Οι καταναλωτές τα τελευταία χρόνια ενδιαφέρονται ολοένα και περισσότερο για την προέλευση και την ποιότητα των τροφίμων, συμπεριλαμβανομένης και της προέλευσης των Ά υλών. Η ασφάλεια, η θρεπτική αξία και πιο πρόσφατα οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις των συστημάτων παραγωγής και διανομής των τροφίμων επίσης αντιμετωπίζονται με ανάλογο ενδιαφέρον. Το αλεύρι είναι το κύριο συστατικό του ψωμιού που θεωρείται ως η βάση της υγιούς διατροφής παγκοσμίως, των προϊόντων ζαχαροπλαστικής και άλλων αρτοσκευασμάτων. Επιπλέον στις μεσογειακές χώρες τα προϊόντα αυτά βρίσκουν μεγάλη αποδοχή από τους καταναλωτές. Στην Ελλάδα το αλεύρι καλλιεργείται σε σημαντικές ποσότητες και οι αλευροβιομηχανίες εφοδιάζουν τις βιομηχανίες τροφίμων και τους φούρνους αρτοποιίας με πολλούς τύπους αλεύρου. Οι ανάγκες της χώρας για τα διάφορα προϊόντα αλεύρου παρουσιάζουν ένα μέσο ετήσιο ρυθμό αύξησης περίπου 1,5% για τη διετία 1999-2000, ενώ οι ανάγκες για το έτος 2000 ήταν 753.000 τόνοι. Για το ίδιο έτος η εθνική παραγωγή ανέρχεται σε 825.000 τόνους. Η Ανάλυση Κύκλου Ζωής (ΑΚΖ) είναι ένα σχετικά νέο περιβαλλοντικό εργαλείο λήψης αποφάσεων που πρόσφατα τυποποιήθηκε από το Διεθνή Οργανισμό Προτύπων (International Standardisation Organisation (ISO)). Η ΑΚΖ είναι ένα εξαιρετικό εργαλείο για την περιβαλλοντική διαχείριση, καθώς παρέχει σημαντικές πληροφορίες για τους περιβαλλοντικούς κινδύνους που σχετίζονται με ένα προϊόν, μια διαδικασία ή οποιαδήποτε ανθρώπινη δραστηριότητα γενικότερα. Σε αυτή τη μελέτη μια απλουστευμένη ΑΚΖ εφαρμόζεται με μια προσέγγιση «από τη γέννηση ως την πύλη» (“cradle-to-gate”) για να αναγνωρισθούν τα κρίσιμα σημεία της διαδικασίας παραγωγής του αλεύρου στην Ελλάδα. Το λογισμικό SimaPro χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την ανάλυση των δεδομένων της απογραφής και της εκτίμησης των επιπτώσεων του συστήματος συνολικά (από τους σπόρους σιταριού ως την παραγωγή του αλεύρου). Το σύστημα που αναλύθηκε περιλαμβάνει την καλλιέργεια μαλακού σιταριού, τη μεταφορά, τη βιομηχανική άλεση και τη συσκευασία του αλεύρου. Η χρήση ενέργειας και υλικών, καθώς και οι εκπομπές στο περιβάλλον υπολογίσθηκαν και εκτιμήθηκαν τα κύρια δυναμικά των περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων. Η εφαρμογή των λιπασμάτων, η μεταφορά και η χρήση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας βρέθηκαν να είναι τα πιο σημαντικά σημεία για τις περισσότερες, όχι όμως για όλες, τις κατηγορίες επιπτώσεων και συγκεκριμένες ενέργειες προτάθηκαν με στόχο τη βελτίωση του περιβαλλοντικού προφίλ του τελικού προϊόντος. / Consumers have become increasingly interested in the origin and the quality of their food, including the source of food’s raw materials, its safety and nutritional value and most recently the environmental impacts of the production systems adopted in producing and delivering the food. Flour is the main ingredient of bread, cakes, pastries and other bakery products which are considered as the base of modern healthy diet worldwide. Moreover, in Mediterranean countries these products have an outstanding acceptance by consumers. In Greece, wheat is cultivated in significant quantities and a number of milling industries supply the food industries and small bakeries with many different types of flour. The national demand for various products of flour-producing industries presented a mean annual increase rate of about 1.5% for the years 1999-2000, while the demand for the year 2000 was 753.000 tons. For the same year the national production ranged up to 825.000 tons. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a relatively new, cutting edge environmental decision support tool recently standardised by the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO). LCA is an excellent tool for environmental management, as it provides important information about the environmental burdens associated to a product, a process or any human activity. In this study, a simplified LCA following the “cradle-to-gate” approach has been applied to identify the critical points of the flour production in Greece. The SimaPro software was used for analyzing the main inventory data and estimating the environmental impacts of the overall system (from wheat grain to flour production). The system investigated includes agricultural production of soft wheat, transportation, industrial milling and packaging of the flour. Energy use, material use and emissions were quantified and the main potential environmental effects were assessed. The application of fertilizers, transportation and electrical energy consumption were found to be the ‘hot spots’ for many, but not all, of the impact categories investigated and specific actions were proposed in the aim to improve the environmental profile of the final product.

Οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις από τη λατόμευση και επεξεργασία γύψου στις μονάδες παραγωγής γυψοσανίδων,αφορούν το έδαφος, την ατμόσφαιρα, αλλά και τους επιφανειακούς υδάτινους σχηματισμούς (λιμνοθάλασσα, λίμνες). Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται προσπάθεια να ποσοτικοποιηθούν οι παραγώμενοι ρύποι και να περιγραφεί η αλληλεπίδραση των ρύπων με την γεώσφαιρα, υδρόσφαιρα, ατμόσφαιρα και βιόσφαιρα. / The environmental impacts of the gypsum extraction and processing that produces plaster board, inside the gypsum plants, not only affects the soil and the atmosphere,but also the surface water reservoir. With this present task I try to give emphasis to the quantification of the derivative pollutants and a description of the interaction of the pollutants as far as it concerns the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

Dominica has been recognized for its landscape containing hundreds of rivers and receiving high rainfall, and "our water belongs to the world," or so says many Dominican citizens, and their government. A schism exists in the understanding of the water resources of Dominica. Local perceptions are in conflict with regional climate change data. Where climate change research has found Dominica to be high risk for water quality and quantity, locals maintain the mindset that there is an overabundance of the resource. Local epistemologies influence governmental water management practices, which presently focus on exportation of the resource. In efforts of economic development, while trusting that there is a surplus of water, Dominica leases billions of gallons of water each year to foreign companies. A popular conception on the island is that there is an abundance of water, and therefore, it should be shared globally. This unique social construction of Dominican water has been a foundation leading to the sale of billions of gallons of fresh water to international corporations. However, the bulk exportation of water is occurring in the context of climate change, and thus, the availability of water will be impacted by changes in annual rainfall, sea level rise, increased temperatures, and more severe hurricanes. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how the social understanding of water in Dominica was constructed, and what this means in relation to resource exportation and climate change. This research-based paper explores Dominican perceptions of water abundance and sustainability.

No description available.

No description available.

Salmon aquaculture can be a potential solution to bridge the gap between declining capture fisheries and increasing seafood demand. However, the environmental impacts it creates have generated criticism. The overall objectives of this dissertation are to examine the economic consequences of environmental issues associated with salmon aquaculture, and to explore policy implications and recommendations for reducing environmental impacts. These objectives are addressed in five main analyses. The growth of salmon aquaculture is analyzed based on farmed salmon production in the four leading producing countries and the sector as a whole. Analyses indicate that salmon aquaculture is unlikely to continue to grow at its current pace. A joint production function approach is used to estimate pollution abatement costs for the salmon aquaculture industry. Results reveal that pollution abatement costs vary among observations and models. On average, pollution abatement cost is estimated at 3.5% in terms of total farmed salmon production, and 6.5% in terms of total revenue of farmed salmon. The ecological and economic impacts of sea lice from salmon farms on wild salmon population and fisheries are also studied. Analyses suggest that these effects are minor when the sea lice induced mortality rate is below 20%, while they can be severe if the mortality is greater than 30%. Sea lice have greater ecological and economic impacts on pink salmon than on chum salmon. These effects are greater under a fixed exploitation rate than under a target escapement policy. The economic performance of open netcage and sea-bag production systems for salmon aquaculture is compared. Netcage systems appear to be more economically profitable than sea-bag systems when environmental costs are either not or only partially included. Sea-bag systems can be financially profitable only when the salmon they produce can achieve a price premium. Finally, policy implications are explored and recommendations are made for sustaining salmon aquaculture in a holistic manner based on the results from previous chapters. Technologies, economic-based instruments and more stringent environmental policies can be employed to reduce environmental impacts. However, there is no single solution to solve these environmental impacts, and a combination of policy options is needed.

