O trabalho foi realizado em vasos, em casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de identificar alterações nos níveis de carboidratos solúveis totais, frações nitrogenadas (N-total, N-NH+4 livre e N-αNH2 solúvel) e fenóis solúveis, em raízes de B. decumbens, relacionadas ao nível de degradação das plantas, imposto através de diferentes tratamento de desfolhamento. A partir dos 42 dias, após o transplante para os vasos, foram aplicados, semanalmente, 3 tratamentos: plantas não desfolhadas; plantas desfolhadas pelo corte a 15 cm do solo e plantas desfolhadas a 5 cm do solo. Foram realizadas avaliações semanais, em número de sete, iniciadas uma semana apôs a primeira aplicação dos tratamentos. Os resultados mostraram alterações significativas nas variáveis estudadas, por efeito das intensidades de desfolhamento e das épocas de avaliação. As concentrações de carboidratos solúveis totais aumentaram nas raízes das plantas não desfolhadas e diminuíram nas de plantas desfolhadas, em função da idade e apresentaram uma relação inversa com a intensidade de desfolhamento. Os níveis das frações nitrogenadas diminuíram nos 3 tratamentos, ao longo do período de avaliação, notadamente nas plantas não desfolhadas. As concentrações de fenóis solúveis diminuí- ram nos 3 tratamentos, em função da idade, apresentando uma relação inversa com a intensidade do desfolhamento: plantas não desfolhadas > plantas desfolhadas a 15 cm > plantas desfolhadas a 5 cm do solo. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de que, os níveis de carboidratos solúveis totais, N-αNH2 solúvel, N-NH+4 livre e fenóis solúveis possam ser utilizados para indicar o estado fisiológico de plantas forrageiras. A concentração de carboidratos solúveis totais é, provavelmente, o melhor parâmetro para indicar o estado fisiológico da planta forrageira. / A pot trial was carried out in a greenhouse aiming to identify variations on the levels of total soluble sugars, nitrogen fractions (total-N, free NH+4-N and soluble αNH2-N) and soluble phenols, in the roots of B. decumbens, related to the level of plant deterioration, imposed through different defoliation intensities. At 42 days from transplanting to the pots, three defoliation treatments were applied: no defoliation, defoliation by cutting the plants at 15 an from · soil level; and defoliation at 5 cm. Seven weekly harvests were made, begining a week after the first defoliation. Results showed significant variations on the fractions studyied by effect of defoliation treatments and time of harvest. Soluble carbohydrates levels increased in the roots of no defoliated plants and decreased in defoliated plants by function of age and showed an inverse defoliation intensity. The levels of nitrogen fractions decreased on the three defoliation treatments, through out harvest time, notably on no defoliated plants. Soluble phenols levels decreased on the three defoliation treatments, by function of age, showing an inverse relation with the defoliation intensity: no defoliated plants > plants defoliated at 15 cm > plants defoliated at 5 cm. Results showed the possibility that, the levels of soluble carbohydrates, soluble αNH2-N, free NH NH+4-N and soluble phenols might be used to identify the physiological condition of forage plants. Soluble carbohydrate con- centration is problably, the better parameter to the physiological condition of forage plants.

