<p>Three algorithms for video scaling were developed and tested in software, for implementation on an FPGA. Two of the algorithms were implemented in a video scaler system. These two algorithms scale up with factors 1.25 and 1.875, which is used for scaling SD WIDE to HD resolution and SD WIDE to FullHD resolution, respectively. An algorithm with scaling factor 1.5, scaling HD to FullHD, was also discussed, but not implemented. The video scaler was tested with a verilog testbench provided by ARM. When passing the testbench, the video scaler system was loaded on an FPGA. Results from the FPGA were compared with the software algorithms and the simulation results from the testbench. The video scaler implemented on the FPGA produced predictable results. Even though a fully functional video scaler was made, there were not time left to create the necessary software drivers and application software that would be needed to run the video scaler in real time with live video output. So a comparison of the output from the implemented algorithms is performed with common scaling algorithms used in video scalers, such as bilinear interpolation and bicubic interpolation. This thesis also deal with graphics scaling. Some well-known algorithms for graphic scaling were written in software, including a self-made algorithm to suit hardware. These algorithms were not implemented in hardware, but comparison of the results are performed.</p>

Three algorithms for video scaling were developed and tested in software, for implementation on an FPGA. Two of the algorithms were implemented in a video scaler system. These two algorithms scale up with factors 1.25 and 1.875, which is used for scaling SD WIDE to HD resolution and SD WIDE to FullHD resolution, respectively. An algorithm with scaling factor 1.5, scaling HD to FullHD, was also discussed, but not implemented. The video scaler was tested with a verilog testbench provided by ARM. When passing the testbench, the video scaler system was loaded on an FPGA. Results from the FPGA were compared with the software algorithms and the simulation results from the testbench. The video scaler implemented on the FPGA produced predictable results. Even though a fully functional video scaler was made, there were not time left to create the necessary software drivers and application software that would be needed to run the video scaler in real time with live video output. So a comparison of the output from the implemented algorithms is performed with common scaling algorithms used in video scalers, such as bilinear interpolation and bicubic interpolation. This thesis also deal with graphics scaling. Some well-known algorithms for graphic scaling were written in software, including a self-made algorithm to suit hardware. These algorithms were not implemented in hardware, but comparison of the results are performed.

In this master thesis there has been implemented an embedded demonstrator for video presentation and manipulation, based on the specification presented in the project thesis written last semester. The demonstrator was created with the intention of being used by Department of Electronics and Telecommunication in situations where the department needed good examples of electronic systems. These systems can be used to motivate, educate and possibly recruit new students. By combining the use of video as a motivational medium with a practical approach to the theory, the demonstrator is designed to emphasize the importance of hardware/software codesign in electronic systems. The demonstrator is designed with a combination of dedicated hardware modules and the Nios II/f embedded soft processor from Altera. Video is processed in both hardware and software to demonstrate the difference in obtainable video quality. A measured frame rate of 25 fps in hardware and less than 1 fps in software is considered to be a good demonstration of the difference in processing power. An additional color processing demonstration is also created to visually demonstrate the performance differences when processing colors using software versus using custom floating-point instructions. It is concluded that an average performance increase of 300% is archived when using custom instructions, which is concidered to be noticeable visually. A poster with the necessary theory, usage guidelines and results has been created to support the demonstration together with a plan of how the demonstration should be performed based on the age and educational background of the observer.The embedded demonstrator was implemented using the Altera DE2 platform in combination with the TRDB D5M camera and hardware description from Terasic.

Demonstration of embedded systems is a good way to motivate and recruit students to a future career in electronics. For Department of Electronics and Telecommunication at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), it is thus desirable to have an embedded demonstrator that gives the pupils an insight in what is actually possible when studying electronics at the university, a system that the department may present at different occasions. A good embedded demonstrator provides an interesting presentation of one or more topics related to electronics, and should be presented together with relevant theory in order to provide a level of education to the user.This report covers the implementation of an embedded demonstrator for audio manipulation on Altera's DE2 development and education board. The system is specified to demonstrate signal processing subjects like sampling and filtering through manipulation of analog audio signals. The main modules in the system are the Cyclone II 2C35 FPGA from Altera, running a Nios II soft-CPU, and a Wolfson WM8731 audio-codec. The specification of their operation is made with background in pedagogics theory in order to make the most interesting demonstration. To realize this specification, the system incorporates several design features for both activation and motivation of the user.The audio manipulator provides possibilities for comparison between different sample rates and filter characteristics in real-time operation. This makes the system well suited for practical demonstration of signal processing theory. Due to the presentation of perceivable results, in addition to the implementation of a user interface for interaction, the implemented audio demonstrator is considered to be a well suited platform for demonstration of topics related to electronics.

