Submitted by STEFANIA BIOLO null (sbiolo@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T12:25:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_STEFANIA_BIOLO.pdf: 6500144 bytes, checksum: cf4c126005081b29d943ca0c6df023af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-05T18:57:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 biolo_s_dr_rcla.pdf,.pdf: 6500144 bytes, checksum: cf4c126005081b29d943ca0c6df023af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T18:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 biolo_s_dr_rcla.pdf,.pdf: 6500144 bytes, checksum: cf4c126005081b29d943ca0c6df023af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As algas verdes conjugantes (Zygnematophyceae) apresentam extrema beleza estética dada à diversidade morfológica e a complexa simetria das células de seus espécimes representantes, o que tem atraído a atenção de pesquisadores por mais de 200 anos. A taxonomia clássica das desmídias baseada na morfologia das células vegetativas e na decoração da parede celular ainda provê informação taxonômica útil e importante em um contexto aplicado e crítico. Um dos gêneros mais antigos e também o mais rico taxonomicamente, Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs, conta com mais de 1.500 táxons já descritos incluindo espécies, variedades e formas taxonômicas. Como continuidade dos esforços encetados para o conhecimento da biodiversidade algal do Estado de São Paulo complementou-se, no presente estudo, o inventário florístico das espécies, variedades e formas taxonômicas de Cosmarium, desta vez com ênfase nos exemplares que possuem parece celular decorada. O material analisado consistiu em 124 amostras tombadas no acervo do Herbário Científico do Estado “Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann Fidalgo” (SP) do Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, provenientes de 104 municípios. Adicionalmente, os materiais em literatura anteriormente publicados e passíveis de reidentificação também foram incluídos. Foram identificados 98 táxons de Cosmarium ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo, sendo dois apenas em nível gênero e os demais em níveis específico e infraespecífico, dos quais 37 são variedades não-típicas de suas respectivas espécies e 10 formas taxonômicas igualmente não típicas, porém, de suas variedades. Quatro expressões morfológicas não nomeadas podem consistir novas variedades à Ciência. Destes registros, 21 são citados pela primeira vez para o Estado de São Paulo e 24 para o Brasil. Os táxons mais bem distribuídos foram Cosmarium punctulatum Brébisson var. punctulatum (ocorrente em 37 municípios), C. subspeciosum Nordstedt var. subspeciosum (35 municípios), C. blyttii Wille var. blyttii f. blyttii (34 municípios) e C. margaritatum (P.Lundell) J.Roy & Bisset var. margaritatum f. margaritatum (31 municípios). O presente estudo elevou a distribuição geográfica e o conhecimento de Cosmarium no Estado de São Paulo para 81 municípios, face aos 11 até então constantes em literatura. Adicionando um considerável número de descrições e trazendo à luz cinco formas que podem consistir novas variedades e espécies à Ciência, a presente pesquisa demonstrou a profunda importância dos levantamentos taxonômicos para o conhecimento da biodiversidade. Ademais, colaborou para o fortalecimento da taxonomia clássica para as algas desmidiáceas, com base na análise morfológica de material vegetativo, visto que formas reprodutivas sexuadas não foram encontradas em todas as amostras examinadas. A taxonomia do gênero Cosmarium continua extremamente complicada e jamais foi realizada uma avaliação criteriosa das características morfológicas para definir quais são diacríticas e quais diagnósticas. Mesmo os estudos filogenéticos estribados nas ferramentas da biologia molecular ainda não solucionaram a taxonomia do gênero no âmbito cladístico. Definir critérios que permitam um esquema sistemático lógico do gênero Cosmarium ainda não foi possível. Desta forma, sugere-se manter a atual composição de espécies, variedades e formas taxonômicas e providenciar descrição e ilustrações bem detalhadas e informativas para cada uma. / Green conjugating algae (Zygnematophyceae) show some exciting aesthetic beauty due to its morphological diversity and the complex symmetry of their cells, what explains their continuous attention by taxonomists for over 200 years. Desmids classic taxonomy based on morphology of vegetative cells and the cell wall decoration still provides usefull and important taxonomic information in an applied and critical context. Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs, one of the oldest genera and very rich taxonomically includes more than 1,500 already described taxa including species, varieties and taxonomic formae. Considering all effort on the knowledge of the São Paulo State algal biodiversity, the floristic survey of Cosmarium species, varieties and taxonomic formae was completed, highlighting forms with decorated cell wall. Material studied involved 124 samples belonging to the scientific collection of the Herbário Científico do Estado “Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann Fidalgo” (SP) of the Instituto de Botânica, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, which were collected from 104 municipalities in the State São Paulo. All material in the specialized literature whose reidentification was possible was also included. Ninety eight Cosmarium taxa were identified, two at the genus level and the remaining ones at the species and infraspecific levels, 37 varieties that are not the typical of their respective species and 10 taxonomic formae are also not the typical, but of their respective varieties. Four unnamed morphological expressions could be new varieties to be formally described in the near future. Twenty one of the present 98 records are cited for the first time to São Paulo State and 24 to Brazil. The best geographically distributed taxa were Cosmarium punctulatum Brébisson var. punctulatum (occurring in 37 municipalities), C. subspeciosum Nordstedt var. subspeciosum (35 municipalities), C. blyttii Wille var. blyttii f. blyttii (34 municipalities) and C. margaritatum (P.Lundell) J.Roy & Bisset var. margaritatum f. margaritatum (31 municipalities). Present study improved the geographical distribution and knowledge of genus Cosmarium in São Paulo State to 81 municipalities, compared to the 11 citations up to now in the literature. By adding a considerable number of descriptions and bringing to light five morphological expressions that may represent new species and taxonomic varieties to Science, the present survey evidenced the paramount importance of the florististic surveys to the knowledge of biodiversity. Furthermore, present survey colaborated for the strenghtening of the classical taxonomy of desmids based on the morphological analysis of vegetative material, since sexual reproductive forms were not found in all samples examined. Cosmarium taxonomy remains extremely complicated, and a criterious evaluation of the morphological characteristics used was never carried out to define which are diacritical and which are diagnostic. Even the phylogenetic studies using molecular biology tools did not help in the genus taxonomy from the cladistics point of view. Definition of criteria that would allow development of a Cosmarium systematic scheme was not yet been possible. Thus, it is presently suggested to maintain the present composition of species, varieties and taxonomic formae and to provide well detailed descriptions and illustrations that would be informative for each one.

