Background: Indoor tanning elevates the risk for melanoma, which is now the most common cancer in US women aged 25-29. Public policies restricting access to indoor tanning by minors to reduce melanoma morbidity and mortality in teens are emerging. In the United States, the most common policy restricting indoor tanning in minors involves parents providing either written or in person consent for the minor to purchase a tanning visit. The effectiveness of this policy relies on parents being properly educated about the harms of indoor tanning to their children. Objective: This randomized controlled trial will test the efficacy of a Facebook-delivered health communication intervention targeting mothers of teenage girls. The intervention will use health communication and behavioral modification strategies to reduce mothers’ permissiveness regarding their teenage daughters’ use of indoor tanning relative to an attention-control condition with the ultimate goal of reducing indoor tanning in both daughters and mothers. Methods: The study is a 12-month randomized controlled trial comparing 2 conditions: an attention control Facebook private group where content will be relevant to teen health with 25% focused on prescription drug abuse, a topic unrelated to tanning; and the intervention condition will enter participants into a Facebook private group where 25% of the teen health content will be focused on indoor tanning. A cohort of 2000 mother-teen daughter dyads will be recruited to participate in this study. Only mothers will participate in the Facebook groups. Both mothers and daughters will complete measures at baseline, end of intervention (1-year) and 6 months post-intervention. Primary outcomes include mothers’ permissiveness regarding their teenage daughters’ use of indoor tanning, teenage daughters’ perception of their mothers’ permissiveness, and indoor tanning by both mothers and daughters. Results: The first dyad was enrolled on March 31, 2016, and we anticipate completing this study by October 2019. Conclusions: This trial will deliver social media content grounded in theory and will test it in a randomized design with state-of-the-art measures. This will contribute much needed insights on how to employ social media for health behavior change and disease prevention both for indoor tanning and other health risk behaviors and inform future social media efforts by public health and health care organizations. ClinicalTrial: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02835807; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02835807 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6mDMICcCE).

Background Younger indoor tanning initiation leads to greater melanoma risk due to more frequent and persistent behavior. Despite this, there are no published studies exploring the predictors of indoor tanning initiation in teen populations. Purpose This longitudinal study uses latent profile analysis to examine indoor tanning initiation in indoor tanning risk subgroups from a national sample of female adolescents. Methods Latent profile analysis used indoor tanning beliefs and perceptions to identify indoor tanning initiation risk subgroups. The teens in each subgroup were reassessed on indoor tanning initiation after a year. Results Three subgroups were identified: a low risk, anti-tanning subgroup (18.6 %) characterized by low scores on positive indoor tanning belief scales and high scores on beliefs about indoor tanning dangers; a moderate risk aware social tanner subgroup (47.2 %) characterized by high scores on positive indoor tanning belief scales but also high scores on beliefs about indoor tanning dangers; and a high risk risky relaxation tanner subgroup (34.2 %) characterized by high scores on positive indoor tanning belief scales and low scores on beliefs about indoor tanning dangers. Teens in the aware social tanner and risky relaxation tanner subgroups were significantly more likely to initiate indoor tanning in the following year. Conclusions These findings highlight the need to identify teens at risk for indoor tanning initiation and develop tailored interventions that will move them to the lowest risk subgroup. Subgroup correlates suggest parent and peer-based interventions may be successful.

Youthful indoor tanning as few as ten sessions can increase the risk of melanoma by two to four times with each additional session adding another 2 % to the risk. Recent research estimates that indoor tanning can be linked to approximately 450,000 cases of skin cancer annually in the USA, Europe, and Australia. Despite these risks, indoor tanning remains popular with adolescents. This study tested the efficacy of a web-based skin cancer prevention intervention designed to reduce indoor tanning motivations in adolescent females. A nationally representative sample of 443 female teens was enrolled from an online panel into a two-arm, parallel group design, randomized controlled trial. Treatment participants received an appearance-focused intervention grounded in established health behavior change models. Controls viewed a teen alcohol prevention website. Outcome variables included willingness and intentions to indoor tan, willingness to sunless tan, and measures of indoor tanning attitudes and beliefs. The intervention decreased willingness and intentions to indoor tan and increased sunless tanning willingness relative to controls. We also examined indirect mechanisms of change through intervening variables (e.g., indoor tanning attitudes, norms, positive and negative expectancies) using the product of coefficient approach. The web-based intervention demonstrated efficacy in changing adolescent indoor tanning motivations and improving their orientation toward healthier alternatives. Results from the intervening variable analyses give guidance to future adolescent skin cancer prevention interventions.

