Temporal relation classification is one of the most challenging areas of natural language processing. Advances in this area have direct relevance to improving practical applications, such as question-answering and summarization systems, as well as informing theoretical understanding of temporal meaning realization in language. With the development of annotated textual materials, this domain is now accessible to empirical machine-learning oriented approaches, where systems treat temporal relation processing as a classification problem: i.e. a decision as per which label (before, after, identity, etc) to assign to a pair (i, j) of event indices in a text. Most reported systems in this new research domain utilize classifiers that make decisions effectively in isolation, without explicitly utilizing the decisions made about other indices in a document. In this work, we present a new strategy for temporal relation classification that utilizes global models of temporal relations in a document, choosing the optimal classification for all pairs of indices in a document subject to global constraints which may be linguistically motivated. We propose and evaluate two applications of global models to temporal semantic processing: joint prediction of situation entities with temporal relations, and temporal relations prediction guided by global coherence constraints. / text

<p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translation repression or RNA degradation. Several groups pointed out that miRNAs play a major role in several diseases, including cancer. This is assumed since the expression level of several miRNAs differs between normal and cancerous cells. Further, it has been shown that miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation and cell death.</p><p>Because of this role it is suspected that miRNAs could serve as biomarkers to improve tumor classification, therapy selection, or prediction of survival. In this context, it is questioned, among other things, whether miRNA deregulations in cancer cells occur according to some pattern or in a rather random order. With this work we contribute to answering this question by adapting two approaches (Beerenwinkel et al. (J Comput Biol, 2005) and Höglund et al. (Gene Chromosome Canc, 2001)), developed to derive graph models of oncogenesis for chromosomal imbalances, to miRNA expression data and applying them to a breast cancer data set. Further, we evaluated the results by comparing them to results derived from randomly altered versions of the used data set.</p><p>We could show that miRNA deregulations most likely follow a rough temporal order, i.e. some deregulations occur early and some occur late in cancer progression. Thus, it seems to be possible that the expression level of some miRNAs can be used as indicator for the stage of a tumor. Further, our results suggest that the over expression of mir-21 as well as mir-102 are initial events in breast cancer oncogenesis.</p><p>Additionally, we identified a set of miRNAs showing a cluster-like behavior, i.e. their deregulations often occur together in a tumor, but other deregulations are less frequently present. These miRNAs are let-7d, mir-10b, mir-125a, mir-125b, mir-145, mir-206, and mir-210.</p><p>Further, we could confirm the strong relationship between the expression of mir-125a and mir-125b.</p>

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translation repression or RNA degradation. Several groups pointed out that miRNAs play a major role in several diseases, including cancer. This is assumed since the expression level of several miRNAs differs between normal and cancerous cells. Further, it has been shown that miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation and cell death. Because of this role it is suspected that miRNAs could serve as biomarkers to improve tumor classification, therapy selection, or prediction of survival. In this context, it is questioned, among other things, whether miRNA deregulations in cancer cells occur according to some pattern or in a rather random order. With this work we contribute to answering this question by adapting two approaches (Beerenwinkel et al. (J Comput Biol, 2005) and Höglund et al. (Gene Chromosome Canc, 2001)), developed to derive graph models of oncogenesis for chromosomal imbalances, to miRNA expression data and applying them to a breast cancer data set. Further, we evaluated the results by comparing them to results derived from randomly altered versions of the used data set. We could show that miRNA deregulations most likely follow a rough temporal order, i.e. some deregulations occur early and some occur late in cancer progression. Thus, it seems to be possible that the expression level of some miRNAs can be used as indicator for the stage of a tumor. Further, our results suggest that the over expression of mir-21 as well as mir-102 are initial events in breast cancer oncogenesis. Additionally, we identified a set of miRNAs showing a cluster-like behavior, i.e. their deregulations often occur together in a tumor, but other deregulations are less frequently present. These miRNAs are let-7d, mir-10b, mir-125a, mir-125b, mir-145, mir-206, and mir-210. Further, we could confirm the strong relationship between the expression of mir-125a and mir-125b.