O trabalho foi realizado em vasos, em casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de identificar alterações nos níveis de carboidratos solúveis totais, frações nitrogenadas (N-total, N-NH+4 livre e N-αNH2 solúvel) e fenóis solúveis, em raízes de B. decumbens, relacionadas ao nível de degradação das plantas, imposto através de diferentes tratamento de desfolhamento. A partir dos 42 dias, após o transplante para os vasos, foram aplicados, semanalmente, 3 tratamentos: plantas não desfolhadas; plantas desfolhadas pelo corte a 15 cm do solo e plantas desfolhadas a 5 cm do solo. Foram realizadas avaliações semanais, em número de sete, iniciadas uma semana apôs a primeira aplicação dos tratamentos. Os resultados mostraram alterações significativas nas variáveis estudadas, por efeito das intensidades de desfolhamento e das épocas de avaliação. As concentrações de carboidratos solúveis totais aumentaram nas raízes das plantas não desfolhadas e diminuíram nas de plantas desfolhadas, em função da idade e apresentaram uma relação inversa com a intensidade de desfolhamento. Os níveis das frações nitrogenadas diminuíram nos 3 tratamentos, ao longo do período de avaliação, notadamente nas plantas não desfolhadas. As concentrações de fenóis solúveis diminuí- ram nos 3 tratamentos, em função da idade, apresentando uma relação inversa com a intensidade do desfolhamento: plantas não desfolhadas > plantas desfolhadas a 15 cm > plantas desfolhadas a 5 cm do solo. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de que, os níveis de carboidratos solúveis totais, N-αNH2 solúvel, N-NH+4 livre e fenóis solúveis possam ser utilizados para indicar o estado fisiológico de plantas forrageiras. A concentração de carboidratos solúveis totais é, provavelmente, o melhor parâmetro para indicar o estado fisiológico da planta forrageira. / A pot trial was carried out in a greenhouse aiming to identify variations on the levels of total soluble sugars, nitrogen fractions (total-N, free NH+4-N and soluble αNH2-N) and soluble phenols, in the roots of B. decumbens, related to the level of plant deterioration, imposed through different defoliation intensities. At 42 days from transplanting to the pots, three defoliation treatments were applied: no defoliation, defoliation by cutting the plants at 15 an from · soil level; and defoliation at 5 cm. Seven weekly harvests were made, begining a week after the first defoliation. Results showed significant variations on the fractions studyied by effect of defoliation treatments and time of harvest. Soluble carbohydrates levels increased in the roots of no defoliated plants and decreased in defoliated plants by function of age and showed an inverse defoliation intensity. The levels of nitrogen fractions decreased on the three defoliation treatments, through out harvest time, notably on no defoliated plants. Soluble phenols levels decreased on the three defoliation treatments, by function of age, showing an inverse relation with the defoliation intensity: no defoliated plants > plants defoliated at 15 cm > plants defoliated at 5 cm. Results showed the possibility that, the levels of soluble carbohydrates, soluble αNH2-N, free NH NH+4-N and soluble phenols might be used to identify the physiological condition of forage plants. Soluble carbohydrate con- centration is problably, the better parameter to the physiological condition of forage plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 noronhajunior_nc_me_botfca.pdf: 814511 bytes, checksum: f0ba517a59245727f01aed36f56871ba (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Empresa Privada / The objective of this paper was to have a better understanding of plant-ant-symbiotic fungus interaction focusing on foraging behavior of Atta sexdens rubropilosa workers during plant selection. Physical and chemical substrate factors were approached which can have a role on foraging material selection for symbiotic fungus cultivation besides defoliating localization in artificial plants. Tested hypothesis was that besides chemical characteristics physical stimulus and leaves localization in a plant also play a very important role in substrate selection by A. sexdens rubropilosa workers. Different shape and thickness material was used (different leaves, paper leaves with different shapes and thickness impregnated in plant extract and artificial plants). The aim was to verify the existence of physical and chemical resistance, leaf palatability and defoliating localization. Wood plants Actinostemon communis, Alchornea triplinervea, Croton floribundus, Faramea cyanea, were offered to workers and evaluated 4 according to mechanical resistance of cut and palatability. Each plant was offered individually in big disc shape (2,5cm diameter), small disc shape (0,5cm diameter) and whole leaves. Other studies were carried out for detecting physical and chemical stimulus through simulated cuts