Through a comparative study of the aviation policies in the principal countries of North America (the United States) and Europe (Germany), this thesis will examine China's aviation policy and its situation in the trend toward liberalization, placing special emphasis on bilateral agreements. / This thesis will describe the historic evolution of the economic regulation in civil air transport that laid the foundation for bilateral air transport service agreements and the Open Skies regime. Moreover, the development of bilateral air services agreements, from the Bermuda Agreements to the U.S.'s "Open Skies" Policy, is addressed. Then, a study of the ICAO actions toward liberalization is undertaken. / An analysis from the deregulation, privatization in the American and E.U.'s aviation market to the reform in the Chinese civil aviation is conducted. Under the impact of the global liberalization trend, the Chinese aviation industry is creating a "deepen, widen" reform. Specifically, China Southern's imminent entrance into SkyTeam will significantly push the Chinese aviation policy toward liberalization. A detailed comparative study of bilateral air transport agreements between China, the United States, and Germany will show the recent progress of the Chinese aviation policy. / Finally, an argument for the separation of air cargo from air passengers in the liberalization process, especially for China's negotiation of bilateral agreements, is presented.

<p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2013. Introduction together with 4 papers.</p>

The 'Open Skies' policy launched by the United States in 1992 gave birth to new bilateral agreements between them and most Member States of the European Union, as the latter were adopting a single aviation market. Nevertheless, the nationality clause the agreements included conflicted with the Community principle of freedom of establishment. / On November 5, 2002, the European Court of Justice therefore ruled there was indeed violation. However, the true question raised by the agreements focused less on such violation, which was anterior to those agreements, than on their fragmentation and the inequality they created in the Europe/United States aviation relations. / Indeed, the issue to be stressed in the judgments is linked to the building of the external competence of the Union with regards to aviation. While the Court refused to grant total competence to the Community, it made that of the Member States impracticable, leading to a global mandate for the Commission. / Although the orientations of the agreements to be concluded are foreseeable, the role the European Union will play in a potential multilateral negotiation remains to be defined.

National Telecommunications policies have been differentiated together with the extension of international trade, increasing importance of information in trade and the convergence of telecommunications, broadcasting and computing sectors. with the influence of these global factors, the subject of this thesis is the study of Mexican and Turkish national telecommunications policies regarding with the deregulation in telecommmunications service sector.

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Bibliography: p. 400-416. / xiii, 416 p., [1] p. of plates : ill., maps (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Despite the hegemony of economic rationalism in contemporary public policy circles public financial institutions, charged with the support of agricultural and other small business development at the regional level, are a necessary intervention to help maintain the family farm production base. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geography, 1998

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<p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translation repression or RNA degradation. Several groups pointed out that miRNAs play a major role in several diseases, including cancer. This is assumed since the expression level of several miRNAs differs between normal and cancerous cells. Further, it has been shown that miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation and cell death.</p><p>Because of this role it is suspected that miRNAs could serve as biomarkers to improve tumor classification, therapy selection, or prediction of survival. In this context, it is questioned, among other things, whether miRNA deregulations in cancer cells occur according to some pattern or in a rather random order. With this work we contribute to answering this question by adapting two approaches (Beerenwinkel et al. (J Comput Biol, 2005) and Höglund et al. (Gene Chromosome Canc, 2001)), developed to derive graph models of oncogenesis for chromosomal imbalances, to miRNA expression data and applying them to a breast cancer data set. Further, we evaluated the results by comparing them to results derived from randomly altered versions of the used data set.</p><p>We could show that miRNA deregulations most likely follow a rough temporal order, i.e. some deregulations occur early and some occur late in cancer progression. Thus, it seems to be possible that the expression level of some miRNAs can be used as indicator for the stage of a tumor. Further, our results suggest that the over expression of mir-21 as well as mir-102 are initial events in breast cancer oncogenesis.</p><p>Additionally, we identified a set of miRNAs showing a cluster-like behavior, i.e. their deregulations often occur together in a tumor, but other deregulations are less frequently present. These miRNAs are let-7d, mir-10b, mir-125a, mir-125b, mir-145, mir-206, and mir-210.</p><p>Further, we could confirm the strong relationship between the expression of mir-125a and mir-125b.</p>