This Master's thesis deals with diversity within the Micrasterias papillifera/ M. radiosa (Desmidiales) species complex. Both species are inhabitants of endangered biotops, like peat-bogs and, like other desmids, are used for biomonitoring. Many described varieties for both of them can be found in taxonomic literature, but their morphology is overlapping and revision of this species complex seemed to be necessary. All strains were isolated from peat-bogs and lakes across Europe and my dataset was properly completed by strains from algal collections. Results of phylogenetic analysis of sequences for ITS and psaA showed, that the real intraspecific diversity of Micrasterias papillifera Brébisson ex Ralfs was overestimated. Although I could find a little intraspecific diversity within the ‚papillifera' lineage in the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences, it did not correspond with a morphology of isolates. M. papillifera possess unexpected morphological plasticity and also some isolates designated as Micrasterias radiosa Ralfs were present in this lineage. On the contrary, there were only a few isolates in the lineage ‚radiosa'. This species seems to be relatively rare and probably has limited distribution. Both species are morphologically well delimited from each other on the basis of several characters...

Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on processes that structure desmid communities. Phylogenetic structure of communities helps to reveal those processes. Phylogenetic structures links ecology of communities and evolutionary history of species in those communities. Totally I analysed 89 desmid communities. Most of them were phylogenetically structured, which agrees with the hypothesis that communities are structured by classical niche-related processes, such as competition and environmental filtering. Usage of environmental information showed the influence of pH on the community structure. Low pH acts as a strong environmental filter. Under the influence of this filter communities are composed of closely relates species. In the absence of this filter communities are structured by competition. Localities with higher pH host communities of distantly related species - phylogenetically overdispersed. There was found no influence of conductivity and geographical distance on phylogenetic structure of desmids communities. Key words: phylogenetic structure, desmids, Desmidiales, environmental filtering, pH

Desmids are an important part of the phytobenthos in the wetland ecosystems. These ecosystems are often ephemeral and changes in the hydrological regime is a typical characterisic of this habitat type. Dessication is a significant stress factor that affects water organisms. Different species differ in their extent of tolerance to dessication stress and it can affect their community structure and also their phylogenetic diversity. Two sites, the nature reserve Borkovická Blata and the nature locality Na Plachtě, were selected for this work. Ephemeral (seasonally dessicating) and permanent pools differed in the structure of desmid communities but the difference was signifacant only for Borkovická blata. At both localities, the samples from the dessicating pools showed in average lower species richness and Shannon's diversity index than samples from non-dessicating pools, but the differences between these groups of samples were not statistically significant. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the desmids community were phylogenetically overdispersed; closely related species tended to not appear together on the same sites at both localities. The difference in the phylogenetic structure between ephemeral and permanent was detected only in the Borkovická blata site, where the ephemeral pools exhibited weaker...