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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a philosopher who became known for the change in the direction of Western philosophical thought, for what he called the awakening of dogmatic sleep, or even the Copernican revolution of thinking, critical philosophy, taught geography at the University of Königsberg of the years of 1756, began his teaching career until 1796, ending his official teaching activities at the university, making a total of 49 geography courses over 40 years of teaching. Geography, therefore, goes through all stages of development of academic teaching and its philosophy, from the pre-critical period before 1781 to the critical period of criticism of the Pure Reason (1781A/1787B), the Practical Rationale (1788) and the Faculty of Judge (1790), showing the irreplaceable role that geography played in the development of its teaching and philosophical activities, to the point of being considered as the knowledge of the world without which one did not advance in critical philosophical, but enlightened and mundane, given space-temporally. Kant, in this sense, develops a close relationship between a philosophy that manifests itself geographically and an eminently philosophical geography. Thus the relation between philosophy and geography and of philosophy with the philosophy of geography professor and philosopher of Königsberg, as well as the nuances that emerge from this relationship, is the central objective of our research endeavor, which will be evidenced by the complexity that geography for Kant is becoming over time, because it is the science that concatenates the relationship between the human being and nature, grounding the human-natural relations within the limits of the frontiers of humanly valid scientific knowledge, the phenomenal, both from the point of view universal and singular view. In the development of the research, we go through works that extend from the years 1755 to the post-Third Critical period of 1790, showing that the spatio-temporal, geographical, natural-human relationship of Kant's world knowledge is established by a dynamic, which results in a systematicity and an organicity that is not only mechanical-causal but also teleological, which lacks observation, description and explanation, therefore, of a geographical philosophy and a philosophical geography, without which one does not learn to philosophize, therefore, it does not become clarifies and does not become a geographical citizen of the world. / Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), filósofo que ficou conhecido pela mudança nos rumos do pensamento filosófico ocidental, por aquilo que ele chamou de “despertar do sono dogmático”, ou ainda de “revolução copernicana do pensar”, a filosofia crítica, lecionou geografia na universidade de Königsberg dos anos de 1756, início de sua carreira docente, até 1796, fim de suas atividades oficiais de docência na universidade, perfazendo um total de 49 cursos de geografia ao longo de 40 anos de ensino. A geografia, portanto, passa por todas as etapas de desenvolvimento docente acadêmico e de sua filosofia, desde o período chamado de pré-crítico, antes de 1781, ao período crítico, das críticas da Razão Pura (1781A/1787B), da Razão Prática (1788) e da Faculdade de Julgar (1790), mostrando o papel insubstituível que a geografia teve no desenvolvimento de suas atividades docentes e filosóficas, ao ponto de ser considerada como o conhecimento do mundo sem o qual não se avançava ao filosofar crítico, não escolar, mas esclarecido e mundano, dado espaço-temporalmente. Kant, nesse sentido, desenvolve uma relação estreita entre uma filosofia que se manifesta geograficamente e uma geografia eminentemente filosófica. Assim, a relação entre filosofia e geografia e desta com a filosofia no pensamento do professor de geografia e filósofo de Königsberg, bem como as nuances que dessa relação emergem, é o objetivo central de nossa empreitada investigativa, que será evidenciada pela complexidade que a geografia para Kant vai se tornando ao longo do tempo, por ser a ciência que concatena a relação entre o ser humano e a natureza, fundamentando as relações humano-naturais dentro dos limites das fronteiras do conhecimento científico humanamente válido, o fenomênico, tanto do ponto de vista universal quanto singular. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa, passamos por obras que se estendem dos anos de 1755 ao período pós Terceira Crítica de 1790, mostrando que a relação espaço-temporal, geográfica, natural-humana, do conhecimento do mundo em Kant se estabelece por uma relação dinâmica, que resulta em uma sistematicidade e uma organicidade que é não só mecânico-causal, mas também teleológica, que carece de observação, descrição e explicação, portanto, de uma filosofia geográfica e de uma geografia filosófica, sem a qual não se aprende a filosofar, logo, não se esclarece e não se torna um cidadão geográfico, do mundo. / São Cristóvão, SE