The A. Q. Khan nuclear supplier network constitutes the most severe loss of control over nuclear technology ever. For the first time in history all of the keys to a nuclear weapon*the supplier networks, the material, the enrichment technology, and the warhead designs--were outside of state oversight and control. This thesis demonstrates that Khan's nuclear enterprise evolved out of a portion of the Pakistani procurement network of the 1970s and 1980s. It presents new information on how the Pakistani state organized, managed, and oversaw its nuclear weapons laboratories. This thesis provides extensive documentation of command and control challenges faced by Pakistan and argues that Khan was largely a rogue actor outside of state oversight. The A. Q. Khan affair refutes more optimistic theories about the effects of nuclear proliferation. This case study indicates that states have a difficult time balancing an abstract notion of safety against pressing needs for organizational speed and flexibility. This thesis enumerates enabling institutional factors in Pakistan, which allowed Khan's enterprise to continue and flourish, and which might also be generalizable to other states of proliferation concern.

This thesis analyzes Libya's historic 2003 decision to abandon its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. In the 2 years following the decision, several theories have emerged to explain why the Libyan regime renounced these dangerous weapons. The author uses current literature and relevant sources to analyze the three most probable external causal factors: sanctions and diplomacy, intelligence, and coercive diplomacy. He finds that sanctions, diplomacy, and intelligence were significant in altering the Libyan cost-benefit analysis in favor of the West. These findings have political and theoretical implications. Lessons learned from the Libyan case will not be effective against Iran and North Korea due to differences between these countries' proliferation motivation levels and the Libyan case. However, the influence strategies that were effective against Libya are likely to be applicable in other situations. The author finds that more research is still needed to identify the conditions when different strategies are most likely to be effective.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the issue of political violence expressed via mass destruction has raised security concerns to an unprecedented degree not seen since the end of the Cold War. As a principal adversary, the Soviet Union has been replaced by terror networks applying asymmetric warfare to achieve politically charged or ideologically driven objectives. A scenario whereby non-state actors would acquire a nuclear capability not only threatens the security of the United States, but would destabilize the Westphalian notion of the primacy of nation-states within the international system. Despite U.S. expenditures of over $86 million to help nearly 30 countries worldwide in preventing the smuggling of weapons-useable radiological materials, over 20 known cases of such activity were reported between 1992 and 2001. Previous research has concentrated on a singularly defined threat: The Rogue State. Today's challenges are characterized by more defused, decentralized networks, to include transnational actors with the potential to proliferate and supply terrorists with a nuclear weapon or weapons-grade radiological material. This thesis examines the applicability of traditional Cold War strategies such as deterrence, pre-emption, prevention, and coercive diplomacy in the present context, to deny extremist groups and associated networks the means to buy, steal, or make nuclear and radiological weapons. This thesis proposes a multi-dimensional approach in support of mixed-strategies for winning the race against nuclear terror. The author contends that terrorist groups cannot acquire nuclear or radiological technology without the witting or unwitting support of state actors.

CHDS State/Local / The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were a watershed event in this country's history that significantly affected law enforcement agencies and organizations at all levels, including the FBI and the multidisciplinary Joint Terrorism Task Forces. The terrorist attacks served as a catalyst for evaluating cultural, psychological and organizational processes, policies and procedures that influenced the FBI and impacted the JTTF program. In 2006 a comprehensive study was conducted to investigate whether FBI provided JTTF members with the necessary tools to support their investigations. The study identified a number of deficiencies. In order to adapt and combat an emergent asymmetric threat, the JTTF must identify and analyze specific actions and best practices necessary to prepare, execute, and support strategic change and innovation and overcome obstacles that impede the process. It is also necessary to identify and implement best and/or smart practices, especially those plans, policies, and procedures that ensure the skills, experience, and expertise of task force participants are maximized and seamlessly integrated into the JTTF program. The implementation of standardized written procedures that detail roles, responsibilities, training, orientation, and access to databases and information sharing will better enable participants to efficiently contribute to the JTTF mission. Institutionalizing an innovative culture and framework that provides the flexibility to evaluate and develop necessary skills and competencies in participant stakeholders is essential for the future success of the JTTF program. / SSA, Department of Justice (DOJ)/Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