No description available.

<p>Socioeconomic inequalities in health and disability are found in all countries where social gradients have been studied. Despite rapid economic growth and expanding health care systems, aiming at providing services to people according to need rather than according to wealth, persistent and even widening health inequalities are found in Europe after the second World War.</p><p>In this research project we wanted to establish a method for measuring socioeconomic status based on occupational groups and education in the HUNT Study, thereby providing tools for research in social medicine. A social gradient scale based on the occupational grouping from the HUNT study questionnaires had not been established. When this study was planned however, educational level, which might serve as a proxy for socioeconomic status, had been monitored in both HUNT I and HUNT II.</p><p>Disability pension has been a central element in social security legislation in Norway, established as a universal right for all citizens in 1967. This public income-maintenance program protects workers in case of disability, and comprises both universal and earningrelated programs. The main eligibility criterion has been permanent impaired earning ability by at least 50 % for reasons of illness or disease, injury or disability. Despite objective health improvement in the population the last decades, incidence of disability pension has increased.</p><p>In epidemiology, socioeconomic status is not only an important variable in itself. It is also a confounder that should be taken into consideration in discussing almost all causal relationships. Thus, in population based health studies, measures of socio-economic status are essential. Occupation, education and income together determine the socioeconomic status of a person. However, these factors are sufficiently distinct to require that they should also be studied separately in relation to health. To study them separately is often preferable since this can suggest hypotheses on causal relationships between exposure and disease.</p>

<p>Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disease that is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, infiltrated cells and fibrous elements in large arteries.</p><p>This thesis focuses on the molecular mechanisms behind foam cell formation and inflammation, two central processes in the development of atherosclerosis. More specific, we studied the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on CXCL16 expression and its role as scavenger receptor on macrophages and smooth muscle cells in atherogenesis. CXCL16 is defined as a chemokine and a scavenger receptor, regulating adhesion and chemoattraction of CXCR6 expressing cells and uptake of oxLDL. We show that the expression of CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 are more pronounced in human atherosclerotic lesions compared with non-atherosclerotic vessels. Increased expression of CXCL16 was also seen in atherosclerotic aortas of apoE-/- mice compared with aortas of non-atherosclerotic, age-matched C57BL/6 mice. In vitro, IFN gamma induced CXCL16 expression in primary human monocytes and smooth muscle cells which resulted in an increased uptake of oxLDL. Treatment of mice with IFN gamma also induced CXCL16 expression in atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, we have demonstrated a role for IFN gamma in foam cell formation through upregulation of CXCL16. The expression of CXCR6 was defined to the same regions as for CXCL16 in the lesion, indicating the presence of cells able to respond to CXCL16. Consequently, CXCL16 could serve as a molecular link between lipid metabolism and immune activity in atherosclerotic lesion.</p><p>CD137 belongs to the TNF family and mediates several important processes in inflammation. CD137 is involved in the activation of T cells, NK cells, B cells and monocytes and regulate cytokine production, proliferation and apoptosis in these cells. A limited number of studies have demonstrated CD137 expression on smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Our results show that CD137 mRNA is higher expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions compared with unaffected vessels. We found that endothelial cells express CD137 in atherosclerotic lesions and that cultured endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells express CD137 and CD137 ligand in vitro. CD137 was regulated differentially by proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IFN gamma, TNF alpha, IL-1 beta) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide depending on cell type. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of CD137 signalling, demonstrating that binding of the CD137 ligand to its receptor increases proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells.</p><p>In summary, this thesis has focused on the expression, regulation and role of CXCL16 and CD137, two genes that have not been described earlier in the concept of atherosclerosis. The findings demonstrate some of the molecular mechanisms involved in vascular inflammation and may increase our knowledge about the development of atherosclerosis.</p>

