The central bank of Sweden, the Riksbank, has for a long time controlled the lending to thepublic by the business banks. To control the credit market the Riksbank set up severalregulations, one of the most prominent a limit of how much the business banks could be lendingout to the public. In November 1985 the limit of lending was deregulated. How did thisderegulation affect the lending and the business banks? Why was this deregulation done and howcan we explain this in context to the economy? To answer these questions I’ve used data fromthe official statistics of Sweden and from the Riksbank to make figures. My result shows that thelending to the public bloomed after 1985 and that the business banks probably started borrowingmoney from abroad to finance the lending.

We examine how access to bank credit affects trade credit in the supplier-customer relationships of U.S. public firms. For identification, we use exogenous liquidity shocks to supplier firms in the form of staggered changes to interstate bank branching laws. Using a variety of tests, we show that supplier firms with greater access to banking liquidity offer more trade credit to their customers. We also show that when bank branching restrictions are relaxed in the supplier's state, the supplier-customer relationship is more likely to survive. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

D.Comm. / Economic conditions in deregulated domestic air transport markets developed differently from what was originally anticipated and the commercial conduct of airlines also differed from the conduct foreseen at the time of deregulation. The result was also different from what governments that had implemented air transport policies based on economic deregulation had expected. The overall result in such deregulated market was more consolidation and less competition than had originally been anticipated. It has been established that market access by means of economic deregulation is not sufficient to ensure a competitive domestic air transport market. Certain regulatory steps need to be taken to promote competition in the domestic air transport industry. It was established that competition in the airline industry differs from competition in many other industries in the following respects: •Airlines compete over networks. •Airlines compete using multiple competitive tools. •The air transport industry, as a network industry, has fundamentally different characteristics from those of the other industries on which traditional classic microeconomic models have been based. Apart from supply side efficiencies that are central in the traditional microeconomic models, the demand side effects within the airline industry have given rise to many of the commercial practices that the airlines have perfected (like loyalty programmes, including FFPs). These commercial practices have been designed to raise the switching costs for users of air services to change suppliers and to reduce the level of competition for the preferred customers. This would have to be taken into account in the formulation of policy. It was found that certain economic features of network industries, however, are also applicable in the airline industry and that this creates competition concerns as a result of the following features: •The bigger the network of an airline, the more useful it is. •The demand for air services on a particular airport-pair, city-pair, or even country-pair is derived from a multitude of separate origin/destination markets - a fact which creates a need for complex market definitions in airline competition. •The “indivisibility” of seating capacity on aircraft and of the deployment of aircraft within route networks can result in extremely low short-run marginal costs, with consequent difficulties in applying competition law to cases involving allegations of predatory pricing. •Many of the costs are sunk and unrecoverable once they are committed. •There is a history relating to cyclical provision of an overall excess capacity in the industry. Economies of scope in the airline industry clearly indicate that a larger network of services would be more attractive to the traveller, since the traveller will have more destinations and frequency of services to choose from and have a larger probability of finding a suitable connection from the passenger’s particular origin to any given destination. In particular, on a firm level, it has been found that economies of scope on the demand side are intensified by certain airline marketing practices including: •Frequent flyer programmes (FFPs). •Travel agent overriding commission agreements (TACOs). •Corporate discount schemes. The above create synthetic economies of scope on the demand side of the airline industry as they make it more attractive for passengers and travel agents to concentrate their demand on one airline and increase the loyalty of the customers towards the airline through an artificial increase in the switching costs. Predatory behaviour in the airline industry differs from such behaviour in other industries, where it mostly revolves around the approach of predatory pricing, as the increase of the provision of capacity cannot normally be implemented or dispersed as rapidly in other industries as in the airline industry. The air transportation industry was found to be especially susceptible to predatory responses of dominant airlines compared to dominant firms in other industries owing to the following factors: •Mobility of aircraft, as incumbents incur virtually no additional sunk costs when they increase capacity on challenged routes, while new entrants can be readily induced to depart because of their ability to move their equipment out of particular routes. As a result, network airlines can shift resources between markets much more readily to increase service frequency and capture a disproportionate share of traffic. •Access of airlines to comprehensive, “real time” information on their competitors’ activities through