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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Filogenia morfológica das famílias Phyllophoridae e Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) / Morphological Phylogeny of the Phyllophoridae and Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

Martins, Luciana Ribeiro 01 December 2017 (has links)
Atualmente a ordem Dendrochirotida é composta por 800 espécies, sendo que metade destas estão entre as famílias Sclerodactylidae e Phyllophoridae. Todavia, a maior parte das informações acerca dos seus táxons é proveniente de revisões morfológicas muito antigas (Phyllophoridae em 1954, e Sclerodactylidae não revisada). Este estudo, portanto, se configura como o primeiro teste formal da monofilia das famílias Sclerodactylidae e Phylllophoridae e suas subfamílias. O presente trabalho constitui um estudo morfológico minucioso das estruturas que compõem o endoesqueleto dos Holothuroidea que são os ossículos dérmicos e anel calcário, vislumbrando alcançar através de uma análise cladística os objetivos descritos a seguir: (i) testar a monofilia de Phyllophoridae; (ii) testar a monofilia de Sclerodactylidae; (iii) testar a monofilia das subfamílias de Phyllophoridae e (iv) testar a monofilia das subfamílias de Sclerodactylidae. O material estudado foi obtido a partir de visitas e/ou empréstimos de museus nacionais e internacionais. Foram estudados espécimes de todas as ordens de Holothuroidea, à exceção de Elasipodida, totalizando 956 espécimes pertencentes a 78 espécies, das quais quatro foram delimitadas como grupo externo (i.e. Aspidochirotida, Apodida e Dendrochirotida [Cucumariidae e Psolidae]) e 44 delimitadas como grupo interno (todas as espécies tipo foram analisadas). Setenta e dois caracteres foram descritos e ilustrados através de fotografias ou microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As análises foram realizadas com o programa PAUP (v. 4.0), através do algoritmo de parcimônia Tree Bissection and Reconnection (TBR) de branch-swapping, com 5000 réplicas. O estudo morfológico detalhado permitiu elencar novos caracteres, bem como reinterpretar caracteres já estabelecidos, além de fornecer correções de interpretações equivocadas acerca de tais estruturas. Sclerodactylidae foi recuperada como monofilética e está composta por três subfamílias (todas foram recuperadas como monofiléticas), Clado I, Sclerodactylinae e Thyoninae. Phyllophoridae foi recuperada como monofilética e está composta por três subfamílias (todas foram recuperadas como monofiléticas), Cladolabinae, Phyllophorinae e Semperiellinae. / Currently, the order Dendrochirotida comprises about 800 species, half of these being within the families Sclerodactylidae and Phyllophoridae. Regardless, most information about these families is from old morphological revisions (Phyllophoridae in 1954 and Sclerodactylidae not reviewed). This study appears as the first formal test of the monophyly of the families Sclerodactylidae and Phylllophoridae and their respective subfamilies. The present work constituted a detailed morphological study of the structures that compose the Holothuroidea endoskeleton which are the dermal ossicles and calcareous ring to achieve through a cladistic analysis the following objectives: (i) to test the monophyly of Phyllophoridae; (ii) to test the monophyly of Sclerodactylidae; (iii) to test the monophyly of the Phyllophoridae subfamilies and iv) to test the monophyly of the subfamilies of Sclerodactylidae. The material studied was obtained from visits and/or loans from the national and international museums. Specimens of all orders of Holothuroidea were analyzed with the exception of Elasipodida, yielding 956 specimens belonging to 78 species, of which four were delimited as outgroups (i.e. Aspidochirotida, Apodida and Dendrochirotida [Cucumariidae and Psolidae]) and 44 delimited as internal groups (all type specimens were analyzed). A total of 72 morphological characters were described and illustrated through photographs or scanning electron microscopy images. The analyses were conducted with the aid of PAUP (v.4.0) using a parsimony algorithm Tree Bisection and Reconnection (TBR) branch-swapping (5000 replicates). This detailed morphological study allowed us to list new characters, to reinterpret. already established ones as well as providing corrections of misinterpretations about such structures. Sclerodactylidae was recovered as monophyletic and is composed of three subfamilies (all were recovered as monophyletic), Clade I, Sclerodactylinae and Thyoninae. Phyllophoridae was recovered as monophyletic and consists of three subfamilies (all were recovered as monophyletic), Cladolabinae, Phyllophorinae and Semperiellinae.
2

Forme et évolution des barres branchiales et des osselets de la classe Enteropneusta (Phylum Hemichordata)