<p>Irradia AB tillverkar och säljer terapeutiska, kirurgiska och kosmetiska lasrar. Företaget har hittills inte lyckats skapa utbyte med den offentliga sjukvårdsmarknaden. Syftet med undersökningen var därför att analysera och utvärdera hinder för Irradia AB:s introduktion på den offentliga svenska sjukvårdsmarknaden. Fokus lades på de terapeutiska lasrarna. På grund av undersökningsområdets natur gjordes en separation av mega- och marknadsnivå. På meganivån undersöktes ett expertnätverk, som skall acceptera nya medicinsktekniska produkter inom sitt verksamhetsområde, och på marknadsnivån undersöktes Irradia AB och den offentliga sjukvårdsmarknaden. </p><p>Författarna valde fallstudien som metod. För att samla in primärdata ansåg författarna att intervjuer var den mest relevanta metoden. På marknadsnivån intervjuades Lars Hode, VD för Irradia AB, och Jan Svenonius, tidigare upphandlingschef på Huddinge sjukhus och Mikael Wickström, upphandlingschef, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset. På meganivån fick Audio Laser-Kliniken representera Irradia, då företagets produkter används till behandling av hörselsjukdomar på kliniken. Med hjälp av ett anvisningsurval lyckades författarna snabbt identifiera och intervjua respondenter som varit kritiska till behandlingsformen som tillämpas på kliniken. </p><p>Analysen på meganivån genomfördes utifrån nätverksteorin, teorin om idésystem och socialpsykologi. I analysen på marknadsnivån tillämpades konkurrensstrategier, involveringsteorin, faktorer som påverkar köpbeslut och nätverksteorin. </p><p>Resultatet visar att Irradia möter hinder på marknadsnivån, framför allt när det gäller relationers betydelse i upphandlingsprocessen. Irradia AB har goda förutsättningar för att bemästra de flesta hindren, men relativt lite nätverkande har varit svagheten i den strategi som tillämpats hittills. Resultatet på meganivån visar att aktörerna anser att Mikael Bäckmans verksamhet på Audio Laser-Kliniken inte svarar mot vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Därmed har experterna kunnat förklara laserbehandling av hörselsjukdomar som illegitim. Undersökningen visar dock att andra behandlingsmetoder på hörselområdet inte möter samma krav utifrån vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Resultatet visar framför allt att liten tilltro till produkterna i expertnätverket sänker möjligheten till utbyte med den offentliga sjukvården. </p><p>Frågeställningen hade fokus på faktorer som är viktiga för nyetablerare på sjukvårdsmarknaden. Slutsatserna är att differentiering kan vara en lämplig strategi för företag med små resurser, och att utbildning som mervärde kan vara lämpligt om produkterna är komplexa. Nyetablerare bör satsa på löpande bearbetning av aktörer både på mega- och marknadsnivå. Undersökningen tyder dock på att bearbetningen på meganivå bör ske i första hand, för att nyetablerare skall kunna sälja nya produkter på den offentliga sjukvårdsmarknaden. </p> / <p>Irradia AB is a manufacturer and seller of medical, surgical and cosmetical laser instruments. So far the company has failed in establishing exchange with the public health services in Sweden. The purpose of this studie was to analyse and evaluate obstacles in the way of Irradias introduction on the public health service market. The medical lasers were chosen as the primary products to study. Due to the nature of the area of investigation, mega level marketing was separated from the market level. On the mega level, new and complex medical products must be approved by experts. On the market level, a comparison was made between Irradia and the public health service market. </p><p>The case study was chosen as a main method. Qualitative primary data was collected by interviewing. On the market level, interviews were conducted with Lars Hode, managing director of Irradia AB, Jan Svenonius, former director of purchasing at Huddinge Sjukhus and Mikael Wickström, director of purchasing at Karolinska Sjukhuset. On the mega-level, Audio Laser-Kliniken was chosen to represent Irradia, since their medical lasers are used for treatment of hearing disorders at the clinic. By using directive selection, the authors could quickly identify and interview persons who are negative when it comes to laser treatment of hearing disorders. </p><p>Competitive strategies, the involvement theory, network theory and factors influencing buyer behavior were applied in the market level analysis. The mega level analysis is based on the network theory, the theory of dominant ideas and social psychology. </p><p>Results of the market level analysis show that relations are of great importance in public health service purchasing processes. Irradia meets most of the basic conditions that are required for establishing exchange with the public health service market, but a relatively low degree of networking has been a flaw in the strategy that Irradia has had so far. Results of the mega level analysis show that the laser treatment of hearing disorders at Audio Laser-Kliniken does not comply with the requirements for an evidence-based medicine, according to the interviewees. Therefore laser treatment of hearing disorders has been announced illegitimate by the experts. The results also show that other treatment forms of hearing disorders can be difficult to evaluate regarding to the requirements of an evidence-based medicine. The results show, above all, that any possible distrust to the products among experts will have a negative impact on the possibility to establish exchange with the public health service market. </p><p>The question at issue focused on factors that are of importance for companies trying to establish exchange with the public health service market. Conclusions of the study show that differentiation can be a suitable strategy for establishers with new products, and that customer academies can be a relevant way to reduce risks if the products are complex. New companies should try to create relations on both the mega level and market level. The study shows that relations with experts on the mega level are critical for companies trying to sell new products to the public health service market. </p>