booking and other data generated by computer reservations systems (CRS). •Extreme sophistication of the yield-management practices of the major airlines using CRS, which enables such airlines to increase sharply the availability of deeply discounted fares on individual routes in response to competitive challenge and to withdraw them when the challenge disappears. •Ability of a major airline to price-discriminate to a much greater extent and to adjust its prices much faster in advance of flights actually taking place. As a result, airlines can respond to competitive initiatives more precisely and swiftly than enterprises in other industries, which implies that the competition rules should take cognisance of the differences in the commercial practices of airlines in the air transportation industry compared to those of enterprises in other industries. A number of problems relating to the competition policy and legislation in South Africa have been identified. They included the following: •Prohibited agreements are not immediately void in terms of the South African Competition Act. •Applying a narrow cost based standard of marginal or average variable cost is inappropriate for the airline industry in South Africa when compared to the principle of avoidable cost. •No specific guidance currently exists in the domestic air transport industry in South Africa relating to the particular forms of conduct that would be regarded as having an anti-competitive effect. •No measures currently exist in South Africa that enable the competition authorities to respond timeously (as required in the airline industry) to prevent anti-competitive or predatory conduct, to stop such conduct (in contravention of those guidelines) by means of cease and desist orders and effective interim orders where there is a danger that competition will be eliminated. •The dominant airline in South Africa, South African Airways (SAA), which is owned by the State, has not achieved an adequate return on assets and has received substantial financial state aid without any published conditions that would mitigate the anti-competitive effect of such state aid and promote competition in the air transport market. The risk of such state aid could enable the dominant state-owned airline, SAA, to: Deploy too much capacity on an uneconomical basis. Operate many services (frequency) at a lower income level than the cost of providing such services. Dump excess capacity on competitive routes at a lower fare than needed to provide a reasonable return on assets, and Conduct operations with the objective of earning a lower return on investment than would be required as a reasonable return on assets by competitors that are subject to normal financial markets and do not receive state financial aid. This study specifically dealt with: •The specific commercial practices adopted by airlines in domestic passenger air transport markets as well as the use of a combination of commercial practices in an anti-competitive or predatory manner. Some measures adopted elsewhere to mitigate the anti-competitive effect of such commercial practices and to stimulate competition following economic deregulation or liberalisation of such domestic air transport markets were identified. •Most importantly, the occurrence of anti-competitive conduct as well as predatory behaviour by airlines was investigated: generally, and specifically in the United States of America (USA) as well as in Canada. It was found that, in particular, predatory conduct in the airline industry that involves price cuts combined with significant capacity expansion by dominant incumbent airlines appears to be the most troublesome in domestic air transport industries in respect of a number of jurisdictions. In addition, it was established that incumbent airlines also conduct predatory actions in response to new entry by using tools other than price and quantity. An important recommendation is that a policy objective approach should be adopted to enhance or promote competition as criteria for regulatory consideration in the South African domestic air transport market. In this regard, the recommendations include an active involvement by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in matters affecting competition in the South African domestic air transport market and that the Competition Commission, the Commissioner of Competition and the Competition Tribunal be given greater authority to specifically deal with particular aspects of concern relating to the air transport market. Recommendations have also been made relating to competition policy, competition legislation and some commercial practices within the domestic air transport industry in order to promote competitiveness in the South African domestic air transport industry. / Prof. J. Walters

Thesis advisor: Peter N. Ireland / The banking structure as it is known today in the United States largely originated in the 1930s after the onslaught of the Great Depression. The Federal Deposit Insurance Company developed deposit insurance to stabilize the industry and protect consumers. They laid down rules and regulations that shaped the banking and financial sector of the American economy into the early form of what patrons use today. Large banks were concentrated in financial centers, mostly New York, with some scattered in the west coast and other big cities. Most smaller towns had one or two state-chartered commercial banks with thrift institutions flourishing alongside. Personal and even business customers banked on a small, local scale. Sixty plus years later, the same industry structure is still in place, but its face has changed dramatically. The financial system of the United States in the 21st century is vastly different from the one that was commonly used only one generation ago. Geographic deregulation in the 1970s drastically changed the geography of the American banking industry. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics Honors Program.