Substrate specificity of epiphytic communities of diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) and desmids (Desmidiales) Bc. Petra Mutinová Master's thesis, Prague, 2015 Abstract It has been always assumed, and frequently reported, that host plants, as biologically active substrates, should have a direct influence on associated epiphyton. However, some studies favoured the neutral substrate hypothesis. Thus the relationship between host plant and epiphytic community remained unresolved. This Master's thesis focused on the basal question that numerous previous studies overlooked. Is there any significant influence of host plant on freshwater algal epiphyton in comparison to the influence of other factors, e.g. site and environmental conditions? In addition, substrate specificity of individual algal taxa was investigated. The research concerned several types of natural plant substrates at several water bodies in the Czech Republic, which provided a more accurate and general insight in the ecology of microphytobenthos. The results have demonstrated that site was the main factor affecting epiphytic community structure, followed by mild, but still noticeable, effect of environmental conditions (pH and conductivity). In contrary, host plant had almost no influence and very few algal species were found to be host specific....

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-26T12:09:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Francielle Karla Lopes da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1772534 bytes, checksum: 576affb937e162dcc74dc86625cef33b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-26T12:09:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Francielle Karla Lopes da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1772534 bytes, checksum: 576affb937e162dcc74dc86625cef33b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T12:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Francielle Karla Lopes da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1772534 bytes, checksum: 576affb937e162dcc74dc86625cef33b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Urban ponds comprise habitats with a great diversity biotic and abiotic. This study aimed at analyzing the community structure of Zygnematophyceae algae in the periphyton of nine urban eutrophic ponds from Goiânia, GO. Samples were collected in August 2014, in the littoral zone. Periphyton was collected from two different substrates, macrophyte petiole (epiphyton) and pebbles (epilithon). Altogether 49 Zygnematophyceae taxa were recorded, distributed in two orders, five families and 13 genus. The highest chlorophyll a value was reported at Beija-flor Pond (2.9 μg cm-2), while the smallest one at Jardim Botânico Pond (0.8 μg cm-2). The epilithon presented a relatively higher mean value (2.4 μg cm-2) when compared to epiphyton (1.5 μg cm-2), although no statistical difference were reported between the substrates (W = 51.0; p = 0.148). Among taxonomic classes, Cyanobacteria contributed most to periphyton density (6.0 × 106 ind cm-2) especially in the epilithon, representing from 70 to almost 100% in some ponds. The class Bacillariophyceae had the second highest contribution, followed by Chlorophyceae. Based on frequency of occurrence, most taxa were classified as rare, being present in less than 20% of the samples. Only Cosmarium tenue and Mougeotia sp. 3 were classified as common. The average Zynematophyceae density was 6.2 × 103 ind cm-2, representing 0.82% of the periphytic community in the epiphyton and 0.02% in the epilithon. Most taxa reported here have been cited by literature in eutrophic habitats, and may be used as biological indicators (e.g., Staurastrum volans, Pleurotaenium trabecula var. trabecula, Closterium acutum var. variabile. Some ponds with relatively high nutrient values (e.g., Flamboyant pond) also presented higher diversity, which can be explained by these taxa tolerance to their local environments. / Lagos urbanos compreendem habitats com uma grande diversidade biótica e abiótica. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a estrutura da comunidade de algas Zygnematophyceae no perifíton de nove lagos eutróficos urbanos de Goiânia, GO. As amostras foram coletadas em agosto de 2014, na zona litorânea. O perifiton foi coletado de dois substratos diferentes, pecíolos de macrófitas (epifíton) e seixos (epilíton). No total, 49 táxons de Zygnematophyceae foram registrados, distribuídos em duas ordens, cinco famílias e 13 gêneros. A maior valor de clorofila foi relatado no lago Beija-flor (2,9 μg cm-2), enquanto o menor no lago Jardim Botânico (0,8 μg cm-2). O epilíton apresentou um valor médio relativamente maior (2,4 ug cm-2) quando comparado com epifíton (1,5 μg cm-2), embora tenham sido relatados, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os substratos (W = 51,0; p = 0,148). Entre as classes taxonômicas, Cyanobacteria foi a mais contributiva para a densidade do perifíton (6.0 × 106 ind cm-2) especialmente no epilíton, representando de 70 a quase 100% em alguns lagos. A Classe Bacillariophyceae teve a segunda maior contribuição, seguida por Chlorophyceae. Com base na frequência de ocorrência, a maioria dos táxons foram classificados como raros, estando presente em menos do que 20% das amostras. Apenas Cosmarium tenue e Mougeotia sp. 3 foram classificados como comuns. A densidade média de Zynematophyceae foi de 6,2 × 103 ind cm-2, representando 0,82% da comunidade perifítica no epifíton e 0,02% no epilíton. A maioria dos táxons aqui apresentados foram citados pela literatura em habitats eutróficos, e podem ser usados como indicadores biológicos (por exemplo, Staurastrum volans, Pleurotaenium trabecula var. trabecula, Closterium acutum var. variabile. Alguns lagos com valores relativamente elevados de nutrientes (por exemplo, lago Flamboyant) também apresentou alta diversidade, o que pode ser explicado pela tolerância destes táxons aos seus ambientes locais.