<p>The main purpose of this thesis was to apply the WHO and NHS palliative care approach to dementia care. </p><p>Thirty-one staff-members in mid-Sweden (studies I and II) and 20 next-of- kin (study IV) were interviewed. In study III, 316 staff-members from dementia care and 121 staff-members from palliative cancer care responded to a questionnaire about family support. The interviews were tape-recorded and analysed with a qualitative phenomenographic (I and II) and a hermeneutic approach (IV). The questionnaires (III) were analysed using qualitative and quantitative content analysis.</p><p>The staff-members stated almost unanimously that daily leadership was lacking, and consequently clear goal formulations and care planning were rare (I). Proper teamwork between the doctor and the staff who worked on a daily basis with the patients was absent (I). With respect to existential issues, education and staff discussions were lacking (II). The staff were at a loss concerning how to deal with these issues. Nevertheless, these issues are central to family-members who have to deal with an existential crisis (IV). Important questions emerged about obligation and guilt, faithfulness, responsibility, and paying back what you once received. Existential isolation could be identified e.g. in the reversal of roles experienced as "being a parent to your parent" and in the burden of "visiting a living dead person". </p><p>There were no routines for bereavement visits. The type of support suggested for dementia family members is partly similar to support in palliative cancer care, but it also differs in other respects such as feelings of guilt because the early signs of the disease are misunderstood, the need for respite because of the long trajectory of dementia diseases, and the occurrence of anticipatory grief because in the late phase family members can no longer make any contact at all with the patient (III).</p><p>A palliative approach can improve the quality of life for the dementia patient and for the family. It can be used as a basis for a clear goal formulation. Some of the suggestions listed in this thesis for improving the quality of care are more a reflection of the need for a change in attitudes rather than the need for substantial budget increases.</p>

<p>Heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction are major causes of morbidity and mortality. In this thesis, metabolic, hormonal, genetic and prognostic aspects of echocardiographically determined left ventricular function were investigated in a fairly large longitudinal population-based study of men. The participants were examined both at age 50 and 70 years and were followed for mortality using the national cause-of-death registry.</p><p>Several factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome predicted left ventricular systolic dysfunction independent of myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes and the use of cardiovascular medication after twenty years follow-up. Plasma levels of N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (N-ANP) were significantly increased in men with left ventricular dysfunction in comparison to healthy men. However, the diagnostic accuracy was poor due to the extensive overlapping between the groups. Relations between a haplotype of the novel hUNC-93B1 gene and the E/A-ratio were found and validated in separate samples of the cohort. Myocardial performance index (a Doppler derived index of combined left ventricular systolic and diastolic function) and left ventricular ejection fraction were found to be predictors for cardiovascular mortality independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in a longitudinal analysis with a mean follow-up of seven years.</p><p>In conclusion, this thesis showed that left ventricular function is influenced by metabolic, hormonal and genetic factors and that echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular function, such as the myocardial performance index, are strong independent risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in elderly men.</p>