The MYC onocogene is frequently overexpressed in human cancer due to its capacity to promote cell growth and cell proliferation. MYC overexpression activates the p53 tumour suppressor pathway, which resists the pro-tumourigeneic program elicited by MYC. How MYC overexpression engages p53 is yet to be elucidated, and in this study I carried out a large metabolic siRNA screen to determine whether p53 responds to a specific MYC-driven metabolic pathway. Two clear lipid metabolic pathways emerged from the siRNA screen: PPARγ/arachidonate metabolism and de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Knockdown or inhibition of PPARγ increased p53 levels, and PPARγ ligands decreased following MYC overexpression. Knockdown of ceramide synthesis depleted p53 levels, and MYC overexpression increased de novo ceramide synthesis. This demonstrated that MYC-driven ceramide synthesis positively regulates p53, and highlights the role of cell metabolism in the tumour suppressor response to MYC deregulation.

Submitted by JAQUELINE ZANI DOS SANTOS null (jaquezani@gmail.com) on 2017-02-10T18:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jaqueline Zani dos Santos.pdf: 1535103 bytes, checksum: 8e687de00fb908c886daaec3fa5b9a59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-14T19:26:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_jz_dr_bot.pdf: 1535103 bytes, checksum: 8e687de00fb908c886daaec3fa5b9a59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T19:26:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_jz_dr_bot.pdf: 1535103 bytes, checksum: 8e687de00fb908c886daaec3fa5b9a59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O setor sucroenergético tem grande representatividade histórica no agronegócio brasileiro e vem ganhando notoriedade com a crescente demanda mundial por fontes de energia renováveis. A expressiva expansão da cultura de cana-de-açúcar demonstra a dimensão que o setor possui dentro do cenário atual. A capacidade produtiva brasileira é incontestável, porém, ainda existem divergências no que se refere ao comportamento dos preços. Destaca-se que as decisões realizadas dentro do setor se dão em um contexto de formação livre de preços, mas o ambiente de mercado tem sido fortemente influenciado, por influências exógenas, tal como desregulamentação do mercado e lançamento dos veículos flex fuel. Entretanto, é possível que os produtores sejam guiados em suas decisões de produção mais, predominantemente, pelos preços. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho procura identificar se há influência dos preços do açúcar, do etanol e da própria cana-de-açúcar na área plantada de cana-de-açúcar no estado de São Paulo, no período de 1995 a 2015. Faz-se uso da metodologia proposta por Box-Jenkins de Função Transferência, que se constitui num método multivariado de séries temporais e que apresenta vantagens em relação aos métodos tradicionais de estimação. Os resultados demonstraram que os preços têm influenciado o aumento na área de cana-de-açúcar, em especial, o preço do açúcar. Também foram feitas análises de intervenções para os principais eventos ocorridos no mercado sucroenergético para os anos em estudo, onde o preço do açúcar foi o mais influenciado, seguido da área de cana-de-açúcar, do preço do etanol e do preço da cana-de-açúcar. / Historically, the sugarcane industry has been an important play in the brazilian agribusiness that has gained notoriety with the increasing global demand for renewable energy sources. The significant expansion of sugarcane cultivation shows the extent that theis sector has in the current scenario. Brazil's production capacity is indisputable, however, there are still differences regarding the sugarcane products prices behavior. It is noteworthy that the decisions within the sector are done in the context of free pricing, but the market ambient has been heavily influenced by exogenous influences, such as deregulation of the market and launch of flex-fuel vehicles. However, it is possible that the producers decisions are been guided, predominantly, by the market prices. Within this context, this study seeks to identify whether there is an influence of sugar, ethanol, and sugarcane prices on the sugarcane planted area in Sao Paulo state, from 1995 to 2015. The methodology used was the one proposed by Box-Jenkins, Transfer Function, which is a multivariate time series method and has advantages over traditional methods of estimation. The results showed that all prices have influenced the increase in sugarcane area, in particular the sugar’s price. Moreover, interventions analyzes were made to the main events in the sugarcane market for the years under study, where the price of sugar was the most affected, followed by sugarcane area, the price of ethanol, and the price of sugarcane.