This work focuses on the evolution of Dada and its manifestation in Czech literature, especially in the twenties of the twentieth century, but, of course, it focuses on later manifestations too. It focuses on the main features of dadaism, like abhor technics, mysticism and rituality, destruction, universality, dada language or humour. Application of dada to czech discourse would be unable, without defining these features. This work focuses on real or potential dadaistic manifestations and theoretical reception in the czech discourse, which is represented by Karel Teige on the side of oppositors and the Devetsil group of Brno on the side of propagators. The last chapter is about the relations between dadaism and carnival culture, that wat theoretically formulated by Bachtin. I focuses especially on identical properties. Key words: Dadaism, carnival culture, humour, destruction, manifesto.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The defense response against chemical and biological (Chem/bio) weapons has gained a renewed focus in light of the 11 Sept 2001 terrorist attack. A successful response to a Chem/bio attack would involve measuring and predicting the dispersion of a toxic cloud in the atmosphere. TheNPS Aeronautics and Astronautics Department is working together with the Meteorology Department on a technique to make toxic cloud measurements using an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV). In support of this mission, the UAV will require precise and accurate air data (airspeed, angle of attack ["alpha"], and sideslip angle ["beta"]) so that wind data extraction can be carried out from air and inertial data for use in plume dispersion modeling. The efforts in this thesis concentrate on the air data system to produce precise and accurate air data for the support of the Chem/bio response UAV flights. The primary concerns are the choice and design of the air data system; the calibration of the system using the flow fields from computer simulation; and the processing of air data. The air data extracted will be used for wind determination so that the movement of the Chem/bio dispersed agent in the atmosphere can be predicted. / Captain, Republic of Singapore Air Force

The intentional destruction of Bronze Age metalwork prior to deposition is frequently recognised within assemblages, but rarely forms the focus of study. Furthermore, most research focuses on why metalwork was deliberately destroyed without considering how this process was undertaken. This thesis therefore analyses how metalwork might have been intentionally damaged and uses this to better interpret why. The material properties of bronze are considered alongside past research into the use of different implements, before a series of experiments are presented that explore how one might best break a bronze object. A better understanding of the methods by which Bronze Age metalwork might become damaged means one can identify intentional damage over that sustained accidentally, through use or post-deposition. This culminates in a Damage Ranking System, which can be utilised to assess the likelihood that damage observed on archaeological specimens is the result of intent. The Damage Ranking System is applied to Bronze Age metalwork from South West England (i.e. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset and Somerset). The catalogue of metalwork from this region was recently updated, highlighting instances of deliberate destruction that would warrant further study (Knight et al. 2015). The present research builds on this catalogue and involved analysis of complete and damaged objects from across the study region and from throughout the Bronze Age. Approximately 1300 objects were handled and studied and set within the Damage Ranking System alongside a contextual analysis of the findspots. This allowed trends in damage and depositional practices to be observed, demonstrating increased intentional destruction throughout the Bronze Age. It is shown that the deliberate destruction of metalwork throughout the Bronze Age related to the construction of personhood and emphasised links with other regions of Bronze Age Europe. This research demonstrates a new approach to the material that has wide-reaching applications in future studies.

In Greek and Latin historical narratives, Roman armies are repeatedly said to destroy enemy communities, both their physical urban spaces and inhabitant populations. Some ancient authors claim that this conduct was characteristic of the Roman way of war, particularly during the period of the Middle Republic. However, this seemingly prevalent feature of Roman warfare remains poorly understood. Ancient descriptions of urban destruction and mass killing are often vague or formulaic, and rarely indicate how or why this violence took place. Although a few modern studies have examined mass violence in antiquity, the destruction of communities is seldom treated as a distinct category of Roman military action, with its own methods and motives. Furthermore, there has been little effort to explore how ancient armies actually destroyed cities or peoples using pre-modern tools. To redress these gaps in the scholarship, this dissertation aims to demonstrate how and why Roman armies destroyed urban spaces and populations. The project first examines descriptions of urban destruction and mass killing in ancient texts, archaeological and art historical evidence of mass violence, and comparative evidence from other historical periods. The second half of the project investigates individual cases in which Roman commanders attacked and destroyed enemy cities or populations. Case studies allow in-depth examinations of individual events, making it possible to situate episodes of mass violence within a larger set of historical circumstances; this approach highlights the specific causal factors that encouraged Roman military leaders to target enemy communities. Using these methods, this dissertation argues that ancient armies employed demolition and mass arson to destroy urban spaces, and killed populations using cold-blooded mass executions or hot-blooded indiscriminate massacres. Although ancient military forces rarely, if ever, razed entire towns or exterminated whole peoples, even partial destruction required an expenditure of time, labor, and resources. Thus the destruction of communities was not the result of haphazard outburst or violent frenzy, but stemmed from the calculated decisions of military and political leaders. This study further argues that Roman commanders destroyed enemy communities instrumentally, to accomplish a range of goals and objectives. While many Roman commanders employed mass violence strategically, as a response to specific military problems, their political, economic, and personal goals could also motivate destruction and mass killing in war.

Research was conducted using algal biomass obtained from the surface of a secondary clarifier at Bridge City Wastewater Treatment Plant and subsequently sent through an electrochemical (EC) batch reactor at various concentrations. The first objective was to achieve maximum cell wall destruction electrochemically using the EC batch reactor and determine the optimal detention time and voltage/current relationship at which this occurred. The second objective was to subject two algal mediums to anaerobic digestion: the algal medium without electrochemical disinfection and the algal medium after disinfection. Every three days, for 12 days, total solids were measured from each apparatus to determine if cell destruction increased, decreased or did not change the consumption rate of algae by anaerobic bacteria. The consumption rate of algae is directly proportional to the production of methane, which can be used as a source of biofuel.

No description available.