<p>Defects in insulin secretion and insulin action are the major abnormalities in the development of Type 2 diabetes. Hyperinsulinemia is a risk marker for Type 2 diabetes and according to some, but not in all studies also for coronary heart disease (CHD). Conventional insulin assays measure immunoreactive insulin including proinsulin-like molecules. </p><p>Proinsulin and insulin measured by specific methods, insulin sensitivity measured by the euglycemic insulin clamp and early insulin response after a glucose challenge give more detailed information and may be better estimates of true risk for Type 2 diabetes and CHD. </p><p>This study examined relationships between proinsulin, insulin, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for the development of Type 2 diabetes and CHD. The investigation of the prognostic significance of proinsulin and insulin for the development of Type 2 diabetes and CHD was performed in prospective studies of 50-year and 70-year-old men in a population-based cohort. The results indicated, that increased proinsulin concentrations, was a marker of increased risk for Type 2 diabetes independent of measurements of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity whereas insulin was not. Proinsulin was shown to be a predictor for CHD mortality and morbidity, respectively, independent of conventional risk factors, whereas insulin was not. Insulin sensitivity measured by the gold standard euglycemic insulin clamp at age 70 was a predictor of CHD morbidity, independently of established risk factors.</p><p>In summary, these data provide evidence that an increased concentration of proinsulin and not an elevated plasma insulin level per se, that constitutes the association with Type 2 diabetes and CHD and that insulin resistance per se, is associated with CHD risk.</p> / <p>Defekter i insulinsekretionen och insulinkänsligheten i målorganen för insulin är de huvudsakliga orsakerna till utvecklandet av typ-2 diabetes. Förhöjd insulinhalt i blodet indikerar nedsatt känslighet för insulin och är en riskmarkör för typ-2 diabetes men också för hjärt-kärlsjukdom enligt vissa studier.</p><p>Konventionella insulinmätmetoder är ospecifika och mäter immunoreaktivt insulin som förutom insulin också innehåller ett förstadium till insulin, proinsulin.</p><p>Proinsulin och specifikt insulin, insulinkänslighet bestämd med hyperglykemisk insulin clamp teknik och tidigt insulinsvar vid sockerbelastning ger en bättre och mer detaljerad och precis information. Dessa variabler kan därför utgöra en bättre prediktor för typ-2 diabetes och hjärt-kärlsjukdom.</p><p>I denna avhandling har proinsulin, specifikt insulin, tidigt insulinsvar vid sockerbelastning och insulinkänslighet jämförts med varandra som prediktorer för utvecklandet av typ-2 diabetes och hjärt-kärlsjukdom. Två studier har omfattat risken för diabetes och två studier risken för hjärt-kärlsjukdom. Män i medelåldern respektive i högre ålder har studerats. Studierna har utförts i en populations-baserad grupp, en kohort som har sitt ursprung i en stor hälsoundersökning som genomfördes i Uppsala 1970 till 1973.</p><p>Resultaten visar att proinsulin, i motsats till specifikt insulin, är en riskmarkör för utveckling av typ 2 diabetes, oberoende av insulinkänslighet och tidigt insulinsvar vid sockerbelastning. Vidare har visats att proinsulin i motsats till specifikt insulin är en riskmarkör för död respektive sjuklighet i hjärt-kärlsjukdom, oberoende av de kända riskfaktorerna rökning, högt blodtryck och förhöjt kolesterol. Slutligen har visats att insulinkänsligheten i sig är en riskmarkör för hjärt-kärlsjuklighet oberoende av ovanstående riskfaktorer förutom proinsulin.</p><p>Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten i avhandlingen att det snarare är proinsulinhalten och inte insulinnivån i blodet som står för de observerade sambanden med typ 2 diabetes och hjärt-kärlsjukdom. Nedsatt känslighet för insulin i sig är förenat med ökad risk för hjärt-kärlsjukdom.</p>