Larouche-Bilodeau, Charles 09 1900 (has links)
Pour bien comprendre comment les espèces actuelles ont évolué, il est important d’étudier certains groupes clés. Ces groupes clés sont parfois bien négligés au profit d’autres groupes apparentés. L’embranchement Hemichordata forme, avec Echinodermata, le clade Ambulacraria. Ce dernier, avec l’embranchement Chordata, forme le super-embranchement Deuterostomia. Parmi les deutérostomes, la classe d’hémichordé Enteropneusta est souvent considérée comme étant la plus ressemblante au dernier ancêtre commun des deutérostomes. Les entéropneustes partagent en effet plusieurs caractéristiques avec Chordata et Ambulacraria et en étudiant celles-ci on peut reconstruire et comprendre leurs états ancestraux. Dans le chapitre d’introduction, j’aborde la morphologie générale des hémichordés et leurs relations évolutives avec les deux autres embranchement deutérostomes. Je présente aussi les caractéristiques qu’ils partagent avec les échinodermes et les cordés. J’aborde ensuite les formes que prennent les parties dures chez les animaux et en particulier chez les deutérostomes. Dans le chapitre deux, j’examine et décris la forme et la composition chimique des osselets chez huit espèces d’hémichordé. Cette étude représente un énorme bond dans nos connaissances sur la biominéralisation chez les hémichordés, car jusqu’à présent les osselets n’avaient été décrits que chez deux espèces, et la composition chimique déterminée chez une seule d’entre elle. J’interprète également ces données dans un contexte évolutif, car les osselets d’hémichordé sont probablement homologues au squelette des échinodermes. Ce chapitre est important, car il nous donne une hypothèse sur l’origine des osselets chez le dernier ancêtre commun des ambulacraires. Dans le chapitre trois, je quantifie l’asymétrie dans les fentes pharyngiennes de populations de deux espèces d’entéropneustes et d’une espèce de cordé non-vertébré. En mettant ces différents nivaux de symétrie en parallèle avec leur comportement alimentaire, les résultats supportent l’hypothèse de l’alimentation par filtration comme rôle initial des fentes pharyngiennes chez les deutérostomes et que la perte de cette fonction induit du bruit développemental, une vestigialisation ou une perte des fentes branchiales. Dans le chapitre quatre, J’utilise la micro-tomographie aux rayons-X pour décrire une espèce d’hémichordé qui était jusqu’à présent un numen nudum. Cette nouvelle technique est comparée avec l’histologie traditionnelle afin de prouver qu’elle pourrait être utilisée dans les futures études taxonomiques sur les hémichordés. Dans le chapitre cinq, je présente quelques expériences qui ont dû être exclues des chapitres précédents car elles ont donné des résultats négatifs non-publiables. Je discute des raisons pour lesquelles ces expériences ont échoué ainsi que quelques pistes de solutions possibles pour qui voudrait tenter de les refaire. Ensuite je récapitule les résultats des chapitres précédents pour montrer comment étudier les hémichordés peut encore nous apprendre beaucoup sur d’autres groupes pourtant déjà très étudiés. / The phylum Hemichordata forms, with Echinodermata, the group Ambulacraria that in turns forms with Chordata, the Deuterostomia. Among deuterostomes, the hemichordate class Enteropneusta is often viewed as the group that most closely resembles the last common ancestor of deuterostomes. Enteropneusts indeed share many traits with the other two deuterostome phyla and by studying them, we can infer the ancestral states of those traits. In the first chapter, I present the general morphology of hemichordates and their relationships with the other two deuterostome phyla. I also discuss the shared traits between the hemichordates, the echinoderms and the chordates. Last, I present the varied shapes that hard parts can take in animals, with a focus on deuterostomes. In chapter two, I describe the shape and mineral composition of ossicles in eight enteropneust species. This study is a major leap in our understanding of biomineralization in Hemichordata since up to this point ossicles were only described in two species and the mineral composition determined for only one. I discuss these results in an evolutionary context since hemichordate ossicles are probably homologous with echinoderm skeletal ossicles. This chapter is significant because it provides a hypothesis on the origin of ossicles in the last common ancestor of ambulacrarians. In chapter three, I quantify the level of asymmetry of the pharyngeal slits in populations of two species of enteropneusts and the invertebrate cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae. We found that adults of these species display fluctuating asymmetry in the gills and that this asymmetry is lower in filter feeding. This is significant because it supports the hypothesis that filter feeding is an ancestral feature of deuterostomes and that the loss of this function increases developmental noise, vestigiality, or loss of the gills. In chapter four, I use X-ray microtomography to describe the enteropneust Balanoglossus occidentalis that was heretofore a nomen nudum. This new technique is compared with traditional histology to show that it is a viable tool in hemichordate taxonomical studies. In chapter five, I present a few experiments that had to be excluded from the other chapters because they gave negative, unpublishable results. I discuss the probable causes of their failures and potential ways to solve these issues for those who would want to pursue them further. Finally, I summarise the results of the previous chapters to show how studying hemichordates can still teach us a lot about the origin and evolution of the better studied deuterostome phyla.

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