; mais ceci chez les participants âgés sains seulement. En effet, dans cette première étude, l’EEM n’a pas être observé dans le groupe de patients MA étudié. L’analyse détaillée de ces résultats a soulevé diverses interrogations, chacune d’entre elles faisant l’objet d’une nouvelle étude expérimentale. Ainsi, dans les études suivantes, l’influence de quatre facteurs pouvant influer sur l’EEM dans la MA fut au centre de nos recherches; soit respectivement le degré d’atrophie des régions médio-temporales, la profondeur du traitement, la disponibilité des ressources attentionnelles pendant l’encodage, et la familiarité ressentie envers les stimuli. L’ensemble des résultats de ces quatre dernières études convergerait vers l’idée que l’EEM, et notamment l’effet de positivité en mémoire, serait préservé chez les patients MA quand certaines conditions sont remplies. Ainsi, cet effet semble relativement préservé chez les patients MA ne présentant pas de degrés d’atrophie des régions amygdaliennes et hippocampiques trop importants. Par ailleurs, comme chez les participants âgés sains, l’effet de positivité en mémoire semblerait se manifester chez les patients MA en dehors et au-delà du sentiment de familiarité ressenti envers les stimuli positifs, notamment lors de l’utilisation de tâches d’encodage permettant le traitement profond des stimuli, et lors de tâches de mémoire de travail simples. De même, les stimuli émotionnels négatifs très intenses sembleraient moduler les stratégies de réponse employées par les patients MA dans les tâches de reconnaissance, mais aussi les performances mnésiques de ces patients dans des tâches de mémoire de travail. / The emotional enhancement of memory (EEM) – better memory performances for emotional stimuli than for neutral ones – was frequently described in healthy young and older participants. The EEM seems to rely on the relationship between the amygdala and the hippocampus, the central cerebral structures responsible for the emotional and memory processes, respectively. These two cerebral structures are among the first to be affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which might suggest the alteration of the EEM in these patients. Nevertheless, the results of the studies investigating the EEM in these patients are rather debatable. This discrepancy concerns especially the studies investigating the EEM by using short intervals between encoding and retrieval.Thus, the main goal of this doctoral work was to study the factors susceptible to be responsible of these contradictory results. The analysis of the literature suggested that one of these factors might be related to the extremely variable encoding conditions used among different studies. We explored the influence of this factor in our first behavioral study, which provided strong evidence that the EEM, and especially the positivity memory bias, relies on the intention to encode and on the quantity of cognitive resources allocated at encoding only in healthy older participants. Indeed, the EEM was not observed in AD patients participating in our first study. The detailed analysis of these results raised several hypotheses concerning the factors that might be responsible for the absence of the EEM in the AD patients participating in the first study. Each of these hypotheses was tested in a new experimental study. Thus, in the following studies we explored the influence of four factors on the EEM in AD, namely: the degree of atrophy of medial temporal regions, the depth of encoding, the availability of attention resources during encoding, and the sense of familiarity towards emotional stimuli. The results of these four studies seem to converge on the idea that the EEM, especially the positivity memory bias, is preserved in AD when certain conditions are reunited. Thus, the EEM seems to be intact in AD patients in which the degrees of atrophy of the amygdala and of the hippocampus are not too large. Moreover, just like in healthy older participants, the positivity memory bias seems to manifest itself in AD patients beyond and above the feeling of familiarity towards positive stimuli, especially in situations permitting the deep and rich encoding of information and in working memory tasks that are not too difficult. Similarly, the highly arousing negative stimuli seem to modulate the response strategies used by AD patients and healthy older participants in recognition tasks, but also the performance of AD patients in working memory tasks.

MEd (Educational Management) / Department of Educational Management / See the attached abstract below