No description available.

<p>The dynamics of business contexts influence the way firms act in their industry. These changes can have effects in several areas within a company. Entrepreneurship and Innovation are two areas that are affected when a change in firm’s environment occurs, like Schumpeter, Shane and Drucker point. Changes in the deregulatory framework are a specific type of change that can occur. According to Entrepreneurship theories, the removal of regulatory barriers creates opportunities to different reallocation of resources that can lead to changes in market equilibrium. This study addresses this relation between deregulation and entrepreneurship-innovation in the European airline industry. With the removal of regulatory barriers, companies like SAS and Ryanair, saw opportunities to do something new and at the same time had to adapt to these “doing something new” behavior of other companies. Entrepreneurship and innovation were the answer to theses changes and the weapon to fight answers to others with this change. Considering this, our statement problem is the following:</p><p>How did the deregulation of air transportation in Europe foster entrepreneurial behavior and innovation in the European airline industry over the last twenty years? The case of SAS and Ryanair.</p><p>Our goal is to describe the process of deregulation and how firms reacted to it and to give explanations behind the relation deregulation-entrepreneurship, identifying the direct and indirect influence of deregulation in the studied companies. Furthermore, based on this investigation, we will trace possible ways on how future deregulation in Europe can foster further entrepreneurial behavior and innovation.</p><p>This thesis was conducted with a positivism scientific ideal and a deductive approach. We used a qualitative method to collect empirical data that could match with the theories we had chosen beforehand. We conducted three interviews with people inside the industry – from airlines (SAS Braathens and SAS) and from airports (LFV). The first two were used as main sources to SAS case study and the third to have a perspective of airline industry. Since we could not get any interview with Ryanair, Ryanair story book was used as main source for this case study.</p><p>Our theoretical framework consists of four different broad areas that are interrelated to each other. These areas and the respective theories integrated in them are: institutions and regulation, changes in context and strategic position.</p><p>Our study shows that EU deregulation altered the five competitive forces in European airline industry and in turn this fostered entrepreneurship and innovation, as a reaction of firms to adapt to the change in their context. The reaction of Ryanair and SAS through entrepreneurial and innovative behaviour was different due to the differences in their business model. We argue that the removal of barriers to new entrants and the increased rivalry between firms were the main forces that fostered entrepreneurship and innovation. We predict that if further EU deregulation comes (as it is the trend) this will generate more opportunities to entrepreneurship and innovation like it generated in the past.</p>