Embedded systems are ideal as electronic demonstrators because they provides the designer with wide possibilities for optimization through codesign. In many situations, like school visits at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ”Forskningstorget” and ”Elektronikk- & Telekommunikasjonsdagen”, it is desirable for the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication to both motivate and recruit new students to a future career in electronics. Thus, a demonstrator with an interesting presentation may give students an insight in what is possible when studying electronics at NTNU, in addition to a good examples of an electronic system. A good demonstrator for the department include one or more electronic topics and presents the relevant theory in different educational levelsThis master thesis includes the implementation of an embedded system used for demonstrating basic electronics. The Embedded System for Electronic Circuit Education is a platform for easy implementation of several scenarios with different topics within electronics. The system is designed with respect to a pedagogical view, and is implemented on both the Altera DE2 and the Atmel AVR STK600. In addition the embedded demonstrator includes a monitor for user interface and demonstration materiel. The main modules in the demonstrator is the Cyclone II 2C35 FPGA and the AVR AT90USB1287 microcontroller used to control the system behavior and the user interface. The demonstrator already includes two example scenarios, namely the ”Automatic Adjustment of Light” and ”How to Count in Binary, Hexadecimal and Decimal” with the topics Electronic Components and Numerical Systems respectively.With both existing and future scenarios, the embedded demonstrator has the possibility to both motivate and activate students with an interactive interface. In addition, the demonstrator may individualize educational levels to the different target groups with the demonstration material displayed on the monitor. Thus, the Embedded System for Electronic Circuit Education is a well suited demonstrator to recruit and motivate students to a future carrier in electronics.

In this master thesis there has been implemented an embedded demonstrator for video presentation and manipulation, based on the specification presented in the project thesis written last semester. The demonstrator was created with the intention of being used by Department of Electronics and Telecommunication in situations where the department needed good examples of electronic systems. These systems can be used to motivate, educate and possibly recruit new students. By combining the use of video as a motivational medium with a practical approach to the theory, the demonstrator is designed to emphasize the importance of hardware/software codesign in electronic systems. The demonstrator is designed with a combination of dedicated hardware modules and the Nios II/f embedded soft processor from Altera. Video is processed in both hardware and software to demonstrate the difference in obtainable video quality. A measured frame rate of 25 fps in hardware and less than 1 fps in software is considered to be a good demonstration of the difference in processing power. An additional color processing demonstration is also created to visually demonstrate the performance differences when processing colors using software versus using custom floating-point instructions. It is concluded that an average performance increase of 300% is archived when using custom instructions, which is concidered to be noticeable visually. A poster with the necessary theory, usage guidelines and results has been created to support the demonstration together with a plan of how the demonstration should be performed based on the age and educational background of the observer.The embedded demonstrator was implemented using the Altera DE2 platform in combination with the TRDB D5M camera and hardware description from Terasic.

Demonstration of embedded systems is a good way to motivate and recruit students to a future career in electronics. For Department of Electronics and Telecommunication at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), it is thus desirable to have an embedded demonstrator that gives the pupils an insight in what is actually possible when studying electronics at the university, a system that the department may present at different occasions. A good embedded demonstrator provides an interesting presentation of one or more topics related to electronics, and should be presented together with relevant theory in order to provide a level of education to the user.This report covers the implementation of an embedded demonstrator for audio manipulation on Altera's DE2 development and education board. The system is specified to demonstrate signal processing subjects like sampling and filtering through manipulation of analog audio signals. The main modules in the system are the Cyclone II 2C35 FPGA from Altera, running a Nios II soft-CPU, and a Wolfson WM8731 audio-codec. The specification of their operation is made with background in pedagogics theory in order to make the most interesting demonstration. To realize this specification, the system incorporates several design features for both activation and motivation of the user.The audio manipulator provides possibilities for comparison between different sample rates and filter characteristics in real-time operation. This makes the system well suited for practical demonstration of signal processing theory. Due to the presentation of perceivable results, in addition to the implementation of a user interface for interaction, the implemented audio demonstrator is considered to be a well suited platform for demonstration of topics related to electronics.