Besides spatial heterogeneity, an important component of diversity of the protist communities is also the variation in species assemblages through time (temporal turnover). Spatial and temporal variation in patterns of distribution and abundance of lentic microphytobenthos assemblages is often large and occurs at relatively small spatial scale. Desmids (Zygnematophyceae) often constitute a characteristic part of the microphytobenthos of peat bogs. Despite their important role in primary production and fact that they are useful indicators of ecosystem uniqueness, investigations of their seasonality and spatial distribution are scarce. In my thesis I have investigated if desmid epipelic communities are driven rather by neutral or niche-based processes, and I also focused on the factors affecting their diversity, seasonal dynamics and spatial patterns at the local spatial scale. The study was conducted at the two different types of biotopes - minerotrophic lowland peat bogs (Doksy region) and ombrotrophic raised bogs (Jizera Mountains region). Seasonal changes in species composition and diversity of assemblages were not evident. This may be affected by a monopolization effect and also that local abundance of species was positively correlated with population persistence, which suggests that high local...

The delineation of desmid species was traditionally based on purely morphological features. However, a frequent misinterpretation of morphological variability in desmids has led in the past to extensive taxonomical confusion within this important group of green algae which complicates the interpretation of their biodiversity in freshwater ecology, biogeography and biomonitoring. Consequently, I focused in this thesis predominantly on a previously neglected issue, the application of polyphasic approaches in the species-level taxonomy of desmids. In the most studies, a combination of both traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic and geometric morphometric methods has been used to evaluate the taxonomy of selected desmid species, particularly representatives of the morphologically complex genera Micrasterias and Xanthidium. In two papers, I used the combination of traditional morphological and autecological data to clear up the taxonomy of several morphologically less prominent desmid taxa. Generally, the results of the thesis demonstrated that the way we recently see the diversity and distribution of desmids should be thoroughly changed. The real species diversity is mostly distinctly finer than that estimated by classical morphological taxonomy, often corresponds to varieties of...

From 23 European and North American strains Euastrum humerosum/didelta species complex (Desmidiales) I have obtained 3 lineages in molecular marker trnGucc group II intron. I did not acquire significant and homogenous results in SSU intron. It is probable that the lineages of trnGucc intron are very young. SEM revealed one central pore in cell wall and five bulges. The lineages were significantly different in their shape and dimensions. The lineages differentiated mainly in their length and breadth of the cells. The lineages inside morphotype E. humerosum differentiated in shape and dimensions of the polar lobe. The lineages inside morphotype E.didelta differentiated in shape and dimensions of the neck. That was ascertained using the geometric morphometrics with the measuring. Linear discriminant analysis of the desmids from literature revealed that is possible to partly discriminate groups of the varieties (E. humerosum var. parallelum and E. didelta in lineage A; two formae E. didelta f. val Piora and E. didelta f. latior in lineage B; E. didelta var. inermiforme and E. humerosum var. affine in lineage C). Key words: desmids, species, hidden diversity, molecular phylogenetics, geometric morphometrics, Euastrum, scanning electron microscopy

From 23 European and North American strains Euastrum humerosum/didelta species complex (Desmidiales) we have obtained 3 lineages in molecular marker trnGuuc group II intron. We did not acquire significant and homogenous results in SSU intron. It is probable that the lineages are very young. The lineages were significantly different in their shape and dimensions. We used the geometric morphometrics with the measuring of the lengths and breath of the semicells, isthmus and their ratios. The lineages differentiated in their dimensions and shape variable polar lobes and neck. SEM revealed the one central pore in cell wall on the contrary, with variant E. didelta var. bengalicum, which has two pores according the literature records. Key words: desmids, species, hidden diversity, molecular phylogenetics, geometric morphometrics, Euastrum, scanning electron microscopy