This thesis presents a framework for resiliency planning in state departments of transportation and other transportation agencies. The development of this framework is motivated by the need for more resilient transportation systems, due of the increasing frequency and the effect both natural and man-made catastrophic disasters have on transportation systems. The resiliency framework is based on the urban transportation planning framework and is thus applied in the broader context of general transportation planning. The resiliency framework is then applied in a preliminary review to three statewide transportation plans to show the resiliency deficiencies of those plans and how the framework may be applied to increase resiliency. These plans are selected from three different states with diversity of locations and without any preconceived notions about their incorporation of resiliency in their planning process. This preliminary review reveals a reactive nature towards investments that increase an agency’s resilience. This may be attributed to the problem of limited funding for transportation investments, as well as, limited knowledge by the transportation agencies about the return on such resiliency investments, mostly due to the uncertainty associated with the occurrence of catastrophic disasters, especially the predictability of weather-related events. However, post-disaster transportation system overhauls provide enough evidence for the need for more systemic ways of addressing resiliency in planning processes.

Agricultural production and post-harvest supply systems are major causes of resource and energy consumption throughout the world, with associated emissions contributing to global scale environmental burdens. Focusing on apple systems in Nova Scotia, Canada, this project used life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental performance of conventional and organic orchards, as well as post-production systems of storage and transportation. Results indicate that on-orchard hotspots include fuel use, fertilizers, and inputs to pest and disease management on both conventional and organic orchards. Extending system boundaries to cradle-to-retail locations revealed that electricity required for storage caused substantial burdens, highlighting the problem of coal-based electricity generation in Nova Scotia. Findings also illustrate that the relative impact of transportation changes according to distance travelled and mode of delivery. Consuming locally produced apples when in season was found to be environmentally preferable than those requiring year round storage, while transport by freight ship is more favourable than long distance transport truck delivery.

Groundwater is an important source of baseflow. Baseflow supports minimum flows and living area through dry periods, and moderates surface water temperature. The reductions in baseflow after urbanization can cause degradation of the stream ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the groundwater-surface water interaction and thermal regime of Clythe Creek, Guelph to illustrate the importance of groundwater/streamflow interaction in determining the health of a stream ecosystem. Piezometers were used to quantify vertical and lateral groundwater flow direction, and surface water temperature measurements were used to characterize and quantify the thermal regime. Groundwater-surface water interaction varied both temporally and spatially between the two geomorphic units. Average summer surface water temperatures were consistently cooler in the downstream portion of the study reach. The importance of groundwater-surface water interactions in supporting stream ecosystems was concluded from this study, and restoration strategies to address threats from urbanization were made. / Ontario Research Fund (ORF)

Wellington County represents a region with an extensive and well developed horse industry. As a result there is significant potential for development in its rural areas. This study reveals important facts regarding the development of equine trail networks in Wellington County. The existing number of horses, horse farms, related facilities, as well as the enormous interest of horse riders and horse industry associations suggest high potential for use of these equine trails. In particular the research points out the current lack of horse trails in the county which has one of the highest horse populations in Ontario. Identification of current trends, demands, and overall situation within the industry has led to an elaboration of a framework for the Wellington County equine trail development. The evaluation of the equine trail potential impacts and contributions to rural communities indicates positive outcomes resulting in sustainable community development. The recommendations drawn from this research further suggest a need to elaborate a General Horse Trail Planning and Construction Guide; establish an Equine Trail Organization; create a Master Plan; continue ongoing development of stakeholder relationships; establish equine trail spatial planning considering private land utilization; and integrate future trail plans into County and Regional Planning.