and impregnation of plant extract in paper leaves with different thickness making it possible to evaluate the combinations between physical and chemical substrate characteristics. Defoliating localization in plants was studied when offering artificial plants with four levels where either wood plant or Ligustrum sp. leaves was attached. Defoliating intensity was measured by the number of fallen leaves by ants. In order to study wood plant attractiveness small disc shaped leaves (0,5cm diameter) were offered at the same time for ants in laboratory. The end of the experiment was determined either by the carrying... (Complete abstract, click electronics address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sambugaro_r_dr_botfca.pdf: 1143633 bytes, checksum: 25f9ce4aa41c21b2302d4b0e2e19e340 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Roberto Antonio Rodella / Banca: José Otavio Machado Menten / Banca: Adriana Martins / Abstract: The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_cj_dr_jabo.pdf: 317118 bytes, checksum: f4634086de9339bbdcfc22de27d467da (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes estresses sobre o acúmulo e partição de massa seca, abortamento, desenvolvimento, produção de grãos e concentração de metabólitos glicídicos e nitrogenados em plantas de milho, conduziuse um experimento em casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha; plantas com desfolhamento de 66%; omissão do nitrogênio; déficit hídrico (20 - 30% da capacidade de retenção); sombreamento de 70%. Os estresses foram impostos dos dois aos quarenta dias após a polinização (DAP) e as avaliações realizadas em cinco coletas aos 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 DAP. A omissão de N na fase reprodutiva não afetou a massa seca das plantas e não promoveu alterações nos grãos das plantas de milho, em função da grande remobilização deste elemento acumulado nas folhas e colmos durante o período vegetativo. O desfolhamento reduziu o acúmulo de massa seca no colmo e na espiga, causou abortamento de grãos, não afetou a massa dos grãos remanescentes, resultando em menor número e produção de grãos por planta. O sombreamento intensificou a translocação de fotossintatos do colmo e folhas para os grãos, causou redução no acúmulo de massa seca na planta, abortamento de grãos, menor peso dos grãos remanescentes, menor acúmulo de amido e menor produção de grãos por planta. O déficit hídrico reduziu a área foliar, a fotossíntese, o período de enchimento dos grãos, o acúmulo de MS na planta e a translocação de fotoassimilados para os grãos, resultando em abortamento de grãos do ápice da espiga, acúmulo de açúcares redutores e aminoácidos livres nas folhas e colmos e menor massa de grãos e produção por planta. A redução na produção foi maior no estresse por déficit hídrico, sombreamento de 70%, desfolhamento de 66% e deficiência de N, sendo o número de grãos por espiga e peso médio dos grãos os componentes da produção mais afetados. / To evaluate the effect of different stress on the accumulation and distribution of dry matter, abortion, development and production of grains and concentration of glycidic and nitrogen metabolites in maize plant, it was conducted an experiment on greenhouse conditions. The following treatments were used: control; defoliation (plants 66% defoliated); nitrogen omission; water deficit (20 - 30% of the retention capacity); shading (70%). The stress factors were imposed from two to forty days after pollination (DAP) and the analyses at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 DAP. The nitrogen omission at the reproductive stage did not affect plant dry mass or grains because of the high rate of remobilization of the N accumulated in leaves and stems during the vegetative stage. Defoliation reduced the dry matter accumulation in the stem and ears, increased kernel abortion, no caused any effect on photoassimilate translocation or weight from remaining grains. Also, resulted in a decrease on the total-N level, amino acids, grain reducing sugars and starch, fewer grains and lower production per plant. Shading intensified photoassimilate translocation indicating that in shaded plants the photosynthesis limitation is supplied by the high remobilization rate of reducing sugars, sucrose and starch from the stem and leaves to the grain. However, this stress causes reduction of dry matter accumulation, kernel abortion, and lower weight of remaining grains, starch accumulation and production of grains per plant. The water deficit reduced leaf area, photosynthesis, grain filling period, dry matter accumulation and photoassimilate translocation from vegetative organs to kernels, resulting in kernel abortion at the ear top, accumulation of reducing sugars and free amino acids in leaves and stems and lower weight of 1,000 grains and production per plant... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)