<p>Date: 2008-06-05</p><p>Level: Master Thesis in Business Administration, 15 ECTS</p><p>Authors: Amina Ahmed Ibrahim Beatrice Yola Konlaan Carol Nakajugo Basudde</p><p>Tutor: Sigvard Herber</p><p>Title: Are competitors ready to take on a deregulated Apoteket AB? Problem: With the oncoming deregulation of the monopoly, Apoteket AB appears to have a competitive advantage over incoming competition therefore the problem is to find out:</p><p> What competitive advantage Apoteket AB has over its competitors.</p><p> If the competitors have the tools to successfully compete with Apoteket AB.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to find out whether competitors in Sweden are able to compete successfully with Apoteket AB for the market of non prescription medicine.</p><p>Method: Qualitative and quantitative methods have been used in this thesis. In order to achieve the desired result of this research it is appropriate to choose this approach since it enables the researcher to be able to explore all areas of the subject at hand and also give an in-depth discussion and analysis.</p><p>Conclusion: Apoteket AB has several competitive advantages over its competitors. It has a strong brand name that is known and trusted by customers. While all three competing companies see themselves as complements to Apoteket AB, we think that the competitors have what it takes to successfully compete with Apoteket. Judging from previous cases such as Norway and Denmark which showed different outcomes of deregulation in the retail pharmaceutical industry, the competitors in both cases have not been on the losing side. Supermarkets, petrol stations and grocery stores in Denmark and Norway were also competing with their respective pharmacies based mainly on price, accessibility and convenience. In conclusion this is an indication that the competitors in Sweden have more than enough tools to successfully compete with Apoteket AB.</p><p>Keywords: Deregulation, Pharmaceutical retail, Apoteket AB, Monopoly, Competition.</p> / <p>Datum: 2008-06-05</p><p>Nivå: Magister Uppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 Högskolepoäng Författare: Amina Ahmed Ibrahim Beatrice Yola Konlaan Carol Nakajugo Basudde</p><p>Handledare: Sigvard Herber</p><p>Titel: Är konkurrenter beredda att konkurrera med Apoteket AB i en avreglerad marknad?</p><p>Problem: I samband med den kommande avregleringen av monopolet, Apoteket AB verkar ha konkurrensfördel gentemot konkurrenterna. Problemformuleringen lyder:</p><p> Vilka konkurrensfördelar har Apoteket AB över sina konkurrenter?</p><p> Har konkurrenterna de rätta verktygen för att framgångsrikt konkurrera med Apoteket AB?</p><p>Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att ta reda på om konkurrenterna i Sverige kan framgångsrikt konkurrera med Apoteket AB i den receptfria marknaden.</p><p>Metod: En kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod har använts i denna uppsats. För att uppnå det önskade resultat är det nödvändigt att använda sig av både en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod, dels för att utförligt kunna utforska ämnet och ge en djupgående diskussion och analys.</p><p>Slutsats: Apoteket AB har en mängd konkurrensfördelar över sina konkurrenter. Företaget har ett starkt märke som kunderna känner till och litar på. De tre konkurrerande företag ser sig själva som ett komplement till Apoteket AB dock anser vi att konkurrenterna har vad som krävs för att framgångsrikt kunna konkurrera med Apoteket. Apotekets avreglering i Norge och Danmark har visat olika resultat, däremot har inte konkurrenterna i båda fall inte varit på den förlorande sidan. Matbutiker och bensin stationer i Danmark och Norge har konkurrerat med huvudsakligen pris, bekvämlighet och tillgänglighet med sina respektive Apotek. Detta är en indikation på att konkurrenterna i Sverige har tillräckligt med verktyg för att framgångsrikt kunna konkurrera med Apoteket AB.</p><p>Nyckelord: Avreglering, Apoteket AB, Monopol, Konkurrens.</p>

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Den statliga utredningen En framtida spelreglering presenterades under december 2008. Ett förslag i utredningen är att delar av monopolet på den svenska spelmarknaden i framtiden kan komma att konkurrensutsättas.</p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur det sociala ansvarstagandet påverkas och i vilken omfattning CSR kan utgöra en konkurrensfördel på en avreglerad marknad.</p><p><strong>Genomförande:</strong> Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod där Svenska Spel, Ladbrokes och Betssons CSR - arbete studeras. Utöver sekundärdata har det empiriska materialet kompletterats genom intervjuer med varje företag.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> En avreglerad marknad behöver inte innebära att företagens sociala ansvarstagande minskar i samhället. Att integrera CSR i företagsstrategin är ett viktigt led i att nå acceptans bland intressenterna på marknaden. För ett lyckat CSR – arbete menar vi att företagens interna resurser måste användas med hänsyn till flertalet faktorer i den omgivande miljön.</p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong> During the end of 2008 the Swedish government published a submission for comment regarding the future legislation of the Swedish gambling industry. The investigation suggests that new entrants may be allowed to enter the Swedish market.</p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this thesis is to determine if and how the social responsibility is affected when a market is deregulated, and if CSR is a possible tool for creating competitive advantage.</p><p><strong>Completion:</strong> The study is based on a qualitative method and examines the gambling companies Svenska Spel, Ladbrokes and Betsson. We conducted questionnaire studies among the examined gambling companies to enhance the secondary data.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> Our findings suggest that there is a good possibility for social responsibility to maintain a strong position in a deregulated market. CSR integration with the corporate strategy is an important step concerning acceptance among the company’s stakeholders.</p>