Embedded systems are ideal as electronic demonstrators because they provides the designer with wide possibilities for optimization through codesign. In many situations, like school visits at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ”Forskningstorget” and ”Elektronikk- & Telekommunikasjonsdagen”, it is desirable for the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication to both motivate and recruit new students to a future career in electronics. Thus, a demonstrator with an interesting presentation may give students an insight in what is possible when studying electronics at NTNU, in addition to a good examples of an electronic system. A good demonstrator for the department include one or more electronic topics and presents the relevant theory in different educational levelsThis master thesis includes the implementation of an embedded system used for demonstrating basic electronics. The Embedded System for Electronic Circuit Education is a platform for easy implementation of several scenarios with different topics within electronics. The system is designed with respect to a pedagogical view, and is implemented on both the Altera DE2 and the Atmel AVR STK600. In addition the embedded demonstrator includes a monitor for user interface and demonstration materiel. The main modules in the demonstrator is the Cyclone II 2C35 FPGA and the AVR AT90USB1287 microcontroller used to control the system behavior and the user interface. The demonstrator already includes two example scenarios, namely the ”Automatic Adjustment of Light” and ”How to Count in Binary, Hexadecimal and Decimal” with the topics Electronic Components and Numerical Systems respectively.With both existing and future scenarios, the embedded demonstrator has the possibility to both motivate and activate students with an interactive interface. In addition, the demonstrator may individualize educational levels to the different target groups with the demonstration material displayed on the monitor. Thus, the Embedded System for Electronic Circuit Education is a well suited demonstrator to recruit and motivate students to a future carrier in electronics.

This report aims to provide a complete specification of an IEEE-754 1985 compliantdesign, as well as a working, synthesizable implementation in Verilog HDL. Thereport is based on a preliminary project, which analyzed the IEEE-754 standardand suggested a set of algorithms suitable for a compact realization.Through traditional methods of both algorithmic analysis and dataanalysis,requirements of functional units are derived, and operations are scheduled.A set of functional simulations assert the correctness of the design, while areaand performance analysis provides information on the speedup gained, versus thehardware cost.Finally, the results obtained are compared to existing implementations, bothhardware and software.

When using CMOS technology for image sensors, there is a possibility that any givenpixel is defective and will thus produce a value that does not correlate to the amount oflight it was subject to. As such, the processing unit will calculate a value that diersfrom the value produced if the transistor was working correctly. Having a pixel with adefective value can manifest itself as a light spot or a dark spot depending on whether thetransistor for that pixel is on or o. In some areas where the value of the defective pixeldoes not dier greatly from its neighbors, the image will not appear as degraded in theeyes of the viewer as if the defective value was in great contrast to its surroundings.Theability to compensate for the defective pixels with an algorithm will result in a morerobust device that is not required to function perfectly in order to produce an image. Italso translates into prot as a company can sell image sensors that would otherwise havebeen discarded by testing procedures.This report is organized with chapter 1 providing the introduction to the assignment interms of the nature of defective pixels and also creating a context with explanation asto why it is an important aspect of manufacturing image sensors .Chapter 2 describesthe development board that is utilized and how an embedded system can utilize a vhdlperipheral. It also shows what components will go into making an embedded system withthe required functionality. The theory behind components and techniques used in thisproject is in chapter 3. The vhdl les to be added to a peripheral so that they can beaccessed by the cpu, and the architectures of the vhdl les and microblaze are placedin chapter 4. Chapter 5 contains the simulations of the input images with dierentnoise levels and threshold levels in addition to tests designed to determine the embeddedsystems functional ability.The vhdl les and the microblaze systems are synthesized withthe resulting numbers revealed in chapter 6. The tools used in this project are listedin chapter 7 with their version number. Chapter 8 contains discussions regarding theresults and techniques in this project. The concluding remarks and the further work forthe project are in chapter 9 and 10, respectively. A list of terms will explain abbreviationsused in this report.i