Cervical malignancy is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide; infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) is responsible for over 500,000 cases of cervical carcinoma each year, approximately 90% of which are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Over half of all HPV-positive cervical SCCs are caused by the deregulated expression of HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 in proliferating basal cells of the cervical squamous epithelium. The major risk factor associated with cervical neoplastic progression is integration of HRHPV into the host genome, which is detected in $~$85% of HPV16-positive cervical carcinomas. The work presented in this doctoral thesis sought to provide insights into our understanding of the process of HPV16 integration as well as to elucidate mechanisms that deregulate both virus and host gene expression following integration. The W12 cell model system used in this project is a polyclonal cervical keratinocyte line generated by explant culture of a low-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) that arose following natural infection with HPV16. The W12 clones were isolated in the absence of selective pressure, and as such represent the range of integration events that occur in a pre-malignant lesion at the early stages of carcinogenesis, prior to integrant selection. Despite identical genetic backgrounds, expression levels of oncogenes E6 and E7 varied up to 16-fold between the W12 clones. Expression of HPV oncogenes is ultimately determined by transcription factor binding to the non-coding long control region (LCR) of the viral genome. The initial result of this study found that genomic mutations affecting transcription factor binding at the LCR of the W12 clones was not a cause of differential viral expression, concluding that epigenetic control may be at play. Higher levels of virus expression per template were associated with increased levels of histone post-translational modification (PTM) hallmarks of transcriptionally active chromatin and reduced levels of repressive hallmarks. There was greater abundance of the active/elongating form of the RNA polymerase-II enzyme (RNAPII-Ser2P), together with CDK9, the component of positive transcription elongation factor-b (P-TEFb) responsible for the Ser2 phosphorylation. The changes observed were functionally significant, as cells with higher HPV16 expression per template showed greater sensitivity to depletion and/or inhibition of histone acetyl transferases and CDK9, as well as reduced sensitivity to histone deacetylase inhibition. Employing next generation sequencing data available for five representative W12 clones, the sites of HPV16 host integration were identified. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the nucleus and physical interactions between stretches of the genome over long distances (i.e. enhancer and promoters) are known to exert an additional level of gene regulation. Identification of 3D virus-host interactions in the W12 clones employing the newly developed and unique 'Sequence Capture of Regions Interacting with Bait Loci Hi-C' (SCRiBL-Hi-C) protocol showed that both short- ($~$50 kb), and long-range ($~$1 Mb) interactions occur during the early stages of carcinogenesis. Together, the data in this thesis indicate that transcription and subsequent expression of the HPV16 genome is controlled by multiple layers of epigenetic regulation.

As a consequence of deregulation in the airline industry, market forces rather than public service considerations increasingly dictate services to and from airports in Europe’s peripheral areas. The new market advocates market-driven management practices as a means of satisfying airline customers and implies that airports that adopt a more marketorientated approach than their rivals will perform better. This study investigates the theoretical foundations of a market orientation, which can be defined as the organisationwide generation, dissemination and response to market intelligence. The main aim of this study is to examine the relationship between market orientation and the performance of airports in Europe’s peripheral areas. The research methodology was implemented using a questionnaire-based survey that was administered to the managers of 217 airports in 17 different countries. Usable responses from 86 airports were received and analysed. The findings of this study suggest that airports wishing to outperform competitors can do so by adopting a market orientation and should seek to continually monitor and improve the way in which they gather, disseminate and respond to market intelligence. This will be particularly effective when market turbulence is high and/or when the focus of the airport is on developing leisure services. In addition, market orientation was found to have a positive effect on performance because it means that airports are more likely to be innovative in their approach to marketing. This means that airport managers should try to develop a market-orientated culture with innovative marketing practices in mind, and visa versa. The fact that independently-owned airports have significantly higher levels of market orientation than regionally-owned or nationally-owned airports suggests that independent ownership is more conducive to the development of a market orientation. The findings of this study do have a number of limitations, the most notable being that they are restricted to airports in Europe’s peripheral areas. It is recommended that future research should be conducted on airports worldwide in order to investigate differences between a wider range of airport types and geographical regions. In addition, the findings of this study suggest that a stakeholder orientation is important for airports seeking to improve their performance, especially smaller airports that are publicly-owned. It is recommended that future studies should investigate antecedents to and consequences of a stakeholder orientation. Future studies should also investigate whether a stakeholder orientation has a greater effect on performance than a market orientation does, and whether the two types of orientation complement each other.